基于层次熵权-云模型城市道路塌陷风险评价研究

城市道路塌陷灾害频发,有效的塌陷风险评价对于塌陷的防治具有重要意义。道路塌陷成因具有模糊性、随机性、复杂性等特点,为尽可能保证其评价过程的客观有效,通过识别城市道路塌陷风险要素,构建城市道路塌陷的风险评价体系,使用层次-熵权-云模型进行组合评价,建立道路塌陷风险评价模型。将该模型应用于宝安区部分道路塌陷风险评价,结果表明：6条主干道基于道路塌陷风险评价模型评价结果与探地雷达(Ground Penetrating Radar, GPR)实测风险评价结果吻合度较高,具有一定的应用能力。该模型为城市道路塌陷的防治起到了积极的指导作用,为城市安全风险防控起到了一定的参考作用。     

基于熵权-云模型的精细化工园区脆弱性评价

为防范精细化工园区事故风险,提出了基于熵权-云模型的脆弱性评价方法。首先,引入物料的脆弱性,构建“人员、设施、物料、环境”4个维度的脆弱性评估指标体系,其次采用熵权法确定评价指标权重,运用云模型对精细化工园区进行脆弱性等级评价,最后以3个典型的精细化工园区为例开展实例分析,验证方法的合理性与有效性。结果表明：所采用的先逆向后正向正态云发生器,能够有效将定性概念和定量数据相互转换;脆弱性从大到小依次为响水化工园区、杭州湾上虞经济技术开发区、连云港化学工业园区;人员素质、物料存放、园区选址、园区内企业布局是研究脆弱性最重要的影响因素。     

基于熵-云耦合模型的铁路风吹雪危险度评价

针对我国风吹雪自然灾害突发性、频发性强而传统单因素评价存在不足的现状,尚未有关于铁路风吹雪的危险评价的统一标准,基于熵-云耦合建立铁路风吹雪危险度评价模型,分析了影响铁路风吹雪危险的主要因素,为使各影响因素与评价指标的关系更全面且系统,先综合考虑了自然(外因)和受铁路自身影响(内因)2个方面的因素,共确定出9个主要评价指标;再采用熵权法计算所需评价指标的各个权重,得到了综合确定度,然后结合隶属函数最大原则,对铁路风吹雪危险度进行了评判和预测。同时,结合物元法与熵-云耦合模型的结果进行了对比验证,最后,采用该模型对新疆新建阿-富-准铁路沿线的典型路段进行了危险度判断,结果与实际基本相符。     

基于ISM和模糊故障树的铁路黄土隧道塌方风险分析

研究如何对铁路黄土隧道塌方风险事故进行管理控制,先从地质因素、施工方法因素、监控量测因素和施工管理因素分析了黄土隧道塌方事故的成因。接着依据铁路行业隧道风险评估指南矿山法隧道施工风险因素列表,识别影响兰渝铁路某黄土隧道项目塌方的18项主要风险因素。然后运用系统工程解释结构模型方法(ISM)分析项目各风险因素间的相互关系,得出影响该隧道项目塌方的直接原因为施工扰动过大、支护不及时、拱脚悬空时间过长和信息反馈处理不及时。底层原因则为开挖方式、特殊地质条件。在上述基础上建立项目塌方事件模糊故障树模型,进行模糊定量分析,得到项目塌方事件发生的模糊概率和关键风险因素的模糊重要度。结果表明,实例黄土隧道项目塌方事故风险概率很大,地质因素、开挖方法等对塌方事故影响最大。解释结构模型方法能揭示各风险要素间的不确定性因果关系,有利于把握事故发生机理,模糊数能客观地描述风险事件的发生概率,增强故障树诊断方法的可靠性。     

基于熵权云模型的LNG码头安全评价

LNG码头的安全评价对于LNG的运输安全有着重要意义。为了确保LNG码头的安全,对LNG码头安全因素进行辨识,并将码头通航安全因素分为自然条件、码头平面布置、交通条件、港口条件和安全保障条件5类一级指标,建立LNG码头安全评价体系。通过熵权理论与云模型相结合的安全评价方法,处理LNG码头安全评价中评价因子的随机性和模糊性,并减少各安全评价指标权重分配中的不确定性及主观因素造成的影响。以海南LNG码头为例,运用熵权云模型对其进行安全综合评价。结果表明,该模型能够得到较为直观、精确的LNG码头安全综合评价结果。     

