Impact of industrial effluents on the biochemical composition of fresh water fish Labeo rohita

In acute toxicity (96 hr) experiment the fingerlings of freshwater fish Labeo rohita was exposed to tannery, electroplating and textile mill effluents. The LC0 and LC50 concentrations were 15% and 20% for tannery effluents, 3% and 6% for electroplating effluents and 18% and 22% for textile mill effluents respectively. It was found that, electroplating effluent was more toxic than tannery and textile mill wastes. After acute toxicity experiments for different industrial effluents, various tissues viz. gill, liver, muscle and kidney were obtained separately from control, LC0 and LC50 groups. These tissues were used for biochemical estimations. The glycogen content in all the tissues decreased considerably upon acute toxicity of three industrial effluents except muscle in LC50 group of tannery effluent and kidney in LC50 group of textile mill effluent, when compared to control group. The total protein content decreased in all tissues in three effluents except gills in LC50 group of tannery effluent, kidney in LC50 group of electroplating effluent and kidney in LC0 group of textile mill effluent. In general total lipid content decreased in all tissues after acute exposure when compared to control group. The results obtained in the present study showed that, the industrial effluents from tannery, electroplating and textile mills caused marked depletion in biochemical composition in various tissues of the fish Labeo rohita after acute exposure.     

Chromium in tannery industry effluent and its effect on plant metabolism and growth

Different dilution levels of tannery treated effluent and their corresponding concentration of chromium (Cr6+) were studied in a petridish culture experiment on seed germination and seedling growth in radish (Raphanus sativus L). The different concentrations of Cr6+ (2, 5 and 10 ppm) and treated tannery effluent (10, 25 and 50%) showed reduction in seedling growth and related enzymatic activities with increase in concentration of Cr6+ in treatments and effluent both. The low concentration of chromium (2 ppm) and effluent dilution (10%) showed significant growth reduction separately. At this concentration of chromium and effluent dilution chlorophyll content, amylase, catalase and protein contents remained unchanged while with increase in Cr6+ concentration (>2ppm) and effluent dilution (> 10%) in treatments showed growth inhibitory effects.     

基于斑马鱼和发光细菌评估制革废水毒性及其削减效率

随着制革工业在我国的迅速发展,其导致的环境污染问题也逐渐受到人们的广泛关注。为评价制革废水的生物毒性以及处理工艺对毒性的削减效率,选择费氏弧菌、明亮发光杆菌、斑马鱼幼鱼及其胚胎作为受试生物,分析了制革废水的急性毒性和发育毒性,比较了不同受试生物对制革废水毒性的敏感性,并结合理化指标对废水的毒性削减进行了评估。结果表明:不同受试生物的敏感性大小为斑马鱼胚胎明亮发光杆菌斑马鱼幼鱼费氏弧菌明亮发光杆菌斑马鱼胚胎斑马鱼幼鱼费氏弧菌;发光菌及斑马鱼幼鱼急性毒性实验结果表明,制革废水经过整个工艺处理后,废水的急性毒性已降至检测线以下,即0TUa;斑马鱼胚胎毒性实验结果表明,经过处理的制革废水仍存在急性毒性,基础毒性当量为0.5 TUa,同时还对胚胎的发育存在一定影响,对胚胎孵化及畸形的毒性当量分别为0.7 TUa和0.13 TUa。综上可知,处理后的制革废水对环境的影响已得到初步的有效控制,但仍需进一步处理以达到更大程度削减毒性的目的。     

Changes in the level of transaminases in Indian major carp, Labeo rohita exposed to sublethal concentration of tannery and distillery effluents

The activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) of different tissues of fingerlings of Labeo rohita under the influence of two effluents has been studied. The alanine aminotransferase activity was increased over the control in different exposed periods of tannery and distillery effluent treatments. The alanine aminotransferase in the liver showed increased activity at different periods than that of the muscle, kidney, gill and brain (p < 0.001) (60.09%) over the control during the 40 days exposure in both the effluents treatments. The increased activity of alanine aminotransferase was highly significant (p > 0.001) in all the tissue in tannery and distillery effluents treatments. Similarly aspartate aminotransferase activity was increased over the control in all the treated tissues from 10 to 40 days exposure. But this increase, was not significant in the muscle tissue in distillery and tannery treatements after 10 days exposure. From 10 to 40 days, the activity was increased but a maxmum elevation was observed during 40 days, where the elevation was more in the liver, which was followed by muscle, kidney, gill, brain (brain < gill < kidney < muscle < liver).     

