国家能源局关于印发《风电场改造升级和退役管理办法》的通知

<正>国能发新能规[2023]45号各省（自治区、直辖市）能源局,有关省（自治区、直辖市）及新疆生产建设兵团发展改革委,各派出机构,国家电网有限公司、中国南方电网有限责任公司、内蒙古电力（集团）有限责任公司,有关发电企业,电力规划设计总院、水电水利规划设计总院,国家可再生能源信息管理中心、中国可再生能源学会风能专业委员会：为统筹推进风电场改造升级和退役管理工作,促进风电行业高质量发展,我们研究制定了《风电场改造升级和退役管理办法》,现印送你们,请遵照执行。     

能源互联网构建视角下河南可再生能源产业发展对策研究

地球上太阳能、风能等可再生能源具有波动性、随机性、难以存储和运输、转化效率低等缺陷,给可再生能源利用带来了巨大挑战,能源互联网的提出为可再生能源大规模利用提供了愿景。各地可再生能源资源禀赋各异,结合区域状况的可再生能源发展研究更具参考价值。首先探讨了能源互联网的内涵,分析了能源互联网构建为河南可再生能源产业发展带来的机遇,最后提出河南可再生能源产业发展对策。     

我国各省农作物秸秆增量市场容量及产业发展方向

生物质能是重要的可再生能源,具有绿色、低碳、清洁、可再生等特点,是继石油、煤炭、天然气之后的第四大能源。农作物秸秆是重要的生物质资源,分析了农作物秸秆的增量市场容量,并通过解读国家《生物质能发展"十三五"规划》,明确未来的生物质秸秆的产业发展方向可聚焦为"县域的分布式生物天然气+有机肥+种植场+养殖场"模式,为行业内或有意进入该行业的相关企业提供参考。     

可再生能源电力外部效益量化及系统评价

在系统解析可再生能源电力外部效益的基础上,深入探讨了可再生能源发电在能源、环境、经济和社会等系统的贡献,研究有效的方法来货币量化和测量可再生能源发电的外部效益,并构建了可再生能源电力外部效益系统评价指标体系,为制定具有可持续性和成本效益的可再生能源政策提供了有力支持,最后指出可再生能源外部效益量化下一步研究中需要解决的难点问题。     

工业固体废物资源综合利用评价管理暂行办法和国家工业固体废物资源综合利用产品目录公示

正为落实《中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法》《中华人民共和国环境保护税法》等法律法规,促进工业绿色发展,推动工业固体废物资源综合利用,建立科学规范的工业固体废物资源综合利用评价制度,工业和信息化部研究起草了《工业固体废物资源综合利用评价管理暂行办法(征求意见稿)》和《国家工业固体废物资源综合利用产品目录(征求意见稿)》。并予以公示,公示时间     

工信部力推节能减排 节能环保装备专项规划将出台

"十二五"期间,我国将组织实施钢铁行业烧结烟气脱硫实施方案,推动非电领域二氧化硫减排;组织编制电池行业重金属污染防治综合方案,加强重金属、有毒有害物质的防治和消纳;加强电子信息产品污染控制,推进电子电气产品国推自愿性认证,起草制定《电子电气产品污染控制管理条例》;开展工业固废综合利用示范基地建设,围绕能源、大宗短缺金属、稀贵金属等重要矿产资源,推进综合开发及共伴生矿产资源综合利用。     

二氧化碳减排途径

《京都议定书》的生效对我国减排CO2施加了潜在的压力。针对我国目前的能源消费状况，重点叙述了洁净煤技术、IGCC、发展可再生能源以及提高森林覆盖率在CO2减排中的作用，指出开展CDM项目合作是解决我国技术落后，资金不足问题的主要对策。     

《废塑料综合利用行业规范条件(征求意见稿)》公示

<正>为发展循环经济,推进废塑料、废矿物油等再生资源综合利用产业规范健康发展,我们组织起草了《废塑料综合利用行业规范条件(征求意见稿)》、《废矿物油综合利用行业规范条件(征求意见稿)》(见附件)。现予公示,欢迎各界建言献策。如有意见或建议,请于2015年11月10日前反馈我司。联系地址:北京西长安街13号工业和信息化部节能与综合利用司(邮编:100804)     

