混合表面活性剂对菲和芘的增溶作用

比较了非离子表面活性剂 (Tween2 0 ,Tween40 ,Tween60 ,Tween80 ,Brij35和Brij5 8)与SDBS混合表面活性剂对菲和芘的增溶作用 .结果表明 ,在临界胶束浓度 (CMC)以上 ,表面活性剂对菲和芘有显著的增溶作用 ,菲的增溶顺序为 :Tween40 >Tween60 >Tween2 0 >Tween80 >Brij5 8>Brij35 ;芘的增溶顺序为 :Tween60 >Tween80 >Tween40 >Brij5 8>Tween2 0 >Brij35 .阴 非离子混合表面活性剂溶液的CMC值降低 ,胶束 水中溶质的分配系数Kmc增大 ,由此对菲和芘产生协同增溶作用 ,其顺序均为 :SDBS Tween60 >SDBS Tween80 >SDBS Tween40 >SDBS Brij5 8>SDBS Tween2 0 >SDBS Brij35 ,协同增溶程度在 1 1 7%— 65 8%之间 .     

生物与化学表面活性剂对多氯联苯的协同增溶作用

采用室内序批试验比较研究了单一的生物/非离子化学表面活性剂(SAA)与生物-非离子混合表面活性剂对商业用多氯联苯(PCBs)Aroclor1242的增溶作用.结果表明,生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂(RL)对Aroclor1242的增溶作用要高于三种非离子SAA,三种非离子SAA对Aroclor1242的增溶作用顺序为POE(6)＞POE(10)＞Brij35,与其亲水亲油平衡值(HLB)呈负相关;鼠李糖脂与非离子SAA对Aroclor1242的增溶存在协同效应,混合表面活性剂溶液中Aroclor1242的摩尔增溶比(MSR)、胶束相/水相间的分配系数(Kmc)均大于对应的单一表面活性剂,其协同增溶作用顺序为RL-Brij35＞RL-POE(10)＞RL-POE(6),协同增溶作用的大小与其中的非离子表面活性剂的HLB值呈正相关.     

不同类型表面活性剂对三氯乙烯的增溶作用

考察不同类型的表面活性剂对三氯乙烯(TCE)的增溶作用.选用阴离子型十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、非离子型聚氧乙烯辛基苯酚醚(TX100)、阳离子型十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)及生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂和脂肽,研究表面活性剂对三氯乙烯的增溶能力.结果表明,5种表面活性剂浓度在临界胶束浓度(CMC)以上时,TCE在水相中的表观溶解度随表面活性剂浓度的增大而线性增大.质量增溶比(WSR)和摩尔增溶比(MSR)为鼠李糖脂>脂肽>CTAB>TX100>SDS.在各表面活性剂溶液中,所用的各表面活性剂质量浓度顺序为SDS#TX100=CTAB#鼠李糖脂=脂肽,两种生物表面活性剂的质量浓度仅为SDS的1%,但生物表面活性剂对TCE的饱和增溶容量有更好的提高效果.因此,相比之下,生物表面活性剂对TCE的增溶能力较强,其中以鼠李糖脂为最佳,而在化学合成表面活性剂中阳离子表面活性剂CTAB增溶TCE的效果最优.     

重量法研究非离子表面活性剂对典型挥发性有机污染物的增溶作用

采用重量法研究了典型非离子表面活性剂（Tween-20、Tween-40、Tween-60、Tween-80）对以甲苯为代表的挥发性有机污染物（VOCs）的增溶作用.通过计算甲苯在初始和平衡状态的质量变化,确定甲苯在表面活性剂中的增溶量,比较了重量法与传统紫外分光光度法的测定结果,并计算分析4种表面活性剂增溶作用下甲苯...     

新型螯合型表面活性剂增溶多环芳烃及其螯合性能

本文研究了新型螯合型表面活性剂N-十二酰基乙二胺三乙酸钠(N-LED3A)对多环芳烃(PAHs)的增溶作用,比较了N-LED3A与常见阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)和十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)增溶菲的性能,并测试了N-LED3A的螯合能力.结果表明,N-LED3A对萘、菲和芘都有增溶作用,胶束增溶作用显著,增溶程度的大小顺序为芘菲萘;N-LED3A、SDBS和SDS对菲的质量增溶比(WSR)分别为2.9×10-3、3.5×10-3和7.7×10-3,表明SDS的增溶能力最强,N-LED3A和SDBS的增溶能力相近;N-LED3A螯合Ca2+离子的能力与其浓度有关,浓度高于CMC时螯合能力较强.     