微囊藻毒素与孔雀石绿对唐鱼游泳行为的影响

鱼类行为能准确地反映环境变化,并且随着污染物浓度的变化而发生改变.采用人工饲养的方法,以对环境毒素敏感的唐鱼(Tanichthys albonubes)作为指示生物,检测了其行为对水体中微囊藻毒素和孔雀石绿的反应.结果表明,唐鱼对0.2μg·L-1的微囊藻毒素即有明显的行为反应,摆尾频率和游泳速度均在30min后显著下降;0.5μg·L-1微囊藻毒素处理下,摆尾频率和游泳速度均在15min后显著下降.0.5mg·L-1孔雀石绿处理下,游泳速度在30min后显著下降,而摆尾频率则无显著性变化.初步推断,以对毒素敏感的唐鱼行为作为标记,用以监测水环境安全是可行的.     

制革废水处理系统各级出水的生态毒性评价

采用生态毒理学常用的大型溞（Daphnia magna）和活性污泥（activated sludge）作为试验系统,对制革废水处理系统各个环节出水进行毒性试验,以评价其处理效果。按照OECD标准试验方法,选取本实验室繁殖的大型溞（溞龄小于24 h）,和采自以处理生活污水为主的污水处理厂活性污泥,分别使用重铬酸钾和3,5-二氯酚作为参比物验证大型溞和活性污泥的毒性敏感性。以大型溞活动抑制和活性污泥呼吸抑制作为毒性终点,利用48 h静态试验和3 h曝气试验分别评价水样对于大型溞活动和活性污泥呼吸作用的急性毒性效应。统计各试验组大型溞的活动情况和活性污泥的呼吸速率,分别将其与空白对照组进行比较,计算大型溞的活动抑制率和活性污泥的呼吸抑制率,采用Bliss法统计制革废水处理系统各个环节出水对大型溞和活性污泥的半数抑制浓度（EC50）。结果表明：制革废水依次经过厌氧脱硫反应器、脱色厌氧反应器、微曝气反应器和厌氧氨氧化反应器的生物处理系统处理,其出水对大型溞和活性污泥的急性毒性已大为降低。进水、厌氧脱硫反应器出水、脱色厌氧反应器出水、微曝气反应器出水和厌氧氨氧化反应器出水对大型溞活动抑制试验的48 h-EC50分别为41.3%、32.2%、48.0%、91.2%和无抑制作用;活性污泥呼吸抑制试验3 h-EC50则分别为178.2%、101.5%、689.7%、184.6%和无抑制作用。总体上毒性呈现逐渐降低的趋势,而且大型溞比活性污泥更为灵敏。大型溞和活性污泥的生态毒性结果与化学分析的结果相互补充,可为制革废水处理提供预警和效果评价提供科学依据。     

Circadian rhythm of swimming activity in juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)

