不同频次氮素添加对大豆农田生态系统土壤线虫的影响

土壤线虫在维持陆地生态系统的稳定性、促进物质循环和能量流动方面起着重要作用。而氮肥的添加是影响农田土壤线虫的重要因素,农田施肥是增加农作物产量和提高经济效益的有效措施。然而以往研究大多关注氮肥添加量对土壤线虫的影响,对于氮添加频次对农田生态系统土壤线虫群落影响的认识不足。以农田生态系统大豆作物为研究对象,设置对照(C)、低频施氮(NL)和高频施氮(NH)3种处理,研究土壤线虫群落对不同频次氮添加的响应,分析不同频次氮添加对农田土壤线虫群落结构的影响及其机制,从而为农田生态系统管理提供基础数据和科学依据。结果表明：(1)施氮处理后,土壤线虫物种丰富度和密度无显著变化。在0～10 cm土层,低频施氮使食真菌线虫相对丰度显著提升197.33%,植食性线虫相对丰度显著降低64.51%;高频施氮使食细菌线虫相对丰度显著升高26.49%,植食性线虫相对丰度显著降低47.13%(P<0.05)。(2)在0～10 cm土层,低频施氮显著提高cp-1类群比例,并显著降低cp-3类群比例;高频施氮使cp-1类群比例显著升高(P<0.05)(cp-1表示cp值为1的线虫类群)。(3)低频施氮使0...     

洱海北部2种典型种植制度下农田氮污染负荷研究

洱海北部区域农村面源污染是富营养化初期湖泊——洱海氮磷负荷的主要来源.以洱海北部2种典型种植制度下的农田为研究对象,采用现场调查与采样分析相结合的方法,定量分析氮的输入通量(农作物施肥、大气降水降尘、灌水和生物固氮)及输出通量(农田收获物和生物脱氮),并计算其对水环境产生的氮污染负荷净排放量(包括农田地表径流和地下渗透流).结果表明,在水稻-蚕豆种植制度下,农田为环境友好型,基本不向水环境排放氮负荷,净排放量为-30.73 kg·hm-2·a-1,主要氮输入通量为生物固氮(占43.3％),其次为有机肥(占35.O％),且输出通量主要为农作物吸收(占98.5％).在水稻-大蒜种植制度下,农田为环境污染型,净排放量为306.75 kg·hm-2·a-1,主要氮输入通量为肥料(占84.7％),其中化肥占62.1％,而输出通量中水环境排放占45.4％.水稻-大蒜种植制度亟需采取合理施肥和提高肥料利用率等农田污染防治对策.     

长三角地区典型稻作农业小流域氮素平衡及其污染潜势

江苏省句容市陈武镇水库流域是以稻作为主的农业小流域,在长三角地区颇具典型性。于2007年5月至2008年4月在该流域进行定位观测与现场调查,通过估算氮素平衡来分析预测流域农田氮污染潜势。结果表明,研究时段内流域氮素输入量为1 589.1 t,输出量为1 168.4 t。化肥氮输入是农田氮素的最主要来源,占氮输入总量的67.2%;而作物收获是农田氮输出的主要方式,占氮输出总量的46.7%。水田和旱地氮平衡均处于盈余状态,盈亏率分别为20.5%和52.4%,氮素利用率分别为33.6%和34.9%,利用率较低。水田47.8%的氮素以气态形式损失,气态氮和储存在土壤中的氮素极易导致大气和水体污染。     