腐殖酸对蒽的增溶作用及其影响因素

对比研究了腐殖酸(HA)及3种非离子表面活性剂(Tween20,Tween80,TX100)对典型多环芳烃蒽的增溶性,并探讨了离子强度、共存有机物对HA增溶多环芳烃行为的影响,实验结果表明,当表面活性物质浓度大于临界胶束浓度(CMC)时,蒽的表观溶解度与表面活性物质浓度具有良好的线性关系,而且HA与非离子表面活性剂相比,其增溶效果明显优于非离子表面活性剂,增溶顺序为HA＞Tween20＞Tween80＞TX100;同时离子强度及共存有机物对HA增溶葸的程度均有较大的影响.     

复合表面活性剂对污染土壤中柴油的增溶和洗脱作用

研究了3种表面活性剂及其不同浓度配比对五种柴油链烃的增溶及对柴油污染土壤的洗脱作用.结果表明,复合表面活性剂的增溶效果优于单一表面活性剂,其中尤以阴离子表面活性剂SDS与非离子表面活性剂Tw-80的配比效果最佳;随阴离子表面活性剂复合比例的提高,可以有效地降低复合表面活性剂混合胶束的临界胶束浓度,提高单位表面活性剂接纳目标污染物的能力,增大目标链烃分配进入胶束相的倾向,同时有效降低增溶平衡时对表面活性剂用量的要求;高浓度的阴离子表面活性剂具有很高的污染洗脱效率,非离子表面活性剂Tw-80则易被土壤吸附而导致洗脱效率低下,但阴离子表面活性剂SDS与Tw-80配比能够有效地改善Tw-80易被土壤吸附的现象,并随复合比例提高而不同程度的增强污染土壤中柴油的洗脱效果.     

表面活性剂对苊的增溶作用及应用初探

比较研究了阴、阳、非离子表面活性剂及阴 非、阳 非离子混合表面活性剂对苊的增溶作用 .SDS ,CTMAB ,TritonX 1 0 0都能显著地增加苊在水中的溶解度 ,苊在SDS ,CTMAB ,TritonX 1 0 0单体上的分配系数Kmn分别为 1 3 0× 1 0 3,0 92× 1 0 3,1 3 0× 1 0 3,在胶束相的分配系数Kmc分别为 5 6 4× 1 0 3,1 5 0× 1 0 4 ,5 5 7× 1 0 3.阴 非离子混合表面活性剂和一定条件下的阳 非离子混合表面活性剂对苊具有协同增溶作用 ,这是由于混合表面活性剂对苊的胶束分配系数Kmc增大所致 .比较了CTMA 单体态、胶束态、膨润土吸附态对苊分配作用的大小 ,以及苊在表面活性剂单体、胶束和土壤上有机质标化的分配系数Kom的大小 ,为表面活性剂在有机污染环境修复中的应用提供参考     

鼠李糖脂生物表面活性剂对多环芳烃的增溶作用

考察了鼠李糖脂生物表面活性剂对多环芳烃类化合物(萘,菲和芘)的增溶特性以及温度、盐度、pH值等环境因子对增溶性能的影响,结果表明,鼠李糖脂浓度在临界胶束浓度(CMC)以上时,多环芳烃化合物在水相中的溶解度随表面活性剂浓度的增大而线性增大,摩尔增溶比(MSR)随被增溶物分子量的增大而减小,即萘＞菲＞芘;胶束/水分配系数(Km)随被增溶物疏水性增大而增大,即芘＞菲＞萘;IgKm与IgKow之间呈良好线性正相关性,鼠李糖脂对菲的增溶作用随温度升高略有增大,而随所添加NaCl浓度的增大显著增大,鼠李糖脂对菲的增溶作用在pH值为5.5时达到最大,然后随pH值的升高而不断下降,在pH值达7.5后基本保持不变.     

