Multifunctional landscapes--perspectives for the future

New methods in landscape ecology to study the link between landscape between landscape heterogeneity and landscape functionality are needed.Heterogeneity is a basic characteristic of Iandscape,and landscape fnction is the capacity to change the structural heterogeneity of a landscape ystem.In most developed countries the industrialisation of agriculture has in general resulted in a change of agricultural landscapes from a small-grained heterogeneous pattern towards more monotonous and monofunctional landscapes.During the 1990‘s this trends seems to have changed due to a diversification of rural land use and new trends in urbanisation.Weather these phases of landscape development should be expected in developing countries is a totally open question.Dealing with the study of multifunctionality of landscapes it is proposed to distinguish between ecological functionality of landscape ecosystems,functionality.Further,the relation between function,space and scale is important by the determination of spatial and time segregation as well as spatial and time integration of multifunctionality in landscapes.     

Analysis on sensitivit and landscape ecological spatial structure of site resources

This article establishes a set of indicators and standards for landscape ecological sensitivity analysis of site resources by using the theories and approaches of landscape ecology.It uses landscape diversity index(H),evenness(E),natural degree(N),contrast degree(C) to study spatial structure and landscape heterogeneity of site resources and thus provides a qualitative-quantitative evaluation method for land planning and management of small ,medium scale areas.The analysis of Yantian District,Shenzhen of China showed that Wutong Mountain belonged to high lanscape ecological sensitivity area,Sanzhoutian Reservoir and Shangping Reservoir were medium landscape sensitivity area and high ecological sensitivity area;Dameisha and Xiaomeisha belonged to medium sensitivity area caused by the decline of natural ecological areas.Shatoujiao,Yantian Pier belonged to low sensitivity area but urban landscape ecological development had reshaped and influenced their landscape ecological roles in a great extent.Suggestions on planning,protection goals an development intensity of each site or district were raised.     

Study on the oasis corridor landcape in the arid regions based on RS and GIS methods—application of Jinta Oasis,China

The study on the oasis corridor landscape is a new hotspot in the ecological environment research in the arid regions.In oasis,main corridor landscape types include river,ditch ,shelterbelt and road.This paper introduces the basic ecological effects of the corridor landscape on the transporting mass and energy and obstructing desert landscape expansion and incursion.Using Geographic Information System(GIS),we have researched the corridor distribution and its spatial relationship with other landscape types in the Jinta Oasis.Based on the dynamically monitoring on the landscape pattern change of the Jinta Oasis during the latter 10 years by using Remote Sensing(RS) and GIS,the driving functions of the corridors on this change have been analyzed in detail.The analysis results showed that all kinds of corridors‘ characteristics can be quantified by the indexes such as length and width ,ratio of perimeter and area,density and non-heterogeneity.The total corridor length of Jinta Oasis is 1838.5km and its density is 2.1km/km^2.The corridor density of the irrigation land.forest and resident area is maximal,which shows that affection degree of the oasis corridors on them is the most.The improvment of the corridors quality is one of the important driving factors on the irrigation land and so on.The organic combination of the RS and GIS technologies and landscape research methods would be an effective means for the corridor landscape research on arid region oasis.     

The impact of urban planning on land use and land cover in Pudong of Shanghai,China

Functional zones in cities constitute the most conspicuous components of newly developed urban areas,and have been a hot spot for domestic and foreign investors in China,which not only show the expanse of urban space accompanied by the shifts both in landscape(from rural to urban)and land use(from less extensive to extensive),but also display the transformation of regional ecological functions.By using the theories and methods of landscape ecology,the structure of landscapes and landscape ecological planning can be analyzed and evaluated for studying the urban functional zones‘layout.In 1990,the Central Govermment of China declared to develop and open up Pudong New Area so as to promote economic development in Shanghai.Benefited from the advantages of Shanghai‘s location and economy,the government of Pudong New Area has successively built up 7 different functional zones over the past decade according to their functions and strategic goals.Based on the multi-spectral satellite imageries taken in 1990,1997and 2000,a landscape ecolgy analysis was carried out for Pudong New Area of Sanghai ,supported by GIS technology.Green space(including croplands )and built-up areas are the major factors considered in developing urban landscape.This paper was mainly concerned with the different spatial patterns and dynamics of green space,built-up areas and new buildings in different functional zones,as influenced by different spatial patterns and dynamics of green space,built-up areas and new buildings in different functional zones,as influenced by different functional layouts and development strategies.The rapid urbanization in Pudong New Area resulted in a more homogeneous landscape.Agricultural landscape and suburban landscape were gradually replaced by urban landscape as the degree of urbanization increased.As a consequence of urbanization in Pudong,not only built-up patches,but also newly-built patches and green patches merged into one large patch,which should be attributed to the construction policy of extensive green space as the urban development process in Pudong New Area.The shape of green area of 7 functional zones became more and more regular because of the horticultural needs in Shanghai urban planning.Some suggestions were finally made for the study of future urban planning and layout.     