黄土高原退耕柠条林对土壤理化性质的影响研究

为了评价退耕还林过程中柠条林的生态效应,探索柠条林对土壤的改良作用,采集我国黄土区同一坡面上柠条林Caragana korshinski和对照农田5、20、45、80 cm深度土壤样品,分析其CaCO3、全氮、SOC、含水量、容重值并进行对比分析。结果发现,(1)各深度土壤CaCO3含量、全氮、SOC含量都表现为柠条林大于农田。柠条林和对照农田CaCO3含量和SOC含量差异在土壤表层最大,底层差异减小,而全氮在土壤各层的差异大小与深度没有明显的关系。(2)柠条林土壤含水量在各深度都小于农田,C/N值在表层大于农田,底层小于农田。(3)结合土壤容重计算土壤各指标1 m厚度贮量,农田退耕为柠条林后,其CaCO3、全氮、SOC贮量分别增加1.46、0.01、0.05 g·cm 2。柠条林土壤表层枯落物的累积、根系的穿透及分泌物改变了土壤水分及养分条件。研究证明退耕柠条林能够改善土壤碳氮养分状况,但土壤含水量减少并出现CaCO3的富集。     

香溪河流域坡耕地人工降雨条件下土壤氮素流失特征

采用人工模拟降雨条件下径流小区原位监测试验方法,对香溪河流域高风险输出源类黄棕壤坡耕地氮素随不同径流形式和泥沙的流失特征进行研究.结果显示,地表径流和壤中流的径流特征存在明显差异,次暴雨径流过程中,地表径流量约占总径流的68.44％,壤中流为31.56％.总氮、溶解态氮、NO3--N和NH4+-N的径流流失量分别为1.869、1.524、1.404和0.018kg·hm-2,壤中流流失总氮、溶解态氮、NO3--N的贡献率均在70％以上;地表径流氮素流失以颗粒态为主,壤中流以溶解态为主.次暴雨径流过程中氮素总流失量为2.90kg· hm-2,其中地表径流水相氮素流失量占14.56％,泥沙吸附态流失量占35.51％,壤中流流失量占49.93％.提高土壤的保肥蓄水能力,控制壤中流养分流失,对非点源污染控制具有重要作用.     

基于WNMM模型的潮土地区农田水氮优化管理

应用农田水氮管理模型(water and nitrogen management model,WNMM)模拟潮土水氮运移过程,以建立针对该地区气候环境和土壤性质的田间水氮优化管理方案.利用田间试验对WNMM模拟结果进行了校验,结果表明该模型能较好地模拟潮土地区的土壤水氮运移过程,农田蒸散量、土壤含水量和硝态氮含量的模拟值与实测值在α=0.01水平上相关显著,误差范围也令人满意.根据土壤实时水氮含量数据,建立了按作物生长亏缺动态调整灌溉、施氮的优化农田水氮管理方案.在多年平均气象条件下,与传统管理模式相比,优化管理模式不仅能为作物生长提供更好的土壤水肥条件,而且每年可节约灌溉水163.5 mm、氮肥130 kg·hm-2,减少土壤水渗漏264.6 mm、氮素淋失71.1 kg·hm-2.     

我国农田土壤碳氮耦合特征的区域差异

利用中国第2次土壤普查数据,分析了稻作和旱作方式下农田耕层土壤有机碳和全氮特征及其区域差异。结果表明,水田土壤有机碳和全氮含量分别为旱地的147.8%和145.5%,但水田碳氮含量的区域变异低于旱地。全国水田和旱地土壤有机碳氮比值分别为10.8和9.9,各区域水田土壤碳氮比值普遍高于旱地,其中东北水田最高,而华东旱地和西北旱地最低。旱地碳氮比值的区域变异显著,水田则不显著。农田耕层土壤有机碳和全氮含量呈显著正相关,除华北地区外,各区域无论水田还是旱地其碳氮含量之间相关系数都超过0.8,达极显著水平。由此可见,我国农田耕层土壤有机碳和全氮含量之间存在显著耦合关系,而且不同利用方式和区域之间差异显著;相同氮水平下,水田土壤可能储存更多的有机碳。     

农田非点源氮污染研究进展

论述农田生态系统中氮素非点源污染的特征、排放途径和污染方式，两种重要氮素形态(NH4^4-N、NO3^- -N)在土水界面的扩散过程及迁移机理，农田非点源氮迁移过程及其影响因素，由农田氮素造成的非点源污染的污染负荷定量计算方法及评价指标，并指出国内外污染负荷定量模型的优缺点和发展趋势；提出了农田非点源氮污染的控制对策。     