The circadian rhythm of swimming activity and the role of the daily illumination cycle in the synchronization of this rhythm were studied in individual juvenile pink salmon. Sixty eight percent of all fish examined (n=38) were day-active when exposed to a 12 h L:12 h D cycle; the remaining fish were nocturnally active. One half of the fish tested under laboratory conditions of continuous, constant light intensity (LL) and constant temperature showed unambiguously endogenous activity rhythms with circadian periods for up to 10 d. The remaining fish were arrhythmic. Mean period length of the free-running activity rhythms for diurnal fish in LL shortened with constant light intensity increasing from 6 to 600 lx, as predicted by the circadian rule. In contrast, mean free-running period for nocturnal fish did not vary significantly with similarly increasing constant light intensity. Mean swimming speed (activity level) of both diurnal and nocturnal fish increased significantly with increasing light intensity. This is suggestive of a positive photokinetic response. When subjected to a phase-delayed LD cycle, the fish resynchronized their daily rhythms of activity with this new LD cycle after only one transient cycle in most instances. Hence, the timing of the daily activity rhythms appeared to occur through the direct masking action of the illumination cycle on activity, rather than through entrainment of an endogenous circadian system.     

Effect of water extract of the bark of Buchanania lanzan linn. on behaviour and chromatophores of a fresh water fish,Labeo rohita

Fish exposed to 150 ppm and 250 ppm doses saparately, showed eratic swimming with hyper-excitability, spiralling, convulsion and mortality. However at 350 ppm dose fish became lethargic and steady at the bottom of aquarium. This behaviour appears to be due to sedative effects of fish implicating the phychoactive nature of the plant B. Ianzan. At 150 ppm to 350 ppm doses, fish scale changed from reticulate to punctate chromatophores; and treated fish when transferred to fresh water, were slowly regained to normal behaviour after 96 h exposure. Hence doses regaining from 150 ppm to 350 ppm is considered to be psychoative in nature. In higher doses 450 ppm and 550 ppm fish could survive only 76 h and 4.30 h respectively and then died indicating toxicity of plant for the said doses. It is found that scale present on its body is most suitable test system for the study of psychoactivity and toxicity of plant extracts on fish, Labeo rohita.     

Gill lesions in the major carp, Labeo rohita exposed to lethal and sublethal concentrations of tannery effluent

The major carp, Labeo rohita were exposed to (0.873%) lethal and sublethal (0.073%) concentrations of tannery effluent for 24h and 40 days respectively under static bioassay condition. The surface architecture of gill revealed severe damages such as : fusion and clumping in the middle and distal parts of the primary lamellae, swelling and deterioration of the cells. The interlamellar space was filled either with hyperplastic epithelial or mucous cells. Secondary lamellae lost their identity and appeared finger like in structure in the lethal concentration and necrosis was observed in the primary and secondary epithelium. Swelling of primary and secondary epithelial cells was evident in sublethal concentration.     

Whirligig beetle aggregations: what are the costs and the benefits?

Laboratory experiments investigated the benefits and costs of aggregation formation in the whirligig beetles, Gyrinus marinus and G. substriatus (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae). Different sized groups of whirligigs were exposed to fish predators, and capture rate per group and per individual were estimated. Attack rate per group increased with group size, suggesting that these aggregations behave as selfish herds. In another series of experiments in which whirligigs were exposed to top- and side-attacking predators, large groups were found to detect predators when they were further away than small groups. Video analysis of these groups showed that beetles tended to increase their swimming speed after exposure to a predator but did not show an increased tendency to circle. In natural aggregations, filmed in the field, swimming speed was found to be related to group size. Body condition of field collected beetles, as estimated from the regression of body mass on body length, was not found to be related to group size, implying that large groups do not suffer reduced condition. Received: 31 January 1997 / Accepted after revision: 24 November 1997     

Behavioural changes in freshwater fish, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) exposed to cypermethrin

The toxicity of insecticide cypermethrin to the freshwater fish, Cirrhinus mrigala was studied using static bioassay method. The 96 h LC50 was found to be 5.13 microg/l. Increase in opercular movement, loss of equilibrium, increase in surface behaviour, change in body colour, increase secretion of mucus, irregular swimming activity, rapid jerk movement, 'S' jerky, partial jerk, and aggressiveness were observed in fish exposed to lethal concentration of cypermethrin. But in sub lethal concentration changes were observed from that of lethal and with the approach of 14 and 21 day, fish attained to normalcy.     