A biological safety evaluation on reclaimed water reused as scenic water using a bioassay battery

An assessment method based on three toxicity tests (algae growth inhibition, daphnia immobilization and larval fish toxicity) was used to screen the biological safety of reclaimed water which was reused as sole replenishment for scenic water system in a park (SOF Park) in northern China. A total of 24 water samples were collected from six sites of water system in the SOF Park in four different seasons. The results indicated that: (1) the reclaimed water directly discharged from a reclamation treatment plant near the SOF Park as influent of park had relatively low biological safety (all samples were ranked as C or D); (2) the biological safety of reclaimed water was improved greatly with the ecological reclamation treatment processes composing of artificial wetland system and followed oxidation pond system; (3) the biological safety of reclaimed water in the main lake of SOF Park kept at a health status during different seasons (all samples were ranked as A); (4) there was some certain correlation (R² = 0.5737) between the sum of toxicity scores and dissolved organic carbon for the studied water samples. It was concluded that the assessment method was reliable to screen the safety of reclaimed water reused as scenic water, and the reclaimed water with further ecological purification processes such as artificial wetland and oxidation pond system can be safely reused as scenic water in park.     

Distribution characteristics of dissolved organic carbon in annular wetland soil-water solutions through soil profiles in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

Overwhelming evidence reveals that concentrations of dissolved organic carbon （DOC） have increased in streams which brings negative environmental impacts. DOC in stream flow is mainly originated from soil-water solutions of watershed. Wetlands prove to be the most sensitive areas as an important DOC reserve between terrestrial and fluvial biogeosystems. This reported study was focused on the distribution characteristics and the controlling factors of DOC in soil-water solutions of annular wetland, i.e., a dishing wetland and a forest wetland together, in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. The results indicate that DOC concentrations in soilwater solutions decreased and then increased with increasing soil depth in the annular wetland. In the upper soil layers of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm, DOC concentrations in soil-water solutions linearly increased from edge to center of the annular wetland （R^2 = 0.3122 and R^2 = 0.443）. The distribution variations were intimately linked to DOC production and utilization and DOC transport processes in annular wetland soil-water solutions. The concentrations of total organic carbon （TOC）, total carbon （TC） and Fe（II）, DOC mobility and continuous vertical and lateral flow affectext the distribution variations of DOC in soil-water solutions. The correlation coefficients between DOC concentrations and TOC, TC and Fe（II） were 0.974, 0.813 and 0.753 respectively. These distribution characteristics suggested a systematic response of the distribution variations of DOC in annular wetland soil-water solutions to the geometry of closed depressions on a scale of small catchments. However, the DOC in soil pore water of the annular wetland may be the potential source of DOC to stream flow on watershed scale. These observations also implied the fragmentation of wetland landscape could bring the spatial-temporal variations of DOC distribution and exports, which would bring negative environmental impacts in watersheds of the Sanjiang Plain.     

Conservation for the landscape ecological diversity in Wulingyuan scenic area of China

Wulingyuan is located at the mountainous area of the middle reach of the Yangtze River,it is one of the three nature heritages in China which ranks in the “List of Worls‘s Heritage”by UNESCO.It is characterized by quartz sandstone peaks landform with several landform components(pattern,corridor)and rich in landscape ecological diversity and biodiversity.The main patterns(ecosystem)include mid-height mountain peaks,rift-avlley and streams among peaks,peaks and gullies on slopes,square mountain-platforms and peaks among blind valleys and so on.The corridor system consists of natural corridors and artificial corridors among which the stream corridors account for a major part.The fracturing of habitat is unfavorable for the biodiversity conservation,but meanwhile the habitat diversity leads to an increase in biodiversity.Therefore,it is still rich in landscape ecological diversity in Wulingyuan.The biodiversity at the level of landscape component(ecosystem) and the function of the Wulingyuan complex ecosystem,and the measures for the biodiversity conservation in Wulingyuan ecotourism area are discussed in this paper.     