黄土高原生态系统中土壤氮库的储量、流量及其消长趋势

本文以黄土高原生态系统中土壤氮库为中心,研究了土壤氮库的能量、流量以及消长趋势。研究结果表明,黄土高原表层(0—20cm)土壤氮库储氮量为1.5×10~8t,主要吸肥层(0—1m)为5.0×10~8t。高产农田土壤氮库储量为2—3t/ha,中产农田土壤为1.5—2.0t/ha,低产农田土壤仅1.0—1.5t/ha。黄土高原土壤氮库的流入量为235×10~4t,其中化学氮肥流入量占总流入量57.0％,有机肥占36.6％;流出量为250×10~4t,其中由作物收获流出氮量占69.6％,水土流失占12.8％,土壤氮库呈现负平衡,其中氮储量有缓慢下降趋势。为此,要大力增加化学氮肥与有机肥投入量。同时应采取多种措施,以提高有机氮流入量,还应大力降低非生产性氮流出量,使土壤氮库保持动态平衡与稳步增长。     

高产田养分平衡及其环境风险特征研究

选择连续四年产量20000kg·hm-2以上的高产田为研究对象,并以当地常规农田为对照,分析了秸秆还田条件下冬小麦-夏玉米高产轮作体系中养分平衡及环境风险特征。结果表明,高产田和常规农田的氮、磷、钾素在冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系中都有盈余,分别盈余130和202、122和162、315和119kg·hm-2。高产田氮素和磷素的盈余量小于常规农田,钾素盈余量高于常规农田。在冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系的各生育期,高产田0～100cm土体硝态氮均存在大量累积,小麦季大于玉米季,高产田大于常规农田,存在较高的淋溶风险。土壤电导率均小于土壤盐渍化的临界值,尚未出现土壤盐渍化的现象。     

稻麦轮作田氮素径流流失特征初步研究

针对近年来氮素化肥施用量大而利用率较低现状，在江苏太湖地区设计田间试验，研究稻麦轮作田全年氮素流失特征。结果表明，在本试验条件下稻季和麦季径流中氮损失量相近，麦季略高，约占施氮量的2％左右。麦稻轮作田径流氮损失中氨态氮较少，以硝态氮和其他形态氮为主，其中氨态氮损失以稻季为主，硝态氮损失稻季和麦季相近，其他形态氮损失麦季较多。不同作物田径流氮组成存在差异，麦季径流氮以硝态氮和其他形态氮为主，氨态氮极少，而稻季在施肥后短时间内径流氮中氨态氮、硝态氮和其他形态氮大致相当，其他时间以硝态氮和其他形态氮为主。     

Nitrogen export from an agriculture watershed in the Taihu Lake area, China

Temporal changes in nitrogen concentrations and stream discharge, as well as sediment and nitrogen losses from erosion plots with different land uses, were studied in an agricultural watershed in the Taihu Lake area in eastern China. The highest overland runoff loads and nitrogen losses were measured under the upland at a convergent footslope. Much higher runoff, sediment and nitrogen losses were observed under upland cropping and vegetable fields than that under chestnut orchard and bamboo forest. Sediment associated nitrogen losses accounted for 8-43.5% of total nitrogen export via overland runoff. N lost in dissolved inorganic nitrogen forms (NO(3-)-N + NH4+-N) accounted for less than 50% of total water associated nitrogen export. Agricultural practices and weather-driven fluctuation in discharge were main reasons for the temporal variations in nutrient losses via stream discharge. Significant correlation between the total nitrogen concentration and stream discharge load was observed. Simple regression models could give satisfactory results for prediction of the total nitrogen concentrations in stream water and can be used for better quantifying nitrogen losses from arable land. Nitrogen losses from the studied watershed via stream discharge during rice season in the year 2002 were estimated to be 10.5 kg N/ha using these simple models.     