氯化镉和敌敌畏突发胁迫下斑马鱼的行为差异

采用计算机摄像跟踪技术,以正常水体中斑马鱼的行为变化为基础,比较突发性氯化镉和敌敌畏污染胁迫下斑马鱼的个体行为(游动速度、深度、转弯次数和加速度)和鱼群行为(平均距离和分散度)的变化规律.研究结果表明:斑马鱼在两种污染物突发性胁迫下,行为反应快速且敏感,游动行为响应与污染物种类和暴露时间直接相关;两种不同类型的污染胁迫...     

不同浓度的五氯酚对斑马鱼运动行为的影响

由于突发性水源污染频发,建立一种实时的风险监测评估系统十分迫切。本研究通过在线生物监测仪实时记录斑马鱼在五氯酚(PCP)中暴露前后的3D行为响应数据,分别从运动轨迹、游动速度(中值)、浮出水面频率及熵值4个指标分析斑马鱼的行为响应。结果表明：与对照组相比,暴露于低浓度(0.25、0.5 mg·L^-1)的PCP中的斑马鱼,其游动速度(中值)和熵值呈递减趋势,但趋势不明显,其浮出水面频率有不同程度的增加;而暴露于较高浓度(1.0、2.0 mg·L^-1)的PCP中的斑马鱼,其游动速度(中值)、浮出水面频率、熵值约有10 min的急速升高之后降低;暴露于高浓度(4.0 mg·L^-1)的PCP中的斑马鱼,所有指标均呈明显下降趋势。这表明斑马鱼的毒性行为响应随PCP的浓度变化而变化,所以可以通过监测鱼类的行为变化来反映水体的污染状况。因此,鱼类行为学研究在高浓度突发性水源污染的实时监测方面具有一定的应用前景。     

城市污水处理厂进出水中类雌激素暴露影响评价

以稀有鮈鲫（Gobiocypris rarus）为模型动物,利用卵黄蛋白原（VTG）和生长发育指标作为类雌激素污染的生物标志物,评价了沙湖污水处理厂进出水中类雌激素暴露对稀有鮈鲫仔鱼的影响.结果表明：暴露21d后,未稀释进水和一级处理出水对稀有鮈鲫仔鱼VTG有显著诱导,各级处理水对稀有鮈鲫的生长发育也造成了一定的影响,在进水和一级处理出水暴露组中有死亡现象发生.以17β-雌二醇（E2）为阳性对照,对稀有鮈鲫VTG的诱导作标准曲线,计算进水以及各级出水的类雌激素E2的活性当量,发现污水处理厂一级和二级处理工艺对污水的类雌激素活性的去除率分别为47%和95%以上.表明在现有污水处理工艺中,二级处理工艺可去除大部分的类雌激素,而一级处理工艺却不能有效去除类雌激素.     

城镇污水处理厂进出水对日本青鱂早期阶段亚慢性毒性效应

采用日本青鳉胚胎及幼鱼暴露评估污水处理厂进出水的综合毒性效应。水样采自广州市3个污水处理厂的进水口和出水口。96 h青鳉幼鱼急性毒性试验表明:6个水样均没有对青鳉幼鱼产生急性毒性效应。14 d胚胎暴露试验结果:3个污水处理厂的进水及1号和3号污水处理厂的出水均引起胚胎死亡,胚胎孵化率均低于70%且均与对照组产生了显著性差异(p0.05)。3个厂的进水和1号、2号厂出水的鱼苗畸形率与对照组也有显著差异(p0.05),其中3号厂进水鱼苗畸形率高达(33.73±8.94)%。而6个水样的胚胎孵化时间均与对照组无显著差异(p0.05),均在9 d左右。7 d鱼苗暴露试验结果:1、2、3号3个水厂进水的鱼苗死亡率分别是(30.16±2.75)%,(24.07±1.60)%,(37.90±4.77)%,与对照组产生明显差异(p0.05)。出水对鱼苗的致死效应明显低于进水,但出水对鱼苗的致死效应相对于对照组仍有显著差异(p0.05)。     