生物表面活性剂胆酸钠对氯酚的增溶

胆酸钠是一种重要的生物表面活性剂,目前的研究主要集中在利胆药物研制方面,而有关其在增溶修复有机污染方面的应用研究较少.本文考察了胆酸钠(Na C)、脱氧胆酸钠(Na DC)、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、曲拉通(TX-100)和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)对2,4,6-三氯苯酚(2,4,6-TCP)和2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)的增溶作用,并探究了底物结构、温度和无机离子对Na C增溶氯酚的性能的影响.实验结果表明,当表面活性剂浓度大于临界胶束浓度(CMC)时,2,4,6-TCP和2,4-DCP的表观溶解度与表面活性剂浓度具有良好的线性关系.其中,相比于其它表面活性剂,当浓度高于0.05 mol·L-1时,Na C具有更良好的增溶性能.随苯环上氯原子个数从0增加到3,Na C的摩尔增溶比(MSR)值随氯酚疏水性(Kow)的增大而线性减小,Na C的胶束-水分配系数(Kmc)值则线性增大.在288—308 K的温度范围内,Na C增溶氯酚的性能逐渐增强.4种无机盐KCl、Na Cl、Na2SO4、Ca Cl2对Na C增溶2,4,6-TCP和2,4-DCP的影响不同.随着无机盐浓度的升高,Na C增溶2,4,6-TCP的能力先上升后下降,而增溶2,4-DCP的能力则迅速下降.     

对硝基苯酚在阴-阳离子有机膨润土/水间的界面行为研究

用阴、阳离子表面活性剂改性制得一系列阴-阳离子有机膨润土,表征了有机膨润土的结构特征,研究了对硝基苯酚在阴-阳离子有机膨润土/水间的界面行为,并探讨了其吸附机理.结果表明:阴-阳离子有机膨润土的层间距和有机碳含量与改性时阴、阳离子表面活性剂的组成和配比有关;阴-阳离子表面活性剂在有机膨润土中形成了增溶(分配)作用较强的有机相,在一定配比下对水中有机污染物产生协同效应.     

表面活性剂对菲的增溶动力学及质量增溶比（WSR）与亲水亲油平衡值（HLB）的关系

采用振荡实验方法,比较研究了2种非离子表面活性剂（Triton X-100和Tween80）和2种阴离子表面活性剂（SDS和SDBS）对菲的最佳增溶振荡时间及其对菲的增溶能力,同时也比较分析了表面活性剂对菲的质量增溶比（WSR）与其亲水亲油平衡值（HLB）的关系.结果表明,Triton X-100、Tween 80、S...     

Controlling microbiological interfacial behaviors of hydrophobic organic compounds by surfactants in biodegradation process

Bioremediation of hydrophobic organic compounds （HOCs） contanlinated soils involves several physicochemical and microbiological interracial processes among the soil-water-microorganism interfaces. The participation of surfactants facilitates the mass transport of HOCs in both the physicochemical and microbiological interfaces by reducing the interfacial tension. The effects and underlying mechanisms of surfactants on the physi-cochemical desorption of soil-sorbed HOCs have been widely studied. This paper reviewed the progress made in understanding the effects of surfactant on microbiological interlhcial transport of HOCs and the underlying mechanisms, which is vital for a better understanding and control of the mass transfer of HOCs in the biodegradation process. In summary, surfactants affect the microbiological interfacial behaviors of HOCs during three consecutive processes： the soil solution-microorganism sorption, the transmembrane process, and the intracellular metabolism. Surfactant could promote cell sorption of HOCs depending on the compatibility of surfactant hydrophile hydrophilic balance （HLB） with cell surface properties; while the dose ratio between surfactant and biologic mass （membrane lipids） determined the transmembrane processes. Although surfactants cannot easily directly affect the intracellular enzymatic metabolism of HOCs due to the steric hindrace, the presence of surfactants can indirectly enhanced the metabolism by increasing the substrate concentrations.     