Nitrogen Export from an Agriculture Watershed in the Taihu Lake Area, China

Temporal changes in nitrogen concentrations and stream discharge, as well as sediment and nitrogen losses from erosion plots with different land uses, were studied in an agricultural watershed in the Taihu Lake area in eastern China. The highest overland runoff loads and nitrogen losses were measured under the upland at a convergent footslope. Much higher runoff, sediment and nitrogen losses were observed under upland cropping and vegetable fields than that under chestnut orchard and bamboo forest. Sediment associated nitrogen losses accounted for 8–43.5% of total nitrogen export via overland runoff. N lost in dissolved inorganic nitrogen forms (NO ₃ ^– -N + NH ₄ ⁺ -N) accounted for less than 50% of total water associated nitrogen export. Agricultural practices and weather-driven fluctuation in discharge were main reasons for the temporal variations in nutrient losses via stream discharge. Significant correlation between the total nitrogen concentration and stream discharge load was observed. Simple regression models could give satisfactory results for prediction of the total nitrogen concentrations in stream water and can be used for better quantifying nitrogen losses from arable land. Nitrogen losses from the studied watershed via stream discharge during rice season in the year 2002 were estimated to be 10.5 kg N/ha using these simple models.     

生态肥料 NutriSmartTM在甜椒生产中应用的生态效应

过量施用肥料导致产品质量下降,引发水体和土壤的严重污染;减少施用农田化肥或施用对环境影响较小的肥料将有利于减少农田N、P损失。因此,世界各国尝试研究和开发既能提高作物产量和质量又可降低环境风险的新型肥料。生态肥料Nutrismart在甘蔗、野菜种植上均取得较好的成效,但在蔬菜上的应用研究及其施用后的N、P损失研究鲜见。本研究以甜椒(Capsicum annuum var.grossum)为例,进行温室培养试验,共设8个处理,采用不施肥、纯施常规化肥和混施不同比例的生态肥料NutriSmartTM和常规化肥的技术,比较生态肥料NutriSmartTM和常规化肥混施与单独使用常规化肥对甜椒产量及品质的影响,并进一步通过土柱淋溶试验模拟研究生态肥料对土壤氮磷损失的影响,评价其生态风险。结果表明,生态肥料NutriSmartTM的施用,不仅大幅度降低化肥的用量,还保持了甜椒的产量和质量,且施用量的提高未增加土壤中氮、磷的淋溶,造成水体富营养化的风险降低,在蔬菜中有良好的应用前景。     

官厅流域农田地表径流磷流失初探

农田径流和侵蚀泥沙是磷进入官厅水库的主要非点污染源。针对该流域夏季农田暴雨径流发生的典型情景进行模拟降雨径流试验，对该流域农田地表径流泥沙和磷流失进行了初步的研究，结果表明，本降雨过程径流累积泥沙产量为30．5l～2493．34g／m^2，受雨强、坡度和作物覆盖的影响明显；径流溶解态磷(DP)中绝大部分是生物可利用性磷(DRP)，径流平均DP、DRP浓度都远大于水体允许临界值0．02mg／L，对官厅水体存在直接污染危害。径流累积全磷(TP)流失达O．0439～2．0798g/m^2；估算的流域农田径流全磷(TP)流失水平达2．67kg／(hm^2．a)以上，其颗粒态占969，0以上，可能成为官厅水库浮游生物长期丰富的潜在可利用磷源。降低农田土壤速效磷水平、减少水土侵蚀，是控制库区水华季节性发生和复原库区水体富营养化状态的关键。     

