产氢产乙酸和产甲烷反应对厌氧消化的限速作用

为明晰厌氧消化过程的主要限速步骤,分别以丁酸、乙酸、H₂/CO₂为基质,在37℃和pH 5.00~9.00条件下对厌氧活性污泥进行培养,依据Shelford耐受定律对食丁酸产氢产乙酸菌（SBOB）、乙酸营养型产甲烷菌（ACM）和氢营养型产甲烷菌（HTM）的pH值生态幅及基质转化速率进行分析.结果表明,SBOB、ACM和HTM的pH值生态幅分别为6.19~8.59、5.50~7.74和4.39~9.23,其代谢最适pH值分别为7.39、6.62和6.81.在最适pH值条件下,厌氧活性污泥对丁酸、乙酸、H₂/CO₂的转化速率分别为0.86、1.04和1.09gCOD_equ/（gMLVSS·d）.可见,与产甲烷菌相比,产氢产乙酸菌的pH值生态幅更窄,基质转化速率更慢,对厌氧消化过程具有更为显著的限制作用.     

Submersible observations of the New England Seamounts

Plate tectonics has established the relationship of volcanism to constructional plate margins such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, to consuming plate boundaries such as the subduction zones comprising the Pacific “ring of fire,” and to leakage of magma along transform faults like St. Paul's Fracture Zone; however, mid-plate volcanism, which produces many oceanic islands and seamounts, is largely unexplained by plate tectonics. Studies of mid-plate volcanism have been mainly confined to oceanic islands which may be generically different from seamounts. To extend our knowledge of global tectonics and the nature of the underlying mantle source of mid-plate volcanism, we must direct our most advanced techniques to the study of seamounts and their lineaments. Herein we describe the first reported visual observations of the morphology and lithology of volcanoes comprising one such chain—the New England Seamounts.     

In vivo assessment of the biomechanical properties of the uterine cervix in pregnancy

Measuring the stiffness of the cervix might be useful in the prediction of preterm delivery or successful induction of labor. For that purpose, a variety of methods for quantitative determination of physical properties of the pregnant cervix have been developed. Herein, we review studies on the clinical application of these new techniques. They are based on the quantification of mechanical, optical, or electrical properties associated with increased hydration and loss of organization in collagen structure. Quasi-static elastography determines relative values of stiffness; hence, it can identify differences in deformability. Quasi-static elastography unfortunately cannot quantify in absolute terms the stiffness of the cervix. Also, the current clinical studies did not demonstrate the ability to predict the time point of delivery. In contrast, measurement of maximum deformability of the cervix (e.g. quantified with the cervical consistency index) provided meaningful results, showing an increase in compliance with gestational age. These findings are consistent with aspiration measurements on the pregnant ectocervix, indicating a progressive decrease of stiffness along gestation. Cervical consistency index and aspiration measurements therefore represent promising techniques for quantitative assessment of the biomechanical properties of the cervix. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of ammonium on an integrated microchip with LED-induced fluorescence detection

A simply fabricated microfluidic device integrated with a fluorescence detection system has been developed for on-line determination of ammonium in aqueous samples. A 365-nm light-emitting diode (LED) as an excitation source and a minor band pass filter were mounted into a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based microchip for the purpose of miniaturization of the entire analytical system. The ammonium sample reacted with o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA) on-chip with sodium sulfite as reducing reagent to produce a fluorescent isoindole derivative, which can emit fluorescence signal at about 425 nm when excited at 365 nm. Effects of pH, flow rate of solutions, concentrations of OPA-reagent, phosphate and sulfite salt were investigated. The calibration curve of ammonium in the range of 0.018-1.8 μupg/mL showed a good linear relationship with R² = 0.9985, and the detection limit was (S/N = 3) 3.6 × 10^-4 μupg/mL. The relative standard deviation was 2.8% (n = 11) by calculating at 0.18 μupg/mL ammonium for repeated detection. The system was applied to determine the ammonium concentration in rain and river waters, even extent to other analytes fluorescence detection by the presented device.     

