震后特殊供水状态下的供水管网水力分析

供水管网的抗震性能,是指供水管网在地震作用下能够满足震后城市特定用水需要(需水量和水压)的能力.在地震作用下,供水管网中的埋地管线破坏位置多隐蔽、分散,加上震后救灾力量的局限和救灾活动的迟滞,难以迅速发现并隔离受轻微和中等震害的管线.另一方面,为了控制震后次生火灾的蔓延,又必须保证主干供水管网持续供水.在震后维修期间,供水管网处于特殊的供水状态--带渗漏供水状态.为了评价城市供水管网的抗震能力,需要进行震后特殊供水状态下供水管网的水力分析.给出了震后带渗漏供水管网的水力分析模型和程序结构,同时以上海市浦东新区供水管网为例,演示了震后供水管网水力分析的应用方法.     

一致渗漏供水管网渗漏模型研究

针对一致渗漏供水管网,提出了一致点式渗漏模型,使单点渗漏与整个管网的渗漏水平协调。在同一渗漏水平下,比较了不同渗漏模型和不同压力指数下,管网水力状态的变化。分析表明:节点水压对渗漏模型没有管线流量和渗漏流量那么敏感;渗漏模型中的压力指数对管网水力状态的影响不大。两类渗漏模型对直接连通水源的管线渗漏非常敏感;当直接连通水源的管线渗漏时,管网渗漏将集中到这几根管线上,与管网一致渗漏假定不符。在模拟管网一致渗漏时,需要先排除直接连通水源的管线的渗漏。     

基于VB6.0的供水管网震害预测方法和软件

为了提高供水管网震害预测的效率,修订了现有供水管网震害预测模型,应用Visual Basic 6.0软件平台,开发了供水管网震害预测软件。震害预测软件提供了两方面的预测功能,分别为不同地震烈度下供水管段基于三态的破坏等级预测和供水管网基于五态的破坏等级预测。软件实现了批量供水管段及整个管网的震害预测,且可以进行管网在设定地震下的震害预测,提高了预测效率。经算例分析,验证了软件的可靠性。     

城市供水管网抗震可靠性分析与设计优化

考虑管线震害发生的随机性,利用管线在地震作用下反应的二阶矩特征信息,采用带渗漏管网抗震可靠性分析的一次二阶矩方法,以华中地区某市主干供水管网为例,进行了基本烈度条件下的可靠度分析,结果表明,在低、中烈度条件下,供水管网中各节点均处于可靠状态;在高烈度条件下,节点主要处于可靠状态,局部处于严重不可靠、甚至出现断水状态。进一步地,基于微粒群优化算法,以管网年费用折算值为优化目标、管网拓扑结构与管径为优化参数、管网节点可靠度为约束条件,建立了新的供水管网抗震设计优化模型,并将供水管网所在区域的道路信息引入管网优化设计中,提出了管网拓扑的自动生成策略,从而形成了城市供水管网系统智能化抗震设计方法。数值算例表明,基于可靠度的抗震优化设计方法为风险-投资之间的合理均衡提供了理论基础,决策者可以据此选择所期望的最佳方案。     

给定地震烈度下供水系统受灾程度分析

本文提出了供水系统在给定地震烈度下受灾程度的一种分析方法。给出了地震后生命线工程系统受灾程度的一个定义。文中利用不同地震烈度下地下管道的统计震害率,并通过经验判断,确定各供水节点之间管道破坏的数量.根据震后各地下管段接头或管体本身对三种不同破坏状态的隶属度,判断管道破坏的位置和破坏的状态。在进行供水系统流量分析的基础上,给出各供水节点的服务状态。最后根据系统受灾程度的定义,计算供水系统的受灾程度。本文既利用了震害统计资料,又综合应用了理论分析得到的对三种不同破坏状态的隶属度。较科学地给出了供水系统地震后受灾程度的分析方法。同时还给出了生命线工程抗震设计准则.     