The influence of swimming speed on sustained swimming performance of late-stage reef fish larvae

Replicate clutches of larvae were swum in a swimming flume at 4, 7, 10, 13, and 16 cm s^-1 and the time swum until exhaustion recorded. There was a significant relationship between sustained swimming time and swimming speed for both maximum (R²=0.77; P<0.05) and mean sustained swimming times (R²=0.78; P<0.05), with fish swimming at slower speeds swimming longer and covering greater total distances. The relationship observed agrees with theoretical principles relating increasing swimming speed with increasing drag. We used our data for Amphiprion melanopus, combined with published information, to predict the swimming speeds that other reef fish taxa should be able to maintain for significant lengths of time (12-48 h) using three different models. The results agree well with field estimates (R² values from 0.45 to 0.84), suggesting that there may be underlying factors influencing swimming ability in reef fish larvae that can be used to predict swimming abilities of different taxa. These models suggest that sustained swimming behaviour by reef fish larvae could have a much greater impact on modifying larval dispersal than previously thought.     

Estrogenic Effects of Effluents from Sewage Treatment Works

The occurrence of hermaphrodite fish in the lagoons of sewage treatment works led us to hypothesize that sewage effluent might contain a substance, or substances, estrogenic to fish. to test this hypothesis, we placed cages containing rainbow trout in the effluent from sewage-treatment works, and one to three weeks later measured the vitellogenin concentration in the plasma of the fish. Vitellogenin is a protein synthesized by the liver of oviparous fish in response to estradiol stimulation; it is then conveyed by the blood to the ovary, where it is sequestered by oocytes to form the yolk. Thus, the presence of vitellogenin in the plasma is indicative of estrogenic stimulation of the liver. an initial study, at a sewage-treatment works, showed that plasma vitellogenin concentrations rose rapidly and very markedly (over 1000-fold in three weeks) when trout were maintained in the effluent. an extensive nationwide survey was then conducted. Results were obtained from fifteen sewage-treatment works distributed throughout England. in all cases, exposure of trout to effluent resulted in a very pronounced increase (500 to 100,000-fold, depending on site) in the plasma vitellogenin concentration. Induction of vitellogenesis was also observed in carp, but to a much lesser extent than in trout.

The identity of the estrogenic substance is unknown. It is suggested that the two most likely possibilities are ethynylestradiol, originating from pharmaceutical use, or alkylphenol-ethoxylates (APE), originating from the biodegradation of surfactants and detergents during sewage treatment.

Laboratory studies on the potency of ethynylestradiol demonstrated that levels as low as 1 to 10 ng 1^-1 could generate the response shown by the caged fish and that positive responses may arise at 0.1 to 0.5 ng 1^-1. Further work is in progress on the potency of APE.     

Wirkung subakuter PCB-Exposition (Aroclor 1254) auf Sauerstoffverbrauch, Schwimmbewegung und Biotransformation (GST-Aktivität) des Karpfens (Cyprinus carpio)

Objective and Background

PCB (polychlorinated biphenyle) are typical man-made environmental pollutants that cause a broad spectrum of effects in vertebrates. Although a lot has been studied about the toxic effects of xenobiotic substances on aquatic organisms, their subacute effects are not yet well known. Fish occupies a central position in freshwater food webs and therefore, carp was chosen to be our test organism. The aim of our study was the investigation of subacute effects of Aroclor 1254 (22μg ^l?1) on respiration, swimming activity, and biotransformation, allowing discussion of changed interaction between the available energy resources.

Methods

The respiration experiments under controlled laboratory conditions were run for 29 days (5 d before, 16 d with and 8 d after chemical exposure) with exposed carp compared to the non-exposed fish. Furthermore, the BehavioQuant system quantitatively monitors the positions of each individual fish before (8 d) and during (21 d) PCB exposure and swimming activity (number of horizontal turnings s^?1) of animals was calculated. Thereafter, liver samples were taken from animals for analysis of the phase 2 enzyme activity (glutathione-S-transferase). In the respiration experiments were 6 exposure, 6 controll, and 3 solubilizer controll groups (12 animals each group); in the behavioral experiments were 9 exposure, 6 controll- und 3 solubilizer controll groups (6 animals each group), and in the enzyme activity measurements were 9 exposure, 6 controll and 3 solubilizer controll groups (6 animals each group) examined.

