Numerical study of dynamic response and failure analysis of spherical storage tanks under external blast loading

The performance of energy infrastructures under extreme loading conditions, especially for blast and impact conditions, is of great importance despite the low probability for such events to occur. Due to catastrophic consequences of structural failure, it is crucial to improve the resistance of energy infrastructures against the impact of blasts. A TNT equivalent method is used to simulate a petroleum gas vapor cloud explosion when analyzing the dynamic responses of a spherical tank under external blast loads. The pressure distribution on the surface of a 1000 m³ spherical storage tank is investigated. The dynamic responses of the tank, such as the distribution of effective stress, structural displacement, failure mode and energy distribution under the blast loads are studied and the simulation results reveal that the reflected pressure on the spherical tank decreases gradually from the equator to the poles of the sphere. However, the effects of the shock wave reflection are not so evident on the pillars. The structural damage of the tank subjected to blast loads included partial pillar failure from bending deformation and significant stress concentration, which can be observed in the joint between the pillar and the bottom of the spherical shell. The main reason for the remarkable deformation and structural damage is because of the initial internal energy that the tank obtained from the blast shock wave. The liquid in the tank absorbs the energy of impact loads and reduces the response at the initial stage of damage after the impact of the blast.     

微波间断加载作用下煤中瓦斯解吸响应特征实验研究

为揭示煤中瓦斯解吸过程中加载微波作用对解吸特性的影响,分析探讨了微波辐射促进煤层瓦斯解吸的基本原理,研制了微波作用下煤中瓦斯解吸实验装置,对微波间断加载作用及无微波作用条件下煤中瓦斯解吸特性进行了对比实验研究。实验表明:微波作用对煤中瓦斯解吸具有明显的促进作用,微波作用时间越长,解吸量越大,解吸率越高。在微波作用40 s条件下,微波间断加载作用使得煤样瓦斯解吸量增加290%,解吸率达到87%,解吸速度最大提高率为1 020%。     

Biomechanical response targets for physical and computational models of the pediatric trunk

Objectives: This paper quantifies pediatric thoracoabdominal response to belt loading to guide the scaling of existing adult response data and to assess the validity of a juvenile porcine abdominal model for application to the development of physical and computational models of the human child. Methods: Table-top belt-loading experiments were performed on 6, 7, and 15 year-old pediatric post-mortem human subjects (PMHS). Response targets are reported for diagonal belt and distributed loading of the anterior thorax and for horizontal belt loading of the abdomen. Results: The pediatric PMHS exhibited abdominal response similar to the swine, including the degree of rate sensitivity. The thoraces of the PMHS were as stiff as, or slightly more stiff than, published adult corridors. Conclusions: An assessment of age-related changes in thoracic stiffness suggests that the effective stiffness of the chest increases through the fourth decade of life and then decreases, resulting in stiffness values similar for children and elderly adults.     

Chest injuries of elderly postmortem human surrogates (PMHSs) under seat belt and airbag loading in frontal sled impacts: Comparison to matching THOR tests

Abstract

Objective: The goal of the study was to develop experimental chest loading conditions that would cause up to Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 2 chest injuries in elderly occupants in moderate-speed frontal crashes. The new set of experimental data was also intended to be used in the benchmark of existing thoracic injury criteria in lower-speed collision conditions.

Methods: Six male elderly (age >63) postmortem human subjects (PMHS) were exposed to a 35?km/h (nominal) frontal sled impact. The test fixture consisted of a rigid seat, rigid footrest, and cable seat back. Two restraint conditions (A and B) were compared. Occupants were restrained by a force-limited (2.5?kN [A] and 2?kN [B]) seat belt and a preinflated (16?kPa [A] and 11?kPa [B]; airbag). Condition B also incorporated increased seat friction. Matching sled tests were carried out with the THOR-M dummy. Infra-red telescoping rod for the assessment of chest compression (IRTRACC) readings were used to compute chest injury risk. PMHSs were exposed to a posttest injury assessment. Tests were carried out in 2 stages, using the outcome of the first one combined with a parametric study using the THUMS model to adjust the test conditions in the second. All procedures were approved by the relevant ethics board.

