硅锰渣理化性质的分析与表征

硅锰渣是冶炼硅锰合金时排放的一种工业废渣。文章借助于SEM/EDS、XRD等现代测试方法,对其理化性质进行分析和表征,结果表明:硅锰渣是由一些形状不规则的多孔非晶质颗粒组成,粒径主要集中在250μm以上,其化学成分主要是SiO2和CaO,其次是Al2O3、MnO。硅锰渣中微量元素未超过排放标准、放射性符合装修材料的技术要求。硅锰渣经高温煅烧后,生成一些新的晶相。     

聚硅硫酸铁絮凝剂的研制及性能研究

以Fe2(SO4)3,H2SO4和Na2SiO3为原料,采用复合共聚生产工艺,制备了聚合硅酸硫酸铁（PFSS）絮凝剂。研究了SiO2含量、Fe^3 /SiO2摩尔比、pH值等因素对硅酸聚合和PFSS稳定性的影响。正交试验结果表明,当SiO2含量为2.0%,Fe^3|/SiO2洋比为1．0时,PFSS具有最佳混凝效果,较宽的pH范围和保持期。与聚合氯化铝（PAC）进行了性能对比试验。结果表明,PFSS比PAC具有更好的去浊、脱色、除油的效果和残留硅、铁量少的特点。     

外源氮输入对闽江河口芦苇湿地土壤硅含量的影响

河口湿地是各种物理化学生物及地质过程最为集中和活跃的区域,对大气氮沉降的响应比较敏感.当前闽江河口氮负荷增强的问题不断突显,研究外源氮输入对湿地土壤硅含量的影响有重要意义.本研究于2021年3月—2022年4月在闽江河口鳝鱼滩芦苇湿地开展野外原位模拟试验方法,研究不同氮输入条件（CK：对照处理,LN：低氮输入,MN：中氮输入,HN：高氮输入）对湿地土壤硅形态、组分及其与碳氮化学计量比的影响.结果表明：氮输入在一定程度上导致鳝鱼滩芦苇湿地土壤pH下降、电导率上升,对全氮和全碳含量没有明显的影响,但是对土壤硅含量和组分产生了显著的影响.LN、MN、HN输入时鳝鱼滩芦苇湿地土壤中全硅含量分别比对照组下降了10.73%、2.14%、7.75%,而有效态硅含量分别增加了3.46%、2.54%、4.92%;氮输入未改变土壤全硅及有效态硅在0～10 cm深度分布的特征,均表现为表层<亚表层,但在芦苇生长的初期和后期,有效态硅的土层特征表现为表层>亚表层.从土壤硅组成比例来看,有效态硅占全硅的年平均比例在LN、MN、HN输入时分别为6.29%、5.69%、6.17%,均高于对照组（5.44...     

低温碱溶粉煤灰中硅和铝的溶出规律研究

采用低温碱溶法对粉煤灰中硅和铝(分别以氧化硅和氧化铝计)的溶出规律进行了研究,考察了粉煤灰热处理温度、碱浓度、溶出时间、溶出温度等因素对粉煤灰中硅和铝溶出量的影响.结果表明:在热处理温度为950℃,碱浓度为2～3 mol/L,溶出温度为120～130℃,溶出时间为4～6 h时,氧化硅的溶出量为29.23%,氧化铝的溶出量为1.26%,溶出比为23.63,可实现粉煤灰中硅和铝的分步溶出,并利用XRD对溶出结果进行了分析.      