Phosphorus release： A biogeochemical insight from a restored lakeside wetland in the Yangtze-Huaihe region, China

The heavy intensification of agriculture in East China since the 1980s caused the decrease of lake area and water storage capacity with impediment of regulation, lake eutrophication and frequent floods. Many restoration projects have been conducted. However, the knowledge of biogeochemical factors that drive nutrient cycles during the early stage of restoration is still limited. We studied the effect of the remediation of a patch of near-shore shallow wetland on the northern bank of Chaohu Lake in the Yangtze-Huaihe region, China, which was used as rice paddy for many years, on the behavior of phosphorus. Redox potential (ORP), temperature and dissolved oxygen were monitored in situ from May 2006 to November 2007. Samples of soil pore water were collected during this time for the determination of different forms of iron and phosphorus. ORP showed a clear transition of the wetland soil from an oxidized state in winter to a reduced state in summer. The decrease of ORP correlated with the release of large amounts of Fe and P. The maxima of total dissolved Fe and total dissolved P in the summer of the second year were (13.8 ± 6.8) mg/L and (0.88 ± 0.27) mg/L, respectively. It is worth noticing that P concentration far exceeded the critical value of lake eutrophication (0.02 mg/L). The pressure of P release to the adjacent lake during the first two years of wetland restoration from rice fields should be taken into account by environmental policy makers.     

Landscape dynamitic change in Mu Us Desert derived from Landsat TM data

Landscpae ecology emphasizes large areas and ecological effects of the spatial patterning of ecosystem.Recent developments in landscape ecology emphasized the important relationship between spatial patterns and many ecological processes.Quantitative methods in landscape ecology link spatial patterns and ecological processes at broad spatial and temporal scales.In turn the increased attention on temoral change of ecosystem has highlighted the need for quantitative methods that can analyze patterns.This research applies quantitative methods-change detection to assess the ecosystem temporal change in the arid and semiarid area.Remote sensing offers the temporal change of ecosystem on landscape characteristics.     

Embedded reservoir and constructed wetland for drinking water source protection: Effects on nutrient removal and phytoplankton succession

An embedded reservoir that provides an efficient nutrient removal system protects drinking water.However,embedded reservoirs are rarely used in eutrophic shallow lakes because of their undetermined nutrient retention efficiency and unknown effects by the phytoplankton community.In this study,we aim to investigate the nutrient retention and algae succession in an embedded reservoir and adjacent wetland from April 2017 to September 2018 in the eastern part of Lake Taihu,China.More than 40% of total phosphorus(TP) and 45% of particulate phosphorous entering the reservoir were retained semiannually,and the highest TP removal efficiency was achieved in the reservoir during autumn with an average value of 53.3% ± 9.9%.The overall nitrogen retention efficiency(21.7% ± 37.8%) was lower than that of TP(41.8% ± 27.8%).Similar trends were obtained in the wetland area.An important pathway for phosphorus removal is through particulate matter retention.Our study revealed that nutrient retention mechanisms in the reservoir were primarily via macrophyte absorption,particulate substance sedimentation,and prolonged water residence time.Consequently,the phytoplankton biomass(Chl-a) in the reservoir decreased(from 48.0 to 25.2 μg/L) and water transparency improved,due to the decreased P level and transformation of the phytoplankton group into simple structures with good ecological status.Therefore,the combination of embedded reservoir and constructed wetland ecosystem can be used successfully to protect surface water.The results will be advantageous to groups seeking to preserve drinking water sources.     