Environmental impact of nitrogen fertilization in tea eco-system

To quantify the nitrogen losses through runoff and leaching under a tea plantation in hilly soil, a field experiment was conducted from October 2001 to October 2002 at United Planters Association of Southern India (UPASI), Coonoorin Nilgiri district. Runoff water was collected in the collection tub on most rainy days but the leachate was collected in the soil water sampler when the rainfall exceeded 150 mm. Higher nitrogen fertilization levels significantly influenced the NO3-N concentration in both the runoff and leachate and it was likely to cause adverse environmental impact at the delivery end. The NH4-N and NO3-N concentrations in runoff decreased with the days after fertilizer application. NH4-N concentration reduced from 10.27 mg/l on the 9th day to 1.72 mg/l on the 34th day after fertilizer application. NO3-N concentration reduced from 23.5 mg/l on the 9th day to 4.32 mg/l on the 34th day after fertilizer application. Nitrogen loss varied depending on the quantity of rainfall and runoff. The NO3-N concentration in the leachate increased with increase in depth (18.06 mg/l at 22.5 cm depth to 20.98 mg/l at 45 cm depth) whereas NH4-N concentration decreased with increase in depth (6.32 mg/l at 22.5 cm depth to 5.79 mg/l at 45 cm depth.     

紫色土小流域土壤及氮磷流失特征研究

紫色土区土壤及其养分流失对长江水环境产生严重威胁。然而,有关该地区自然降雨侵蚀下土壤及氮磷流失规律的研究却较为少见。以紫色土农田利用为主小流域为研究对象,监测自然降雨侵蚀下土壤及其氮磷的流失过程,以期服务于流域尺度土壤及养分流失的模拟与控制。结果表明,次降雨径流含沙量与流量的变化基本同步,峰值含沙量往往出现在峰值流量处或略有提前,此后,含沙量迅速降低。硝态氮流失浓度与流量的变化成反比,峰值流量处流失浓度一般达到最低,此后,随着流量的降低,其流失浓度存在较为明显的升高过程。铵态氮与水溶性磷的流失表现为剧烈波动的变化特征。氮素流失的主要形态是硝态氮,其占到次降雨无机氮流失总量的88%～97%。     

Phosphorus losses to water from lowland rice fields under rice-wheat double cropping system in the Tai Lake region

To assess P losses to surface water by runoff during the rice season and by drainage flow during the winter wheat season, serial field trials were conducted in different types of paddy soils in the Tai Lake Region (TLR) during 2000 and 2001. Four P application rates were set as 0 (CK), 30, 150, and 300 kg P/hm2 for flooded rice trials and 0 (CK), 20, 80, 160 kg P/hm2 for winter wheat trials respectively. Field experiments were done in two locations with a plot size of 30 m2 and four replications in a randomized complete block design. A simplified lysimeter was installed for each plot to collect all the runoff or drainage flow from each event. Total P (TP) losses to surface water during rice season by runoff flow from four treatments were 150 (CK), 220 (T30), 395 (T150), 670 (T300) g P/ hm2 in year 2000, and 298, 440, 1828, 3744 g P/hm2 in year 2001 respectively in Wuxi station, here the soil is permeable paddy soil derived from loam clay deposit. While the losses were 102, 140, 210, 270 in year 2000, and 128, 165, 359, 589 g P/hm2 in year 2001 respectively in Changshu station, here the soil is waterlogged paddy soil derived from silt loam deposit. During the winter wheat season, total P lost from the fields by drainage flow in the four treatments were 253 (CK), 382 (T20), 580 (T89), 818 (T160) g P/hm2 in year 2000--2001, and 573.3, 709.4, 1123.2, 1552.4 g P/hm2 in year 2001--2002 at the Wuxi station. While these were 395.6, 539.1, 1356.8, 1972.1 g P/hm2 in year 2000--2001, and 811.5, 1184.6, 3001.2, 5333.1 g P/hm2 in year 2001--2002 at the Changshu station. Results revealed that P fertilizer application rates significantly affected the TP concentrations and TP loads in runoff during the rice season, and by drainage flow during the winter wheat season. Both TP loads were significantly increased as the P application rate increases. The data indicate that TP losses to surface water were much higher during the winter wheat season than during the rice season in two tested sites. The data also reveal that the annual precipitation and evaporation rate affected the soil P losses to surface water significantly. Year 2000 was relatively dried with higher evaporation thus P losses to water by both runoff and drainage flow were less than in year 2001 which was a relatively wet year with lower evaporation. Results indicate that texture, structure of the soil profile, and field construction (with or without ridge and deep drains) affected soil P losses to surface water dramatically. Annual possible TP lost to water at the application rate of 50 kg P/hm2 year tested in TLR were estimated from 97 to 185 tones P from permeable paddy soils and 109-218 tones P from waterlogged paddy soils. There was no significant difference of TP lost between the CK and the T50 treatments in both stations, which indicate that there is no more TP lost in field of normal P fertilizer application rate than in control field of no P fertilized. Much higher TP lost in runoff or drainage flow from those other P application rates treatments than from the T50 treatment, which suggest that P losses to surface water would be greatly increasing in the time when higher available P accumulation in plough layer soil in this region.     