Enumeration of methanogens with a focus on fluorescence in situ hybridization

Methanogens, the members of domain Archaea are potent contributors in global warming. Being confined to the strict anaerobic environment, their direct cultivation as pure culture is quite difficult. Therefore, a range of culture-independent methods have been developed to investigate their numbers, substrate uptake patterns, and identification in complex microbial communities. Unlike other approaches, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is not only used for faster quantification and accurate identification but also to reveal the physiological properties and spatiotemporal dynamics of methanogens in their natural environment. Aside from the methodological aspects and application of FISH, this review also focuses on culture-dependent and -independent techniques employed in enumerating methanogens along with associated problems. In addition, the combination of FISH with micro-autoradiography that could also be an important tool in investigating the activities of methanogens is also discussed.     

降水稳定同位素的iAWBM模拟及其与GNIP实测值的比较

利用iAWBM的模拟数据,分析了全球降水中平均δ~(18)O、δ~(18)O季节差、降水量效应和温度效应的空间分布以及全球大气水线(MWL),模拟结果与GNIP监测数据进行了比较.结果表明,iAWBM的模拟很好地再现了全球降水中稳定同位素的纬度效应、大陆效应和高度效应;模拟的δ~(18)O季节差的空间分布与实际分布基本对应,在北半球低纬度地区,δ~(18)O的季节差主要表现为负值,而在高纬度大陆地区主要表现为正值;模拟的δ~(18)O的降水量效应主要出现在中低纬度的海洋和季风区,温度效应主要出现在中高纬度的内陆地区,这与实测结果吻合;模拟的全球MWL为δ~2H=7.93δ~(18)O+10.19,该方程的斜率和截距均与实测结果相近.     

超声波提取-荧光法测定贝类体内石油烃含量

建立了一种超声波提取-荧光法测定贝类体内石油烃的快速方法,采用正交实验对提取溶剂、提取次数、超声时间、超声功率和洗脱溶剂等因素进行了优化,获得了最佳提取条件。该方法的检出限为0.070×10-6,加标回收率范围为76.5%～96.9%。采用所建立的方法测得青岛近海湖岛和沙子口两个区域扇贝体内石油烃含量分别为164.14×10-6dw和119.52×10-6dw,污染指数分别为1.3和0.95,表明湖岛海域贝类受石油烃污染严重。     

Some observations of the structure of the choroid plexus and its cysts

The structure of the choroid plexus was studied in five normal human embryos, three normal fetuses and three fetuses with choroid plexus cysts. These were detected by ultrasound and the fetuses were karyotypically normal. The choroid plexus appears in the lateral cerebral ventricles at the seventh developmental week. The early structure is lobulated with vessels running in the mesenchymal stroma and forming capillary nets under the single-layered ependymal epithelium. This embryonal structure is converted into the fetal type during the ninth developmental week as the embryonal capillary net is replaced by elongated loops of wavy capillaries that lie under regular longitudinal epithelial folds. The choroid plexus cysts exhibited accumulation of fluid within distended mesenchymal stroma and did not show the wavy folds on this surface, which was smooth. Within this connective tissue of the cyst wall were distended angiomatous interconnecting thin-walled capillaries. Therefore, filled cavities were not lined by any epithelium. We suggest that fetal choroid plexuses cysts (at least in many cases) are in fact pseudocysts exhibiting angiomatous patterns of capillaries in their walls. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Sodar estimates of surface heat flux and mixed layer depth compared with direct measurements

Similarity relationships for the convective boundary layer are used to derive surface heat flux and mixed layer depth from sodar measurements of the temperature structure parameter and the vertical velocity variance. Two different methods are presented and compared with direct measurements from the Öresund experiment which took place during the period 15 May–14 June 1984. The analyzed data were taken with two three-axis monostatic Doppler sodars manufactured by Sensitron, Sweden. Comparison with simultaneous direct measurements shows generally good agreement during convective conditions but also reveals some limitations of the methods.     

我国原生汞矿行业现状及未来关停政策建议

我国原生汞矿开采历史悠久,原生汞在我国的需求量很大并被广泛使用,但汞矿的开采却带来了巨大的环境风险。目前,全球汞矿除我国和吉尔吉斯斯坦尚在生产外都已关闭。近些年,随着全球汞公约的签署及我国对重金属污染问题的高度重视,原生汞矿的开采和冶炼活动必将受到更加严格的监管,关闭原生汞矿已经成为大势所趋。本文分析了国内外原生汞矿开采及管理现状,结合我国用汞行业现状,从行政命令手段、经济刺激手段以及劝说鼓励手段等不同角度入手,提出了我国关闭原生汞矿政策建议。