Landscape ecological assessment and eco-tourism development in the South Dongting Lake Wetland, China

1　ＴｈｅｇｅｎｅｒａｌｓｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅＳｏｕｔｈＤｏｎｇｔｉｎｇＬａｋｅＷｅｔｌａｎｄＬｏｃａｔｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｎｏｒｔｈｏｆＨｕｎａｎＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅａｎｄｔｈｅｓｏｕｔｈｂａｎｋｏｆｔｈｅＹａｎｇｔｚｅＲｉｖｅｒｍｉｄｄｌｅｒｅａｃｈｅｓ ,ｔｈｅＤｏｎｇｔｉｎｇＬａｋｅｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｆｉｖｅｌａｒｇｅｓｔｆｒｅｓｈｗａｔｅｒｌａｋｅｓａｎｄｏｆｔｈｅｓｅｖｅｎｍｏｓｔｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｌａｎｄｓｃａｐｅｓｏｆｉｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｌｙｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｗｅｔｌａｎｄｓｉ…     

洞庭湖区湿地资源可持续利用途径研究

湿地具有特殊的生态功能和社会经济价值。洞庭湖区湿地垦殖强度大,造成了生态环境严重退化的恶果。研究表明:控制人口总量,退田还湖,建立湿地自然保护区,大力发展避洪耐涝型湿地特色产业是保护和合理利用湿地资源的有效途径,且已取得了良好的社会、经济、生态效益。由此认为,如何协调好人口、资源与环境的关系是实现湿地资源可持续利用的战略目标。     

洞庭湖湿地退田还湖的生态经济效益研究

洞庭湖湿地生态服务功能退化制约了湖区经济的可持续发展。“退田还湖”是恢复湿地生态服务功能价值的主要手段;以洞庭湖退田还湖区湿地恢复为例,综合运用资源经济学、生态经济学的理论和方法,评估了退田还湖区湿地恢复后的生态服务功能价值量,得出了退田还湖后所产生的生态经济效益。只有恢复洞庭湖区湿地生态环境,保护好洞庭湖区湿地资源,才能实现洞庭湖区湿地资源的可持续利用,保证湖区经济的可持续发展。     

洞庭湖平原农村湿地生态旅游开发探析

社会主义新农村建设和"中国乡村游"的展开,以及人们对湿地认识的不断提高,为农村中广大湿地进行旅游开发提供了新机遇.在简要阐述农村生态旅游的内涵与国内发展概况的基础上,提出了农村湿地生态旅游的内涵与意义.并以洞庭湖平原为实证研究,通过对庭湖平原农村湿地生态旅游发展条件的分析,从开发思路和活动设计两方面探讨了洞庭湖平原农村湿地生态旅游的开发构想,进而提出了妥善处理农业生产与农村湿地生态旅游的关系、鼓励社区参与、加强湿地旅游软硬件建设、科学规划、实施可持续发展战略等建议.     

水陆交错生态脆弱带景观格局时空变化分析——以洞庭湖区为例

应用3个时期航空遥感图像为基本信息源,在Arc/Info系统的支持下,建立空间信息库,应用景观破碎度、分维数、优势度、多样性指数、均匀性指数等指标,对洞庭湖区景观空间格局的时空演变进行分析,结果表明:水陆景观之间的交替变化显著,耕地面积减少最多,达30608hm₂,水域面积增加最多,净增48978hm₂。20a来整个区域的景观破碎度加重,多样性增加,优势度下降。进一步具体分析各景观类型发现,耕地、草地、居住建设用地的破碎度和分离度1980～1990年间表现为增加,1990～2000年则表现为减少,表明湖区的自然保护区建设和退田还湖、移民建镇政策已初显成效。由于受泥沙淤积和退田还湖的影响,20a中水域景观的分布质心整体上移动了2.31km,向东南偏离了53.87°。     