Effect of surfactants on Fenton's reagent-mediated degradation of Kraft black liquor

One of the limitations of the biodegradation of hydrophobic chemical compounds, like lignins, is their low solubility in the aqueous solution where this process takes place. To resolve this problem, surfactants have been used to improve the solubility of these hydrophobic compounds. In this investigation, we studied the effect of surfactants (anionic, cationic, and non-ionic) on the treatment of Kraft black liquor with Fenton's reagent. In the Fenton reaction, H2O2 (two different concentrations, 10 mM and 20 mM), FeCl2 (1 mM) and surfactant solution (10%) were used. Black liquor degradation was determined by UV/Visible spectrophotometry and by measuring phenolic groups. In the presence of Fenton's reagent, the optimum conditions for the oxidative degradation of black liquor were 10 mM H2O2, 1 microL of 10% solution of anionic surfactant (SDS). The importance of the use of surfactants for preparing black liquor for subsequent Fenton's reagent-mediated degradation was discussed.     

New insights into different surfactants’ impacts on sludge fermentation: Focusing on the particular metabolic processes and microbial genetic traits

• The promoting effects for VFA generation follow the order of APG>SDBS>HTAB. • Surfactants improve the WAS solubilization/hydrolysis and acidification processes. • The VFA promotion is associated with surfactants’ distinctive characteristics. • Surfactants induce the enrichment of functional bacteria for VFA biosynthesis. • The vital genes for substrates delivery, metabolism, and VFA yields are upregulated. Surfactants were expected to exhibit positive effects on the waste activated sludge (WAS) disposal. However, the systematic comparison of different categories of surfactants on the WAS fermentation and the functional mechanisms, especially microbial metabolic traits, have not yet been precisely explored. This study revealed the positive effects of different surfactants on the volatile fatty acid (VFA) production, which followed the order of alkyl polysaccharides (APG)>sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS)>hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (HTAB). Mechanistic exploration found that the presence of different surfactants improved solubilization and hydrolysis steps, and then contributed to the subsequent acidification with different efficiencies. The functional microorganisms associated with VFA generation were enriched in surfactant-conditioned reactors. Metagenomic analysis further indicated that the key genes involved in the particular process of VFA generation were over-expressed. The simultaneous bioavailable substrate improvement, functional bacterial enrichment, and metabolic activity upregulation induced by different surfactants jointly contributed to VFA promotion during WAS fermentation. This study could provide a comprehensive realization of surfactants’ impacts on the WAS fermentation process, and more importantly, it reminded the public to discern the distinct interplaying effects induced by different chemicals in regulating the WAS disposal and resource recovery.     

Surfactants in sludge-amended agricultural soils: a review

Surfactants are included in different detergent formulations and are one of the most ubiquitous and important families of organic compounds. Although the generic term applies to a great number of products, 80% of their demand is covered by only ten types of compounds. The global surfactant market volume size is more than 18 million tons per year. Large quantities of surfactants are continuously released into the environment, where they can or cannot be degraded depending on their structure. The alkylbenzenesulphonate (LAS) is the most widely used surfactant. LAS can be degraded under aerobic conditions but is persistent in the environment under anaerobic conditions. Surfactants may enter the terrestrial environment through several routes, with the use of sewage sludge as fertiliser on agricultural land being by far the most important. High concentrations of surfactants and their degradation products may affect the biota. On the other hand, due to their amphiphilic nature, surfactants may interact both with inorganic as well as organic contaminants affecting their bioavailability.     

Alkyl polyglucosides as cell surface modification factors: influence of the alkyl chain length

The use of surfactants in a bioremediation process is aimed at increasing the efficiency of the removal of hydrophobic contaminants from the environment. The subjects of the study were three alkyl polyglucosides (APGs) of different alkyl chain length: Glucopon 215 CS UP, Glucopon 600 CS UP, and Glucopon 650 EC. The impact of these surfactants on the surface properties of the test strain Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC 14700, as well as on the biodegradation of diesel was tested. It was observed, that the length of alkyl chain has an influence on the cell surface properties. The modification of the cell surface hydrophobicity and the electrokinetic potential on the bacteria cells is dependent on the structure of Glucopon molecules. The elongation of alkyl chains in surfactant molecule caused an increase of the hydrophobic properties and a reduction of the electrokinetic potential on the bacteria cells. Moreover, the use of APGs below critical micelle concentration caused an increase of diesel oil biodegradation, especially in the case of Glucopons with longer alkyl chain (Glucopon 600 CS UP and 650 EC). The better diesel oil removal by tested strain after surfactant addition was correlated with the hydrophobic properties of bacteria strain.