Results: Restraint condition A resulted in an unexpected high number of rib fractures (fx; 10, 14, 15 fx). Under condition B, the adjustment of the relative airbag/occupant position combined with a lower airbag pressure and lower seat belt load limit resulted in a reduced pelvic excursion (85 vs. 110?mm), increased torso pitch and a substantially lower number of rib fractures (1, 0, 4 fx) as intended.

Conclusions: The predicted risk of rib fractures provided by the THOR dummy using the C_max and PC Score injury criteria were lower than the actual injuries observed in the PMHS tests (especially in restraint condition A). However, the THOR dummy was capable of discriminating between the 2 restraint scenarios. Similar results were obtained in the parametric study with the THUMS model.     

热荷载与风荷载作用下点式支承玻璃的破裂行为规律

在高层建筑火灾中,玻璃幕墙的破裂受到环境风和室内火灾的共同影响。研究了600 mm×600 mm×6mm的浮法玻璃幕墙在点支承安装方式下受到热辐射荷载和风荷载情况下的响应规律。分析了不同工况下玻璃表面的温度变化、风荷载的大小与玻璃破裂时间的关系、玻璃破裂与温差之间的关系、玻璃裂纹扩展及其与风速之间的关系。结果表明在玻璃两侧分别受到热辐射和风荷载共同作用时,风荷载的增加会加速玻璃的破裂。研究结果可为玻璃幕墙的工程应用提供技术支撑。     

循环载荷下煤裂隙演化试验研究

为了研究循环载荷下的煤体裂隙演化特征,在不同应力水平和不同频率条件下分别进行煤样破坏力学及声发射试验。结果表明:应力-应变曲线呈疏-密-疏的变化特征,对应的振铃数柱状图呈U型;上限应力点的应变值、累积能量、撞击计数均随循环次数增加而上升,曲线呈倒S型;煤裂隙演化经历了原始裂隙闭合、新生裂隙稳定发育和裂纹贯穿破坏等3个不同阶段;循环载荷的应力水平和加载频率对煤体疲劳寿命的影响具有差异性,对煤体裂隙演化和破坏模式均有明显影响。     

Changing regularity of rock damage variable and resistivity under loading condition

In this paper, the stress-strain, resistivity and acoustic emission simultaneous test of compression test for rock have been carried out to obtain the regression equation between the resistivity, and elastic modulus of rock under various damage state, then based on the rock damage theory, derived the changing regularity of rock damage variables and resistivity under loading condition. In accordance with the acoustic emission characteristic relative ratio, this paper has verified the feasibility of its changing regularity. By virtue of this relation equation, it is possible to online monitor the extent of surrounding rock progressive damage in mined-out regions, so as to bring forward the time for danger warning. Consequently, it is capable to take control measures in the initial stage of the development of disaster, which has very important significance for the prevention and management of mine dynamic disasters.     

Biofiltration of gas-phase hexane and toluene mixture under intermittent loading conditions

This paper reports the performance of a compost biofilter subjected to periodic intermittent loads of gas-phase hexane and toluene. The biofilter was operated for 10 h per day, at different empty bed residence times (4, 2 and 1.3 min), and at different inlet concentrations of hexane and toluene, varying between 2 and 3.8 g m^?3, respectively. Steady-state removal efficiency profiles, reaching more than 90% for both the pollutants, was observed after 44 days of operation. Periodic operation of the compost biofilter was characterized by an adsorption step, followed by biological conversion of the pollutants by the microorganisms inherent to the compost. After resuming daily biofilter operation, the required times for biochemical reaction to dominate the initial adsorption step was observed to be 2.5 and 1 h, respectively, for toluene and hexane. The maximum elimination capacity due to the biological step was found to be 61.6 g m^?3 h^?1. The results from this study showed the effectiveness of the biofilter to handle mixtures of gas-phase pollutants, subjected to regular intermittent operations, thus proving their worthiness for industrial use.     