艾比湖湿地土地利用/覆被-景观格局和气候变化的生态环境效应研究

借助Arc GIS与ENVI软件,以1998年、2006年和2014年遥感影像Landsat TM/OLI为数据源,得到3期艾比湖湿地自然保护区土地利用/覆被类型图.在空间尺度上将研究区分为3个特定研究单元来分析土地利用/覆被变化特征,并从景观格局和气候变化两个方面来进行生态环境效应研究.通过计算土地利用/覆被类型生态风险指数,从而获得研究区生态安全指数,最终建立艾比湖湿地自然保护区土地利用/覆被类型与生态环境之间的数量关系,并对整体及局部地区进行生态环境质量动态分析.结果表明,水域和其他(裸地和戈壁)是研究区内的优势景观类型.水域的平均斑块面积最大,水域和其他(裸地和戈壁)的最大斑块指数较高,盐碱地和其他(裸地和戈壁)的分维度指数较高,水域和其他(裸地和戈壁)的聚集度指数较大,林草地空间分布离散,破碎化程度高,连通性差.1998—2014年期间多样性指数增加,说明各景观类型所占比例趋于均衡化,作为优势景观类型的湿地对整个景观的控制作用减小,景观异质性增加.1998—2014年间,艾比湖湿地自然保护区总体生态环境指数呈逐步升高趋势,但生态环境质量的改善与恶化同时存在,并在特定研究单元上出现明显的区域分异特征.盐碱地、其他(裸地和戈壁)向湿地及荒漠向其他(裸地和戈壁)的转化是环境改善的主导因素.湿地向水域和其他(裸地和戈壁)的转变是环境恶化的主导因素.据1998—2014年的气象资料,降水量呈下降趋势,降水减少使植物存活率降低,导致植被覆盖率下降,从而影响生态环境的健康发展.另外,在分析驱动机制的基础上,建立了优选多元线性回归方程,结果表明,在景观指数和年径流量中,艾比湖湿地自然保护区生态环境指数的变化与平均斑块面积和分维度指数均呈显著相关.该研究对艾比湖湿地自然保护区土地利用合理规划管理、生态恢复和经济发展政策的制定有着非常重要的意义.     

三峡建坝前后洞庭湖区湿地景观格局变化

根据洞庭湖区1987—2008 年的6 期遥感影像数据资料,利用景观格局指数及转移矩阵模型等方法重点分析了三峡工程建坝前后洞庭湖区湿地景观格局的变化特征,以及对洞庭湖区湿地演变的主要影响。结果表明：①整体景观破碎化程度增大,景观异质性减小,景观形状趋于复杂化;②水体的破碎化程度增加,斑块间的结合度降低;泥沙滩地的破碎化程度先加大后降低,最大斑块面积有所增大;苔草滩地和芦苇滩地的破碎化程度先后经历了增大→减小→增大的过程;防护林滩地的破碎化程度由减小到增大到再增大;耕地（水田、旱地）破碎化程度在逐渐增大;建设用地斑块数增加最多;林地的结构相对稳定;③三峡工程运行使洞庭湖区湿地的水沙和泥沙淤积发生变化,导致湿地呈正向演替,自然湿地面积减少。     

三峡工程截流后洞庭湖水体污染及风险分析

通过对2003-2009年的监测数据进行分析,得出:洞庭湖TN、TP污染较严重,TN在东洞庭湖污染最严重,西洞庭湖较轻,南洞庭湖最轻;TP在东洞庭湖污染较严重,南洞庭湖和西洞庭湖较轻。2009年Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、As、Cr各重金属都达到了国家地面水环境质量Ⅰ类标准。三峡工程截流前后污染物浓度值变化情况显示,应增加城镇污水处理厂脱氮除磷的工艺,降低TN和TP给湖区带来的富营养化风险,同时还必须加强污染严重河段的底泥清淤。通过污染风险分析可知,TP仍是对洞庭湖污染风险贡献率最大的污染物,其次是Cu,其他各污染物的风险值均比较小。各监测点都属于轻微的生态危害。西洞庭湖污染风险最大,东洞庭湖、南洞庭湖相对较小。     

东洞庭湖湿地景观空间结构的完整性分析

选取2005年东洞庭湖湿地的遥感影像,利用GIS技术、MapInfo Professional7.0 SCP软件和景观结构分析软件FRAGSTATS,应用景观生态学的理论和方法,对东洞庭湖湿地景观空间结构的完整性进行了分析。结果表明：（1）区域内斑块分维数相差不大,但沼泽和库塘湿地受人为干扰明显且形状规则,其分维数趋近于1。（2）区域内湿地景观类型体系中各类湿地所占比例差异不大,分配较均匀;多样性较低,优势度不明显;整个区域的破碎化程度较低,但各类景观类型破碎化程度差异明显,相对破坏性较大。（3）由于人类垦殖影响,斑块间隙指数较高。上述分析,为东洞庭湖湿地资源的开发和保护提供参阅资料和依据。     

鄱阳湖湿地环境开发初探

本文讨论了鄱阳湖区湿地生态功能，分析了不合理利用造成的湿地资源衰退，水生生物难以恢复，据此提出了相应对策。