农业农村部关于《农药包装废弃物回收处理管理办法(征求意见稿）》公开征求意见的通知

<正>为防治农药包装废弃物污染,保障公众健康,保护生态环境,根据《中华人民共和国土壤污染防治法》《农药管理条例》等法律法规和有关规定,农业农村部、生态环境部组织起草了《农药包装废弃物回收处理管理办法(征求意见稿)》,现向社会公开征求意见。公众可通过以下途径和方式提出反馈意见:     

关于《机动车零部件再制造管理暂行办法（征求意见稿）》公开征求意见的公告

<正>为规范机动车零部件再制造行为和市场秩序,保障再制造产品质量,加快再制造产业规范化规模化发展,根据《中华人民共和国循环经济促进法》、《中华人民共和国报废机动车回收管理办法》,国家发展改革委会同有关部门组织起草了《机动车零部件再制造管理暂行办法(征求意见稿)》,现向社会公开征求意见。此次公开征求意见的时间为2019年12月2日至12月11日,有关单位和社会各界人士可以登录国家发展改革委门户网站(http://www.ndrc.gov.cn)首页"意见征求"专栏进入"《机动车零部件再制造管理暂行办法(征求意见稿)》公开征求意见"栏目,填写意见反馈表,提出意见建议。     

Determination of the Thermal Efficiency of Pre-boilover Burning of a Slick of Oil on Water

The burning rate of a slick of oil on a water bed is calculated by a simple expression derived from a one-dimensional heat conduction equation. Heat feedback from the flame to the surface is assumed to be a constant fraction of the total energy released by the combustion reaction. The constant fraction (χ) is named the burning efficiency and represents an important tool in assessing the potential of in situ burning as a counter-measure to an oil-spill. The total heat release, as a function of the pool diameter, is obtained from an existing correlation. It is assumed that radiative heat is absorbed close to the fuel surface, that conduction is the dominant mode of heat transfer in the liquid phase and that the fuel boiling temperature remains constant. By matching the characteristic thermal penetration length scale for the fuel/water system and an equivalent single layer system, a combined thermal diffusivity can be calculated and used to obtain an analytical solution for the burning rate. Theoretical expressions were correlated with crude oil and heating oil, for a number of pool diameters and initial fuel layer thickness. Experiments were also conducted with emulsified and weathered crude oil. The simple analytical expression describes well the effects of pool diameter and initial fuel layer thickness permitting a better observation of the effects of weathering, emulsification and net heat feedback to the fuel surface. Experiments showed that only a small fraction of the heat released by the flame is retained by the fuel layer and water bed (of the order of 1%). The effect of weathering on the burning rate decreases with the weathering period and that emulsification results in a linear decrease of the burning rate with water content.     

Review of the kinetics of alkaline degradation of cellulose in view of its relevance for safety assessment of radioactive waste repositories

The degradation of cellulose (a substantial component of low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste) under alkaline conditions occurs via two main processes: a peeling-off reaction and a basecatalyzed cleavage of glycosidic bonds (hydrolysis). Both processes show pseudo-first-order kinetics. At ambient temperature, the peeling-off process is the dominant degradation mechanism, resulting in the formation of mainly isosaccharinic acid. The degradation depends strongly on the degree of polymerization (DP) and on the number of reducing end groups present in cellulose. Beyond pH 12.5, the OH^- concentration has only a minor effect on the degradation rate. It was estimated that under repository conditions (alkaline environment, pH 13.3-12.5) about 10% of the cellulosic materials (average DP = 1000-2000) will degrade in the first stage (up to 10⁵ years) by the peeling-off reaction and will cause an ingrowth of isosaccharinic acid in the interstitial cement pore water. In the second stage (10⁵-10⁶ years), alkaline hydrolysis will control the further degradation of the cellulose. The potential role of microorganisms in the degradation of cellulose under alkaline conditions could not be evaluated. Proper assessment of the effect of cellulose degradation on the mobilization of radionuclides basically requires knowing the concentration of isosaccharinic acid in the pore water. This concentration, however, depends on several factors such as the stability of ISA under alkaline conditions, sorption of ISA on cement, formation of sparingly soluble ISA-salts, etc. A discussion of all the relevant processes involved, however, is far beyond the scope of the presented overview.     