基于模糊熵-云理论的二维深基坑施工风险评价

为有效降低深基坑施工风险评价过程中因量化基础数据存在模糊性与随机性所带来的不利影响,构造了基于模糊熵-云理论的二维风险评价模型.首先利用最小信息熵原理确定评价指标的组合权重,并借助指标的云熵优化权重;其次对根据黄金分割定理划分的标准云数字特征进行修正,并提出一种正态云相似度的计算方法以确定指标的风险等级;然后为解决指标风险等级归属不确定、不一致的问题,引入模糊熵作为第二维评价参数反映评价结果的复杂程度;最后将该模型应用于工程实例并与模糊综合评判法进行对比.研究表明,该模型既兼顾了评价过程中的模糊性与随机性,又对指标风险等级归属差异做出了合理解释,比传统一维风险评价方法更加全面.     

基于熵权二维云模型的深基坑施工风险评价

深基坑施工过程中的风险因素具有模糊性与随机性的特点,基于此提出一种熵权二维云模型的风险评价方法。从环境因素、管理因素和施工因素3个方面进行危险源辨识,确定深基坑施工风险评价指标体系,并应用熵权法对评价指标进行加权处理;将风险概率和风险后果作为二维云模型的基础变量,同时提出风险云相近度的计算方法以确定风险等级。应用上述方法对南宁轨道交通3号线青秀山站明挖站厅基坑的施工过程进行了风险评价,得出该施工过程的风险需采取一定控制措施方可接受,与实际情况相符,表明基于熵权二维云模型的风险评价方法合理可行。     

基于云物元理论的引航环境风险评价模型研究

引航环境的风险评价对引航船舶的航行安全意义重大。将引航环境安全因素分为自然环境、航道条件、交通环境和被引船舶状况4个一级指标,建立引航环境风险评价指标体系,采用熵权法确定评价指标的权重系数,并针对引航环境风险评价指标的随机性和模糊性,建立引航环境风险评价的标准正态云物元模型,计算待评物元与标准正态云物元之间的关联度,从而引入置信度准则识别风险等级。最后,将此方法应用于长江江苏段引航环境的风险评价中,结果表明该方法实用、准确。     

基于空间故障树理论的系统可靠性评估方法研究

为了研究可靠性对工作环境变化敏感的一类系统,利用空间故障树SFT的思想和方法,并结合T-S模糊故障树和贝叶斯网络,建立了一种系统可靠性评估方法。总结了T-S模糊故障树和BN网络评价系统可靠性时存在的问题,并在所提出的方法中予以解决。方法中将事件的故障状态划分为:无故障a、轻度故障b、严重故障c、完全故障d四种状态,分别用a,b,c,d表示。故障率为[0~30%)、[30%~60%)、[60%~85%)、[85%~100%),并得到了划分的规则。研究了该系统在不同故障状态下的有效范围。得到了系统在不同状态之间过渡时的特征,并分析了过渡期间的可靠性对因素敏感度问题。     

Safety assessment of natural gas storage tank using similarity aggregation method based fuzzy fault tree analysis (SAM-FFTA) approach

Fault tree analysis (FTA) is an important method to analyze the failure causes of engineering systems and evaluate their safety and reliability. In practical application, the probabilities of bottom events in FTA are usually estimated according to the opinions of experts or engineers because it is difficult to obtain sufficient probability data of bottom events in fault tree. However, in many cases, there are many experts with different opinions or different forms of opinions. How to reasonably aggregate expert opinions is a challenge for the engineering application of fault tree method. In this study, a fuzzy fault tree analysis approach based on similarity aggregation method (SAM-FFTA) has been proposed. This method combines SAM with fuzzy set theory and can handled comprehensively diverse forms of opinions of different experts to obtain the probabilities of bottom events in fault tree. Finally, for verifying the applicability and flexibility of the proposed method, a natural gas spherical storage tank with a volume of 10,000 m³ was analyzed, and the importance of each bottom event was determined. The results show that flame, lightning spark, electrostatic spark, impact spark, mechanical breakdown and deformation/breakage have the most significant influence on the explosion of the natural gas spherical storage tank.     