秸秆还田对农田周年地表径流氮、磷、钾流失的影响

2009—2010年在大田试验条件下,小麦季和水稻季分别以扬麦16和运2645为供试材料,两季均设置常规处理（A）、秸秆还田（B）、秸秆还田减肥（C）、肥料运筹（D）和少免耕（E）5个处理组合。研究不同处理对稻麦两熟制农田周年地表径流氮、磷、钾流失的影响。结果表明：（1）稻麦两季农田共发生地表径流20次,总地表径流水量为6.4×106kg·hm-2;（2）秸秆还田能够显著降低稻麦两熟制农田周年地表径流氮、磷、钾流失量,不同处理周年地表径流总氮和钾的流失量由高到低均依次为少免耕、常规处理、肥料运筹、秸秆还田和秸秆还田减肥,不同处理周年地表径流总磷流失量由高到低依次为少免耕、肥料运筹、常规处理、秸秆还田和秸秆还田减肥,秸秆还田使稻麦两熟制农田地表径流氮、磷、钾流失量分别比常规处理下降7.7%、8.0%、6.8%;（3）水稻季农田地表径流总氮、总磷、钾流失量分别占稻麦两熟制周年总氮、总磷、钾流失量的61.5%、44.0%、73.3%;（4）秸秆还田使稻麦两熟制农田周年地表径流氮、磷、钾流失率显著降低;（5）秸秆还田使水稻成熟期土壤速效养分质量分数显著提高;（6）秸秆还田使稻麦两熟制农田周年作物产量比常规处理略有增加。     

九龙江流域典型汇水区地表径流氮磷流失特征分析

选取九龙江流域5个典型汇水区,通过流域主要雨季天然降雨径流过程监测,对所获得的氮磷营养盐的监测数据进行归纳与分析,着重探讨了暴雨事件下径流氮磷流失及其形态的变化规律。结果表明:暴雨事件下农业汇水区地表径流氮输出以水溶态为主,磷以泥沙结合态为主,天然林地为主的汇水区则相反,前者以泥沙结合态为主,后者以水溶态为主;5个汇水区暴雨事件中总氮最高浓度值为日常采样浓度值的2.9～11.3倍,暴雨事件中总磷最高浓度值为日常采样浓度值的2.9～20.5倍;氮磷输出量均值的差异反映氮磷输出量大小受土壤质地、施肥量、土壤氮磷含量、土壤保水保肥性能等因素的综合影响。整个径流过程中水量和氮磷浓度随时间变化幅度较大,且2者变化呈大体相同的趋势。氮磷及其各形态的浓度多数在相同时间内达到峰值。泥沙结合态氮、水溶态磷变化幅度较小,水溶态氮和泥沙结合态磷浓度变化幅度较大。统计各汇水区雨量不同的降雨事件下氮磷流失负荷表明,特大暴雨对汇水区氮磷负荷的贡献非常显著。