循环载荷下煤样渗透特性试验研究

以原煤煤样为研究对象,采用自主研发的三轴应力渗流实验系统,进行等幅循环加、卸载的渗透率测试,研究煤样疲劳损伤过程中渗透率对应力水平的响应特征。结果表明:上、下限应力点处渗透率随循环次数出现降低-稳定-升高3个阶段,整体呈“U”型,并且随着上限应力水平的升高,曲线有向“V”型发展的趋势。拟合结果显示:在渗透率降低阶段,渗透率与循环次数呈幂指数函数关系;在渗透率升高阶段,渗透率与循环次数呈指数函数关系,并且渗透率随循环次数的降低和升高速率与上限应力水平正相关。     

冷加载循环作用下煤样强度特性研究

为研究煤样强度与冷加载周期、表面裂隙宽度和裂隙体积变化量之间的关系,实验采用液氮作为制冷剂,对水饱和煤样进行1~5周期循环浸泡冷加载,使煤样原生裂隙结构发生损伤,通过拟合多项式揭示周期、表面裂隙宽度和裂隙体积变化量作为损伤因子对裂隙结构的损伤规律,构建损伤判据。结果表明:煤样随着循环冷加载周期的增加,表面裂隙宽度由微观向细观和宏观演化;循环冷加载4个周期为煤样冻裂和抗压的强度极限,2个周期为煤样裂隙饱和水吸附能力极限;冷加载对煤样的原生裂隙结构作用显著,使裂隙在膨胀拉应力作用下发生扩展,同时水结冰体积膨胀,对裂隙结构损伤产生了重要作用。     

分级加载条件下红砂岩蠕变特性试验研究

岩石的蠕变性质是引起工程岩体破坏的主要原因之一。通过进行分级加载蠕变试验,分析了红砂岩在不同加载应力条件下的蠕变特征。试验结果表明:在不同加载应力条件下,试件等速蠕变阶段应变速率与加载应力呈指数函数关系,并且当加载应力大于损伤强度σcd时,径向等速蠕变阶段应变速率大于轴向;同时,试件在破坏过程中存在加速蠕变阶段不明显的现象。根据蠕变破坏过程中黏滞系数的变化特点,将理想黏塑性体中的黏滞系数定义为时间的负指数函数,建立了一个非定常西原蠕变模型,该模型能较好反映红砂岩在单轴压缩条件下的蠕变特性。     

单向循环加载下花岗岩力学特性及红外分析

为了探究单向循环加卸载作用对花岗岩力学特性的影响,开展了室内循环加卸载试验。选择5次和10次循环及12%,24%,36%,48%和60%的强度振幅对花岗岩进行循环加卸载预处理,进而测试其强度,并同步进行红外AIRT检测、红外热成像分析及温度场的频数直方图分析。研究结果表明:循环加卸载对岩石起先加强后削弱的作用,36%振幅10次循环预处理条件下的花岗岩综合性能较好;岩石破坏由局部应力集中所致,并揭示出岩石破坏伴随着能量积聚到释放过程。说明循环加卸载在一定条件下存在积极效应,且红外检测对岩石破坏的应力集中特性及灾害演化研究有较好的优越性。     

Variations in occupant response with seat belt slack and anchor location during moderate frontal impacts