基于熵权的隧道塌方风险非线性模糊评判方法

隧道塌方风险分析是隧道设计和安全施工的重要环节。首先选取隧道塌方风险评价指标并建立评价指标风险分级标准,在深入分析新奥法隧道施工风险影响因素的基础上,根据隧道塌方风险影响因素具有模糊不确定性和层次性的特点建立隧道塌方风险的模糊综合评判模型。其次,通过研究各因素评价指标取值方法及隶属度函数选取原则,建立评价指标隶属度确定方法。然后针对不同专家工程经验及认知的不同,引入群组决策的思想,基于信息熵理论建立评价指标的权重计算方法。考虑到影响因素对隧道塌方风险影响具有非线性特征,引入非线性模糊运算方法,从而最终建立基于熵权的隧道塌方风险非线性模糊评判方法。最后通过工程实例分析表明了方法的可行性与合理性。     

Risk assessment of an oxygen-enhanced combustor using a structural model based on the FMEA and fuzzy fault tree

The oxygen-enhanced combustor has the advantages of high burning efficiency and low emissions. However, it should not be promoted for industrial use until its reliability and safety have been fully recognized. A new methodology is proposed to assess the risk of an oxygen-enhanced combustor using a structural model based on the FMEA and fuzzy fault tree. In addition, it is applied to a selected pilot semi-industrial combustor. To identify the hazard source comprehensively, the pilot is divided into four subsystems: the combustor subsystem, feed subsystem, ignition subsystem and exhaust subsystem. According to the operational parameters of flow (flow rate, temperature and pressure) and the component functions in different subsystems, the cause and effect matrix can be built using the structural model, and the relationship between the operational parameters and the effects of the change for the operational parameters on the system can be presented. Based on the results of cause and effect matrix, the FMEA can be built to describe the failed models and accident scenarios of the pilot. The main accident forms include leakage, injury, fire and explosion. Accordingly, with the severity and probability analysis of different accident forms, the fire and explosion accidents should be further accessed quantitatively using the fuzzy fault tree analysis. The fault trees can be obtained in accordance with the FMEA, and the qualitative assessments of the basic events can be collected by using expert scoring. A hybrid approach for the fuzzy set theory and weight analysis is investigated to quantify the occurrence probability of basic events. Then, the importance analysis of the fault trees, including the hazard importance of basic events and the cut set importance, is performed to help determine the weak links of the fire and explosion trees. Finally, some of the most effective measures are presented to improve the reliability and safety of the combustion system.     

基于熵权和模糊综合评价的航空公司安全风险研究

针对航空公司安全风险诸多影响因素的模糊性,引入模糊综合评价理论对航空公司安全风险进行评价,从机组、飞机、环境和管理4个方面提出了航空公司安全风险评价的指标体系,采用熵权和层次分析法确定评价指标的拟合权重,建立了航空公司安全风险评价的模糊综合评价模型。以该模型对国内某航空公司安全风险状况进行评价。分析认为,该航空公司的安全风险介于高风险与较高风险之间,急需加强安全防范,尤其应该加强飞行机组和飞机的安全管理。     

Safety evaluation of leak in a storage tank using fault tree analysis and risk matrix analysis

The work presented in this paper used a quantitative analysis of relevant risks through the development of fault tree analysis and risk analysis methods to aid real time risk prediction and safety evaluation of leak in a storage tank. Criticality of risk elements and their attributes can be used with real time data to predict potential failures likely to occur. As an example, a risk matrix was used to rank risk of events that could lead to a leak in a storage tank and to make decisions on risks to be allowed based on past statistical data. An intelligent system that recognizes increasing level(s) and draws awareness to the possibility of additional increase before unsafe levels are attained was used to analyse and make critical decisions. After a visual depiction of relationships between hazards and controls had been actualized, dynamic risk modelling was used to quantify the effect controls can potentially have on hazards by applying historical and real-time data into a probabilistic model. The output of a dynamic risk model is near real-time quantitative predictions of risk likelihood. Results from the risk matrix analysis method mixed with RTD and FTA were analyzed, evaluated, and compared.     

故障树法和改进PSO-PNN网络的电梯故障诊断模型

针对电梯故障问题,提出一种将故障树分析法、改进的粒子群优化算法和概率神经网络相结合的方法用于电梯的故障诊断。以电梯的安全回路系统为例,用故障树法对回路进行分析,获得训练样本与故障类型;使用粒子群算法对概率神经网络的平滑因子进行优化,在优化过程中,针对粒子群算法存在易陷入局部最优的缺陷,提出对惯性权重的改进策略;采用相对误差对诊断效果做出评估,并与传统的概率神经网络和基本粒子群算法优化的概率神经网络在各种故障类型输出和最大相对误差等方面进行比较,结果表明:该模型能够有效诊断电梯故障。