起飞质量数据输入错误的安全风险分析

为了提高民用航空安全水平,降低起飞质量数据输入错误的风险概率,针对近年来因起飞质量数据输入错误引发的不安全事件,重点探讨分析起飞质量和飞机性能之间的关系。输入错误的起飞质量数据不仅会对飞机性能造成影响,还会严重威胁飞行安全;当输入的起飞质量数据比实际重量少时,可能会造成飞机提前失速、机动能力下降以及影响飞机起飞滑跑距离等。为避免类似不安全事件的发生,给出了预防起飞质量数据输入错误的建议和对策。     

“未遂事故”——一个权威的错误用法

在一些文件、报告以及各类媒体上关于安全生产的宣传报道中，我们经常会看到“未遂事故”这个词。时间长了，出现的频率多了，大家也都习以为常了，渐渐地把它当作了一个术语，一个行业惯用的概念，而很少去考虑“未遂事故”的确切含义，更不会去质疑这种叫法对不对。     

减少人为错误 保证安全生产

伤亡事故统计分析表明,工业生产中的大量事故是可以避免的,而在这些可以避免的事故中多数是由于人为错误造成的。英国安全卫生执行局事故预防组等机构也认为90%的事故是人为错误造成的,而其中70%是可以由管理部门采取措施来防止的。因此,减少人为错误是企业提高安全生产绩效的关键。要减少人为错误,     

空间结构施工中人为错误与对策

空间结构展示了一个国家建筑科技新成果和实力 ,由于建筑业的特殊性 ,其安全性备受关注。笔者阐述了空间结构的施工特点以及施工中人为错误的成因和对工程的影响 ,通过对人为错误与建筑风险造价关系的分析 ,提出了控制人为错误的对策为 :适当提高结构设计可靠度水平和加强施工过程的管理 ,减少人为错误的发生 ,对遏制工程质量事故具有指导意义。     

飞行操纵错误心理分析及预防对策

将飞行操纵行为的形成过程分为感知阶段、判断阶段和动作阶段，分别对有关飞行操纵错误的心理的成因进行分析，探讨预防对策，这对提高飞行安全性有指导意义。     

组织错误研究中存在问题的思考

组织错误研究是人误研究的新方向.在综述组织错误理论研究现状的基础上,论述了组织错误分析在理论和应用方面面临的4大问题,即:组织错误的定义及特征界定存在的问题,组织错误分类标准和方法存在的问题,组织错误的形成及演变机理以及组织错误评价、预测的技术方法,讨论了组织错误理论的发展趋势.     

十个常见错误清凉保健消暑法

盛夏,酷暑难当,人们为求得一丝凉爽,往往忽视了防病保健,而诱发各种不适感,葚至导致病痛发生.因此,消暑也要讲科学,切不可掉以轻心.     

煤矿人因组织错误事故致因研究

本文应用编码故障树分析法,从人因组织错误的角度,对煤矿事故致因进行剖析。在综合安全管理学、心理学、组织行为学等学科的基础上,尝试构建煤矿人因组织错误事故模型。     

人为失误与应激

探讨了人机系统中人为失误与不同应激的相关性.按照模糊集理论,根据成员功能结构,提出了定义正常应激范围的方法以及过高过低应激导致的事故等不良后果.     

Origin of equipment design and operation errors

The paper discusses the origin of chemical process equipment accidents by analyzing past accident cases available in the Failure Knowledge Database (FKD). The design and operation errors of the process equipment that caused the accidents were analyzed together with their time of occurrence. It was found that design errors contributed to 79% of accidents while the rest were only due to human and organizational errors in the operation stage and external factors. The most common types of errors were related to layout, organizational errors in the operation stage, considerations of reactivity and incompatibility, and wrongly selected process conditions (each approx. 13% of total accident contributors). On average there were about 2 design errors per accident. The timing of the errors was quite evenly distributed between various lifecycle stages. Nearly half (47%) of the errors were made in process design-oriented stages, one fourth (26%) in detailed engineering, and one fifth (20%) in operation. In addition, the most frequent design and operation errors for each equipment type were identified. A points-to-look-for list was created for each equipment type, showing also the typical time of occurrence of the error. The knowledge of type and timing of design errors can be utilized in design to focus the hazard analysis in each stage on the most error-prone features of design.     

Economic assessment of human errors in manufacturing environment

Traditional human reliability assessment techniques and accounting system cannot directly provide loss information for assessing the impacts of human errors. This obstacles force industrial managers to justify the proper accident and injury prevention process through their experiences. The efficiency and effectiveness of the system safety barriers are in doubt and the smooth operation of manufacturing activities are insecure. In this study, a human error cost estimation model is introduced to facilitate line managers with a proper tool to collect and calculate the total losses of its impact. Experts’ judgments and pair wise comparison technique are incorporated to interrogate managers’ knowledge of human errors and correspondent costs. This approach can overcome the problem of insufficient cost information caused by current accounting system and compensate the influence of safety and health department due to the low organizational status in quo. Although the cost figures may not represent exact amount of losses, the percentage of each cost factor in terms of department operation budget gives the managers a practical way for justifying how the resources should be allocated.     