Study of Aging Characteristics of Ternary Blends of Polyethylenes—II

Six film samples of low-density polypropylene (LDPE)/linear LDPE (LLDPE)/high-density polypropylene (HDPE) with varying ratios of LDPE (20–45 ... wt%) and LLDPE (25–50 wt%) having a fixed amount of HDPE at 30 wt% were prepared by blown film extrusion technique. The samples were aged at four different temperatures, 55°, 70°, 85°, and 100°C, for four different time periods in the interval of between 150 hours and up to 600 hours. The change in the structure of various constituents and the formation of various oxygenated (peroxy and hydroperoxy) and unsaturated groups during thermo-oxidative degradation was discussed by infrared spectroscopy. The visiosity-average molecular weight was found to have decreased slowly in the initial aging hours and temperatures, whereas it decreased by 10% with its previous value tensile strength that is, 100°C when aged for 600 hours. The tensile strength of the sample first increased by 67% at 55°C and 89% at 70°C up to 450 hours, whereas the values increased by 52.5% at 85°C and 33.9% at 100°C when aged for 150 hours and then decreased. The percentage elongation at break increased by 2.7% at 55°C and 10.7% at 70°C for 150 and 300 hours of aging, respectively, whereas the percentage decreased when aged at 85°C and 100°C for up to 600 hours of aging. The values of gel content (percent) increased and initial degradation temperature decreased with aging time and temperature.     

Calculation of carbon balances for evaluation of the biodegradability of polymers

Establishing carbon balances has been proven to be an applicable and powerful tool in testing biodegradability of polymers. In controlled degradation tests at a 4-L scale with the model polymer poly(-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), it was shown that the degree of degradation could not be determined with satisfactory accuracy from CO₂ release alone. Instead, the course of degradation was characterized by means of establishing carbon balances for the degradation of PHB withAcidovorax facilis and a mixed culture derived from compost. Different analytical methods for determining the different carbon fractions were adapted to the particular test conditions and compared. Quantitative determination of biomass and residual polymer were the main problems in establishing carbon balances. Amounts of biomass derived from protein measurements depend strongly on assumptions of the protein content of the biomass. Selective oxidation of biomass with hypochlorite was used as alternative, but here problems arose from insoluble metabolic products. Determination of soluble components with the method of chemical oxygen demand (COD) also includes empirical assumptions but seems acceptable if the dissolved carbon fraction is in the range of some 10% total carbon. Results confirm both analytical assays and theoretical approaches, in ending up at values very close to 100%, within an acceptable standard deviation range under test conditions comparable to standard test practice.Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Third National Meeting, June 6–8, 1994, Boston, Massachusetts.     

富拉尔基发电总厂200MW机组除尘器改造

对富拉尔基发电总厂5号炉的设计条件进行了分析，针对燃用低硫煤，飞灰比电阻高，场地较小，除尘效率要求高的情况，在电除尘器的设计上采取有效措施，达到了排放要求。     

Effects of temperature on the release of nutrient elements of solid organic materials under conditions of oversaturation