城市生活垃圾与煤混烧灰渣的熔融特性及成分分析

根据我国城市生活垃圾熔融焚烧需要添加一定量辅助燃料进行稳燃的实际情况以及垃圾成分复杂、波动性大的特点，对配比一定煤的混合垃圾焚烧灰渣的熔融特性及熔融渣的回收利用进行实验研究．实验结果表明：垃圾的熔融特性主要与垃圾渣中的以SiO2-A12O3-CaO-Fe2O3为代表成分有关，垃圾渣中SiO2/A12O3、SiO2 Al2O3、CaO Fe2O3对灰渣熔融点T3的影响与该成分在垃圾渣中存在的化学形式及其性质有关；垃圾熔融渣的物理性能优良，渣中的重金属浸出和噁英的含量均达环保标准．可以直接对垃圾熔融渣进行回收利用。     

沉积物中生物硅快速测定的优化方法

目前,沉积物中生物硅含量的测定方法面临耗时长、步骤繁琐、工作量大,及缺乏国际统一的标准样品的问题。本文采用碱式连续提取法分析了贵州喀斯特地区水库表层沉积物的生物硅含量,并采用硅铝截距法证实了Demaster斜率截距法的准确性。结果表明,01、05、1 mol/L Na_2CO_3溶液提取分析得到的生物硅含量是一致的,其中01 mol/L的Na_2CO_3更适合喀斯特地区水库沉积物生物硅的提取和含量测定。同时,本研究还比较了多点法和单点法的优缺点,并指出在提取时间为15～30 min以内时,采用单点法分析生物硅含量比传统的5 h提取测定生物硅含量更加精确,同时也大大节省了分析时间。     

Fenton-聚硅铝铁硼处理生活垃圾压滤液研究

以正交设计方法为基础，以COD去除率为指标，确定了聚硅铝铁硼（PSAFB）最优制备条件，研究了Fenton—PSAFB混凝法处理城市生活垃圾压滤液的最优反应条件和处理效果。结果表明：以200mL生活垃圾压滤液为处理对象，复合絮凝剂PSAFB的最优制备工艺条件为：Al／Si为1／2，Fe／Si为1／2，B／Si为1／6；其最优反应条件为：pH值为5．0，投加量为200mg／L（以SiO2计）；Fenton法最优反应条件为：pH值为3．0，30％H2O2为20mL，1mol／LFeSO4为30mL；采用最优反应条件的Fenton—PSAFB处理垃圾压滤液，浊度去除率达到95．2％，COD去除率达到84．2％，BOD5去除率达到81．5％。     

在碱法制浆过程中同步除硅──中型试验

在制备高硅含量原料的碱法蒸煮液时,把一种主要成份为氧化铝的除硅剂加到配碱槽内（或直接加到蒸煮锅内）,通过蒸煮,该除硅剂能与原料中硅生成不溶物附着在浆料上,达到降低黑液硅含量的目的。此方法适用于各种碱法制浆过程,对于麦草硫酸盐法,除硅剂用量为原料的2.5%时,黑液除硅率可达到90％以上。通过18×40m³蒸球的中型试验证实,本方法不仅能有效地除硅;还能显著地改善黑液有关蒸发、燃烧的粘度和膨润容积系数（VIE）等理化性质,且对浆料质量及后续制浆、造纸操作无不良影响,对实现稻、麦草碱回收有十分重要的现实意义。     

介孔钛硅分子筛的表面化学特征及除铅机制研究

以表面活性剂在水溶液中形成的液晶相为模板剂，考察了钛含量对制备介孔钛硅分子筛性质的影响；应用表面络合反应关系式计算了介孔钛硅分子筛表面络合反应的基本特征参数。研究了溶液ｐＨ值、温度等对Ｐｂ＾２＋离子在介孔钛硅分子筛表面吸附的影响；并就Ｐｂ＾２＋离子在介孔钛硅分子筛表面的吸附动力学、吸附等温线和吸附机理进行了探讨。     

含硅石脑油加工的分析及对策

近年来,国内多家炼化企业频频出现裂解原料石脑油硅含量高的问题,其中包括直馏石脑油及焦化石脑油,对裂解炉运行周期、裂解副产品质量、石脑油加氢装置运行周期造成了较大的影响。根据含硅石脑油的性质,探讨含硅石脑油中硅的来源、形态、加氢捕硅机理以及硅对加氢催化剂的危害,并针对茂名石化汽油加氢装置加工含硅石脑油的运行情况及厂内现有的措施,提出相应的加工对策。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.