Cognitive failures, driving errors and driving accidents

INTRODUCTION: The impact of a driver's cognitive capability on traffic safety has not been adequately studied. This study examined the relationship between cognitive failures, driving errors and accident data. METHOD: Professional drivers from Iran (160 males, ages 18-65) participated in this study. The cognitive failures questionnaire (CFQ) and the driver error questionnaire were administered. The participants were also asked other questions about personal driving information. A principal component analysis with varimax rotation was performed to determine the factor structure of the CFQ. Poisson regression models were developed to predict driving errors and accidents from total CFQ scores and the extracted factors. RESULTS: Total CFQ scores were associated with driving error rates, but not with accidents. However, the 2 extracted factors suggested an increased effect on accidents and were strongly associated with driving errors. DISCUSSION: Although the CFQ was not able to predict driving accidents, it could be used to identify drivers susceptible to driving errors. Further development of a driving-oriented cognitive failure scale is recommended to help identify error prone drivers. Such a scale may be beneficial to licensing authorities or for developing driver selection and training procedures for organizations.     

Safety performance functions with measurement errors in traffic volume

One of the most common and important predictors in safety performance functions (SPFs) is traffic volume which is known to be measured with uncertainty. Such measurement errors (ME) can attenuate the respective predictors’ effect and also increase dispersion. This paper proposes an approach which involves the use of a ME model based on traffic flow time series data. The model is used in conjunction with the negative binomial SPF to circumvent the bias in predicting the aggregate number of accidents during the time period under study. The proposed approach (denoted by MENB), was compared with the traditional negative binomial (NB) technique by way of Monte Carlo simulation. Furthermore, both approaches were applied to two datasets corresponding to 131 and 130 road segments in British Columbia. The full Bayes method was utilized for parameter estimation, performance evaluation and inference through the use of Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques. The simulation results showed that MENB has outperformed NB when large measurement errors are present. The goodness-of-fit statistics showed that MENB has provided a slightly better fit to the data. However, in the presence of measurement errors, the NB has underestimated the predicted number of accidents for heavy traffic on long road segments and vice versa. The use of MENB is justified when the variance in volume between years is large otherwise both approaches yield comparable results.     

基于企业制造的人为差错及防范措施研究

以企业人为差错及其防范措施为研究对象,通过对人为差错成因、机理及影响等方面的分析,提出了降低或消除生产过程中人为差错的防错技术模型和防错设计方法,论述和总结了有效防范企业生产过程中人为差错的措施和建议,旨在不断提升企业生产过程的管理水平.     

Active learning climate and employee errors: The moderating effects of personality traits

This study developed and tested a cross‐level model of the relationship between two components of active learning climate—enactive exploration and guided learning—and employee errors, and the moderating roles of the individual's traits of openness to experience and conscientiousness. The study examined the medical errors made by 142 resident physicians in 22 hospital departments. Results demonstrated significant interactions between climate and traits: when an individual had a low level of the trait of openness to experience, there was a curvilinear relationship between enactive exploration climate and number of errors. With a high level of openness to experience, the enactive exploration climate was positively associated with the number of errors up to a certain point. In addition, when an individual had a low level of conscientiousness, there was a negative association between guided learning climate and number of errors; with a high level of conscientiousness, there was a positive association between guided learning climate and number of errors. Thus, individual performance was better when the climate complemented the individual's lack of a trait. When the level of the individual's trait was high, the climate intensified the already pronounced trait up to an extent that impaired the individual's performance. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effect of work hours on adverse events and errors in health care

Introduction

We studied the relationship between registered nurses' extended work duration with adverse events and errors, including needlestick injuries, work-related injuries, patient falls with injury, nosocomial infections, and medication errors.

Method

Using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression, this secondary analysis of 11,516 registered nurses examined nurse characteristics, work hours, and adverse events and errors.

Results

All of the adverse event and error variables were significantly related to working more than 40 hours in the average week. Medication errors and needlestick injuries had the strongest and most consistent relationships with the work hour and voluntary overtime variables.

Discussion

This study confirms prior findings that increased work hours raise the likelihood of adverse events and errors in healthcare, and further found the same relationship with voluntary overtime.

Impact on Industry

Legislation has focused on mandatory overtime; however, this study demonstrated that voluntary overtime could also negatively impact nurse and patient safety.     

UN test O.1 errors in quantifying the behavior of solid oxidizers

The results of the UN test O.1 for oxidizing solids are shown to be incorrect when specimens contain certain inertant additives, illustrated for the case of oxidizers in the ammonium nitrate fertilizer family. Test results for three different AN-based products containing inertants show that two of the three (including calcium ammonium nitrate, CAN, a long-known safer alternative to AN) would be misranked with the O.1 test. An analogy between the heat release rate of substances containing fire retardant (FR) chemicals is established and several ways by which FR behavior can be achieved are demonstrated. It is shown that the O.1 test implicitly adopts only one model of inertant action, and that chemicals which rely on a differing mode of inertant action are liable to be incorrectly treated. It is further shown that the physical basis of the O.1 test—an intimate mixture of finely-comminuted fuel and oxidizer—misrepresents the most common type of accidents involving oxidizers, and that such test results do not correspond to scenarios of a less extreme nature. The new O.3 test improves the analysis method, but does not resolve the problem of excessive commingling of fuel into oxidizer. It is recommended that the intermediate-scale arrangement used by the Bureau of Explosives be adopted for further development and standardization, in preference to the O.1 or O.3 test arrangements.     

Learning from errors: The role of context,emotion, and personality

This research focused on the relationship between negative emotionality and learning from errors. Specifically, negative emotionality was expected to impair learning from errors by decreasing motivation to learn. Perceived managerial intolerance of errors was hypothesized to increase negative emotionality, whereas emotional stability was proposed to decrease negative emotionality. All the hypotheses were tested in a laboratory simulation. Contrary to the prediction, a positive association was found between negative emotionality and motivation to learn. The effects of perceived managerial intolerance of errors and emotional stability on negative emotionality were as predicted. Moreover, exploratory data analyses were conducted at the level of specific negative emotions and revealed differentiated effects of specific negative emotions on learning from errors. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.