Results and Discussion

A clearly increased (33%) oxygen consumption due to the PCB-exposure is found to be reversible; after the exposure period the respiration of carp shows a level comparable to the oxygen consumption during non-exposure time. By evaluating quantitative behavioral parameters of animals, it becomes evident that the exposure to PCB also causes a reversible change in their swimming behavior. Chemical stress leads to a decrease of mean daily swimming activity combined with an increase of the mean number of turnings during the night. Thereafter, the swimming activity shifts to the circadian swimming behavior under control conditions. Furthermore, our measurement of soluble and microsomal glutathione-S-transferase activity of fish liver shows a significant elevation after exposure period.

Conclusion

Our results prove that it was feasible to detect sublethal effects of PCB-mixture on all parameters under these conditions successfully. Our findings imply that fish are able to cope with the chemicals and we purse the hypothesis that the higher physiological energy demand caused by increased activity of enzymes, which are involved in biotransformation of foregin substances, may be related to a higher respiration of fish stressed by xenobiotics.

Recommendation and Outlook

Further experiments should investigate the effects of PCB on ecophysiological parameters of carp fed with exposed natural food allowing discussion of ecological consequences.     

印染废水处理过程及排放水对草履虫遗传毒性评价

草履虫作为指示生物评估印染废水处理过程及排放水的毒性效应。急性毒性结果显示,原水、厌氧工段印染废水、好氧工段印染废水对草履虫的半数致死浓度(24h-LC₅₀)分别为54%、41%、98%;遗传毒性结果显示,印染废水原水、经处理的排放水在6.25%、12.25%稀释梯度下对草履虫造成的DNA损伤较对照组呈显著升高(p<0.01),而排放水对草履虫的DNA损伤较原水无显著性差异;草履虫增殖速率结果显示,印染废水排放水50%稀释梯度下对草履虫增殖速率有抑制作用。暴露于印染废水排放水中10%的草履虫其游动行为发生改变。以上结果表明,印染废水在经过处理后,理化指标均达到国家印染废水行业排放标准,但排放水仍对草履虫产生急性毒性,且遗传毒性较原水没有显著降低。水生生物毒性测试能有效补充理化指标评价,为印染废水行业全面达标排放提供依据。     

Chromium accumulation in submerged aquatic plants treated with tannery effluent at Kanpur, India

Aquatic macrophytes have been widely studied because of their capability of absorbing contaminants from water and their subsequent use in biomonitoring. This study presents a comparison of Cr accumulating potential of submerged aquatic plants viz Vallisneria spiralis and Hydrilla verticillata. These plants were treated with various concentrations of treated tannery effluent collected from UASB, Jajmau, Kanpur under repeated exposure in controlled laboratory conditions in order to assess their maximum bioaccumulation potential. The maximum accumulation of 385.6 and 201.6 microg g(-1) dry weight was found in roots of V. spiralis and the whole plants of H. verticillata, respectively at 100% concentration after 9th day of effluent exposure. The chlorophyll and protein content of both species decreased with increase in effluent concentration and duration. At highest concentration and duration a maximum reduction of 67.4 and 62.66% in total chlorophyll content, 9.97 and 4.66% in carotenoid content and 62.66 and 59.36% in protein content was found in V. spiralis and H. verticillata respectively. Anatomical studies in both V. spiralis and H. verticillata was carried out to assess the effects of metal accumulation within the plants. Changes in the anatomical structures of both plants exhibits the capacity of these species to act as indicator of effluent toxicity. The high accumulation potential of Cr by both plants revealed their capability to remove pollutants from effluent.