基于震后低压变化的供水管网功能可靠度分析

供水管网的抗震功能是指供水管网在地震作用下能够满足震后城市特定用水需要(需水量和水压)的能力。地震发生后,供水管网一般处于低压供水状态,使得管网中部分用户的水压和水量不能得到全部满足,导致管网部分节点的实际配水量小于需水量。为此,在传统的管网水力分析基础上考虑节点流量随节点水压的动态变化,通过求解非线性水力方程组,得到管网节点实际流量和水压;同时,借鉴结构可靠度分析方法,引入供水管网系统随机水力模型,给出了震后供水管网功能可靠度分析的一次二阶矩方法。以一实际管网为例,演示了震后低压供水时管网功能可靠度分析的应用方法。     

城市供水管网在地震时的连通可靠性分析

考虑地震作用效应和管道抗力的随机特性,建立了埋地管道单元的概率预测模型,评估其在地震时的震害状态.把供水管网系统简化为边权有向网络图,通过Monte Carlo随机模拟过程,近似再现管网中各管段的破坏状态,进而分别结合图论理论方法和模糊关系矩阵法,对管网进行连通可靠性分析.由于Monte Carlo模拟算法是以管网各节...     

考虑管线失效相关性的埋设管网系统地震可靠性随机模拟

城市范围内的埋地管线,具有相似的结构属性参数,面临空间相关的地震动荷载,管线结构地震破坏失效存在相关性。提出一种考虑管线失效相关性的埋设管网地震连通可靠性随机模拟方法,以空间距离表示管线位置处地震动参数的相关系数,采用经验震害公式求解管线地震破坏概率,通过联合分布与边缘分布的关系得到管线结构失效事件的相关系数。将管线结构地震破坏事件视为相关随机变量,采用正交变换方法将相关随机变量转变为独立随机变量,进行Monte Carlo随机模拟求解管网"源-汇"点连通事件的概率。通过设定地震作用下典型算例的连通可靠性求解,验证了方法的正确性,并比较了管线失效相关性对管网地震可靠性分析结果的影响。     

大中城市震害预测与辅助决策的空间分析

利用GIS的空间分析功能，对大中城市防震减灾示范研究成果进行了空间区划分析，给出了城市高危害街区的计算方法和结果，同时给出了各种结构类型房屋破坏面积、人员伤亡和无家可归人口数在各个街区的空间分布结果，以及基于此空间分布结果的医疗救护、人员疏散和物资供应等辅助决策分析。该分析的主要意义在于能充分了解大中城市潜在震害的空间分布，为震前采取相应预防措施和震后开展应急救灾工作提供了方便。     

铁路隧道结构构造重要度权重计算分析研究

在地震灾害发生后,铁路隧道会受到不同程度的破坏,如何对震后损失情况进行定性定量评估成为一项非常重要的工作。本文从铁路隧道结构构造角度出发,采用分层加权综合评估法对铁路隧道的不同构造及常见震害形式权重值进行了计算、分析,研究表明:在铁路隧道震后灾害损失定量评估时,准确合理的权重值,可以实现震后单座隧道以及整个震区所有隧道的震害损失评估,也可以为震害修缮或重建决策提供依据。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。     

美国的洪泛平原管理

美国开展洪泛平原管理已有约40年历史，洪水保险计划是美国泛平原管理的主要措施。了解并借鉴他们的思路与具体策略，将有助于我国洪泛平原管理政策的制定。     

A general assessment of the environmental impact of refugees in Somalia with attention to the refugee agricultural programme

This paper attempts to examine the broad features of Somalia's harsh physical environment into which several hundreds of thousands of refugees, with mainly a nomadic or semi-nomadic life style and culture, dramatically descended six years ago. The thirty-six rural camps in which at least half of them live are described as is the refugee agricultural programme which is training several thousand families so that they may be "self-supporting." The four regions where the camps are located are each briefly summarized in terms of their soils, their climates, their natural vegetation, and the type of agriculture which the refugee farmers practice. A more detailed analysis is then given on the following critical environmental concerns: Vegetation and erosion on refugee farms, the growing problem of refugee livestock, the destruction of trees, and irrigation practices and salinity on refugee farms. The paper concludes with an argument to preserve Somalia's environment from careless and destructive exploitation, which is leading towards desertification, and calls for an in-depth study of the situation.