The effects of temperature on the release of chemical components of six solid organic materials under conditions of oversaturation were investigated in this paper. The six materials were peat moss (PM), weathered coals (WC), charred rice husks (CRH), sawdust (Sd), turfgrass clippings (TC), and chicken manure (CM). Significant differences were observed in the available nitrogen and phosphorus content of the aqueous extracts of organic materials at different temperatures. The available nitrogen content in aqueous extracts of PM and WC at 25 °C was higher than that registered at 15 °C and 35 °C. Available nitrogen content in the aqueous extracts of CRH, Sd, TC, and WC at 35 °C was higher than at 15 °C and 25 °C. The available phosphorus content in the aqueous extracts of organic materials at 35 °C was higher than that available at 15 °C and 25 °C, with the exception of Sd. In addition, the release of available phosphorus in the aqueous solution of organic materials at different temperatures varied constantly for 108 h. The release of potassium (K⁺) and sodium (Na⁺) ions in the aqueous extracts of organic materials was basically steady over time, with the exception of CM. High temperature (35 °C) may significantly hasten the release of K⁺ from organic substrates (except for WC) with low temperatures significantly inhibiting release of K⁺ in Sd and CRH. High temperatures (35 °C) might significantly facilitate the release of Na⁺ in CM and TC. However, no significant differences were manifested in the release of Na⁺ from organic substrates at different temperatures, with the exception of CM and TC. Moreover, no significant differences were observed in the release of calcium, magnesium and iron ions with time, nor were there any significant differences in the contents of iron ions in the aqueous extracts of organic materials at different temperatures. The results indicate that multiple mediums should be pretreated in water for a week before being used for planting. They should be used when all mineral elements of organic materials are steady and ignoring the effect of organic mediums.     

Selection of adsorbents for treatment of leachate: batch studies of simultaneous adsorption of heavy metals

The simultaneous adsorption of copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) ions from spiked deionized water and spiked leachate onto natural materials (peat A and B), by-product or waste materials (carbon-containing ash, paper pellets, pine bark, and semi-coke), and synthetic materials (based on urea-formaldehyde resins, called blue and red adsorbents) or mixtures thereof was investigated. The adsorbents that gave the highest metal removal efficiencies were peat A, a mixture of peat B and carbon-containing ash, and a mixture of peat A and blue. At an initial concentration of 5 mg/l for each metal, the removal of each species of metal ion from spiked water and spiked leachate solutions was very good (>90%) and good (>75%), respectively. When the initial concentration of each metal in the solutions was twenty times higher (100 mg/l), there was a noticeable decrease in the removal efficiency of Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Ni²⁺, but not of Pb²⁺. Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacities, q_m, on peat A were found to be 0.57, 0.37, and 0.36 mmol/g for Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Ni²⁺, respectively. The order of metal adsorption capacity on peat A was the same in the case of competitive multimetal adsorption conditions as it was for single-element adsorption, namely Pb²⁺ > Cd²⁺ ≥ Ni²⁺. The results show that peat alone (an inexpensive adsorbent) is a good adsorbent for heavy metal ions.     

Effect of depth of landfill on the characteristics of soil-like material of aged waste: a case study of Bhalswa dumpsite,India

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - This study characterizes the municipal solid waste (MSW) accumulated for more than 25&nbsp;years at Bhalswa dumpsite, Delhi, India. 50...     

袋式除尘器气流分布数值计算研究

采用结构化/非结构化混合网格技术、多孔介质模型及k-ε两方程湍流模型,对某袋式除尘器及进出口管道内的气体流场进行了数值计算.计算结果表明,合理布置导流板后,袋式除尘器两箱体流量偏差为1.8％;除尘器下游滤袋单元处理气量偏大,中游滤袋单元处理气量较小,最大流量与最小流量偏差为22.3％;靠近除尘器进口处灰斗内存在气流回流特性,易造成粉尘的二次附着现象.     

Kinetics of Hydrolytic Degradation of PLA

The chemical recycling of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) to its monomer is crucial to reduce both the consumption of renewable resources for the monomer synthesis and the environmental impact related to its production and disposal. In particular, the production of lactic acid from PLA wastes, rather than from virgin raw materials, it is also possible to achieve considerable primary energy savings. The focus of this work is to analyse deeply the PLA hydrolytic decomposition by means of a kinetic model based on two reactions mechanism. To this end, new experimental data have been gathered in order to investigate a wider temperature range (from 140 to 180 °C) and to extend the water/PLA ratio up to 50 % of PLA by weight. The reported results clearly highlight that more than 95 % of PLA is hydrolyzed to water-soluble lactic acid within 120 min, when it is hydrolyzed within 160–180 °C. Furthermore, the kinetic constant is highly influenced by reaction temperature. The proposed “two reactions” kinetic mechanism complies satisfactorily with the experimental data under analysis.