Both seat belt slack and anchor location are known to affect occupant excursion during high-speed frontal collisions, but their effects have not been studied at moderate collision severities. The goal of this study was to quantify how seat belt slack and anchor location affect occupant kinematics and kinetics in moderate severity frontal collisions. A Hybrid III 50th percentile male dummy was seated on a programmable sled and exposed to frontal collisions with a speed change of 17.5 km/h. The seat belt was adjusted either snugly or with 10 cm slack (distributed 60/40 between the shoulder and lap portions) and the anchor location was varied by adjusting the seat position either fully forward or rearward (seat travel = 13 cm). Accelerations and displacements of the head, T1 and pelvis were measured in the sagittal plane. Upper neck loads and knee displacements were also measured. Five trials were performed for each of the four combinations of belt adjustment (snug, slack) and anchor location (seat forward, seat rearward). For each trial, kinematic and kinetic response peaks were determined and then compared across conditions using ANOVAs. Peak displacements, accelerations and loads varied significantly with both seat belt slack and anchor location. Seat belt slack affected more parameters and had a larger effect than anchor location on most peak response parameters. Head displacements increased a similar amount between the snug/slack belt conditions and the rearward/forward anchor locations. Overall, horizontal head displacements increased from 23.8 cm in the snug-belt, rearward-anchor configuration to 33.9 cm in the slack-belt, forward-anchor configuration. These results demonstrated that analyses of occupant displacements, accelerations and loads during moderate frontal impacts should consider potential sources of seat belt slack and account for differences in seat belt anchor locations.     

加载条件下原水管道受力特征模型试验研究

为研究堆载大小对原水管道受力变形的影响,采用量纲分析法得出模型试验相似比,并根据相似比进行模型箱的设计、管道材料的选取和重塑土的配制,研究不同工况下管道的受力特征。试验结果表明:整体上管道端部应力大于管中央应力,管轴向应力大于管环向应力。在中心加载下,管端应力值较管中央处大,前者增长速度更快,而后者增长速度较慢。在偏心荷载作用下,靠近荷载的管端应力最大,而管中央应力最小;尤其在偏载6 kPa作用下,管端下表面轴向应力达到595 kPa,而管中央处仅有64 kPa,管端受边界约束作用明显,管道呈弯曲变形。     

Investigating cervical muscle response and head kinematics during right, left, frontal and rear-seated perturbations

Objective: Whiplash research has largely focused on rear collisions because they account for the majority of whiplash injuries. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of 4 perturbation directions (anterior, posterior, right, and left) on muscle activity and head kinematics to provide insight into the whiplash mechanism of injury. Methods: The effects of 4 perturbation directions induced by a parallel robotic platform, with peak acceleration of 8.50?m/s(2), were analyzed on 10 subjects. Surface electromyography (EMG) measures were collected from the sternocleidomastoid (SCM), trapezius, and splenius capitus muscles. Kinematics of the head, thorax, and head relative to thorax were also measured. Results: We observed stereotypic responses for kinematics and SCM EMG for the various perturbation directions; the trapezius and splenius capitus muscles showed amplitudes that were less than 5 percent maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). Rear perturbations elicited the smallest onset latencies for the SCM (30?ms) and kinematic variables and greatest linear head center of mass (COM) accelerations. Frontal perturbations resulted in an average SCM onset latency of 143?ms and demonstrated the greatest magnitude of head translations and rotations relative to the thorax. Left and right perturbations demonstrated similar kinematics and SCM onset latencies (55 and 65?ms, respectively). Conclusions: Compared to frontal, left, and right directions, rear perturbations showed smaller SCM onset latencies, greater SCM amplitudes, and larger head accelerations, relating to a greater potential for injury. We suggest that the greater contact area and stiffness of the seatback, in the posterior direction, compared to restrictions in other directions, led to increased peak head accelerations and shorter SCM onset latencies.     

动载下高密度全尾砂胶结充填体稳定性试验研究

为研究动载下高密度全尾砂胶结充填体(HTB)的稳定性,制备直径为50 mm×25 mm的HTB试件,进行静态单轴压缩试验。首次采用分离式霍普金森杆(SHPB)装置研究HTB的动态力学性质,通过观察冲击试验后试件的破坏程度,来评判高应变率下试件的稳定性。结果表明:HTB试件波阻抗较小,对弹性应力波传播有较强的阻尼作用;在冲击载荷下,试件最大应变率可达305 s-1,动态抗压强度随着应变率的增加而增大,最大动态抗压强度为17 MPa;HTB试件的稳定性与应变率密切相关,当应变率低于10 s-1时,试件稳定性较好;当应变率为10~39 s-1时,试件产生一定的损伤裂纹,但尚有一定的残余强度;当应变率大于39 s-1时,试件完全失稳。     

加载条件下多尺寸原水管道受力特征模型试验

为解决在施工过程中管线附近超载导致的爆管问题,分析堆载对不同管径原水管线受力变形的影响,基于模型试验研究管道的受力变形特征,并通过数值模拟计算对试验结果进行论证。结果表明:有限元计算结果与试验结果较吻合,管底整体应力值大于管腰处;在相同荷载作用下,随着管道直径的不断增大,管道所受的应力值越来越小;当荷载距离管轴线较远时,管道整体应力值变小;对比发现,随着加载值逐渐增大、管径逐渐变小,管体轴向应力值逐渐增大,且应力值增长速度较快。这主要是因为小管径的管道长细比较大,在土体中受约束较强,其所受到的应力值较大,容易产生破坏,实际施工时需要注意此类问题。     

Q345(16Mn)钢在恒温加载条件下的应力-应变曲线和弹性模量

为评估和分析钢结构的耐火性能,对我国10个钢厂生产的16Mn钢进行152次恒温加载试验研究。结果表明,钢材的应力-应变曲线随温度升高,应力变小而应变增大,曲线斜率即弹性模量随温度升高和应变增大而趋于零。钢材在高温下的弹塑性性质非常明显,在钢结构高温性能分析中应当考虑这种特性。依据试验结果构建了以表格形式表达的钢材折线应力-应变曲线和弹性模量,为火灾下钢结构的变形和温度应力计算提供参考。     

动力扰动作用下充填体的力学响应研究

稳定的充填体是二步骤矿房回采的安全保障。在采矿动力作用下实现充填体的稳定性预测,是二步开采的安全控制关键。为了研究不同扰动幅值下充填体的动力响应规律,以某矿山工程为研究对象,采用Midas/GTS与FLAC3D数值模拟技术,建立了充填体动力稳定性分析的三维数值模型并进行了数值模拟分析。研究结果表明:动力扰动作用下,充填体暴露面的破坏区域由四周逐渐向中心扩展,并随着动力扰动幅值的增加,充填体暴露面破坏区域逐渐增大直至贯通破坏;充填体暴露面质点峰值振动速度随着动力扰动峰值的增加而增加,并得出了适用于该矿充填体暴露面振动峰值速度与动力扰动幅值之间的函数关系。距动力加载面越远,充填体内部质点峰值振动速度越小,且距动力加载面0~12 m处,质点峰值振动速度衰减较慢,从12~20 m质点峰值振动速度下降趋势最为明显。     

Investigation of occupant kinematics and injury risk in a reclined and rearward-facing seat under various frontal crash velocities

Introduction: The availability of highly automated driving functions will vastly change the seating configuration in future vehicles. A reclined and rearward-facing seating position could become one of the popular seating positions. The occupant safety needs to be addressed in these novel seating configurations, as novel occupant loading conditions occur and the current standards as well as regulations are not fully applicable. Method: Twelve finite element simulations using a series production seat model and a state of the art 50th percentile male human body model were conducted to investigate the influences of various parameters on the occupant kinematics and injury risk. The varied parameters included the seatback angle, impact speed, and seatback rotational stiffness. Results: The seat model shows a large seatback rotation angle during the frontal crash scenario with high impact speed. A reclining of the seatback angle leads to no significant increase of the injury risk for the assessed injury values. However, the reclining does affect the interaction among the occupant, seatbelt, and seatback. An increase of the seatback rotational stiffness helps reduce brain and chest injury metrics, while neck injury values are higher for the stiffer seatback.