On the communicative significance of whistles in wild killer whales (Orcinus orca)

Killer whales (Orcinus orca) use pulsed calls and whistles in underwater communication. Unlike pulsed calls, whistles have received little study and thus their function is poorly known. In this study, whistle activities of groups of individually known killer whales were compared quantitatively across behavioural categories. Acoustic recordings and simultaneous behavioural observations were made of northern resident killer whales off Vancouver Island in 1996 and 1997. Whistles were produced at greater rates than discrete calls during close-range behavioural activities than during long-range activities. They were the predominant sound-type recorded during socializing. The number of whistles per animal per minute was significantly higher during close-range behavioural activities than during long-range activities. Evidently, whistles play an important role in the close-range acoustic communication in northern resident killer whales.     

The structure of stereotyped calls reflects kinship and social affiliation in resident killer whales (Orcinus orca)

A few species of mammals produce group-specific vocalisations that are passed on by learning, but the function of learned vocal variation remains poorly understood. Resident killer whales live in stable matrilineal groups with repertoires of seven to 17 stereotyped call types. Some types are shared among matrilines, but their structure typically shows matriline-specific differences. Our objective was to analyse calls of nine killer whale matrilines in British Columbia to test whether call similarity primarily reflects social or genetic relationships. Recordings were made in 1985–1995 in the presence of focal matrilines that were either alone or with groups with non-overlapping repertoires. We used neural network discrimination performance to measure the similarity of call types produced by different matrilines and determined matriline association rates from 757 encounters with one or more focal matrilines. Relatedness was measured by comparing variation at 11 microsatellite loci for the oldest female in each group. Call similarity was positively correlated with association rates for two of the three call types analysed. Similarity of the N4 call type was also correlated with matriarch relatedness. No relationship between relatedness and association frequency was detected. These results show that call structure reflects relatedness and social affiliation, but not because related groups spend more time together. Instead, call structure appears to play a role in kin recognition and shapes the association behaviour of killer whale groups. Our results therefore support the hypothesis that increasing social complexity plays a role in the evolution of learned vocalisations in some mammalian species.     

除草剂草萘胺在土壤中的降解与吸附行为

采用色谱学(HPLC和GC-MS)和光谱学(UV和Ft-IR)方法研究了除草剂草萘胺在3种土壤(黑土、砖红壤和黄棕壤)中的降解和吸附行为,并对草萘胺土壤中降解的影响因素、降解产物和吸附机理进行了分析.结果表明,在本实验条件下,草萘胺降解速率随土壤温度(15～35℃)和有机质含量(r=0.9794)增加而加快;灭菌条件下的半衰期约是未灭菌时的3倍,土壤微生物是影响草萘胺在土壤中降解的主要因素;草萘胺在黄棕壤中的降解途径可能是脱烷基,降解产物可能为/v-甲基-2-(1-萘氧基)丙酰胺和/V-乙基-2-(1-萘氧基)丙酰胺.草萘胺在黄棕壤、砖红壤和黑土上的吸附系数(Kf)值分别为1.29、3.43和13.36,3种土壤上的吸附自由能(AG)均小于40U·mol-1,即以物理吸附为主,其吸附行为可用Freundlich模型描述.红外光谱学研究进一步证实了3种土壤对草萘胺吸附容量差异是黑土,砖红壤,黄棕壤.     

土壤中氯苯类化合物的迁移行为

为了污染土壤的恢复 ,应用土壤污染实时模拟系统 ,研究土壤中氯苯类化合物的迁移行为 .结果表明 ,氯苯类化合物主要滞留在土壤相中 ,在气、液 2相中的含量随着其蒸汽压和水溶性的增大而增大 ;15cm以上土壤中的氯苯类化合物由最初的均匀分布 ,变为从上至下浓度逐渐增大的分布 .渗滤液中的氯苯类化合物随渗滤水量变化为 2个阶段 ,渗滤水量 <1000 ml时 ,浓度随水量逐渐下降 ;而渗滤水量 >1000 ml后 ,浓度变化不大 ,趋于某一稳定的浓度值 .氯苯类化合物在土壤层和渗滤水中浓度的变化可较好地用吸附模型来解释 .不同氯苯类化合物的挥发速率随时间延长而降低 ,挥发速率与氯苯施加量的对数和蒸汽压呈良好线性关系 .     

习惯及价值导向的购买行为

个人行为必须对环境有利,这是现代社会日益增长的需求.在这场变革中,旨在改变人们态度的信息宣传是它的必备前提.信息宣传虽然可能是必不可少的,但是它本身并不足以完成促进变革的任务.我们认为,首先,许多影响环境的日常行为,都是习惯成自然的行为.可是,几乎没有人关注这个特点,并通过信息导向来改变这些习惯行为.另外一些情况下,行为更主要是由价值导向的.不过,除了可能的环境后果之外,还有其它信息更可能吸引行为人的注意,影响其行为选择.为了研究消费者行为,我们进行了调查和实验,研究什么样的信息条件更容易影响对环境关注水平不同的人们.基于这些研究,讨论对行为改变的含义.     

Olfactory learning and memory in the bumblebee Bombus occidentalis

In many respects, the behavior of bumblebees is similar to that of the closely related honeybees, a long-standing model system for learning and memory research. Living in smaller and less regulated colonies, bumblebees are physiologically more robust and thus have advantages in particular for indoor experiments. Here, we report results on Pavlovian odor conditioning of bumblebees using the proboscis extension reflex (PER) that has been successfully used in honeybee learning research. We examine the effect of age, body size, and experience on learning and memory performance. We find that age does not affect learning and memory ability, while body size positively correlates with memory performance. Foraging experience seems not to be necessary for learning to occur, but it may contribute to learning performance as bumblebees with more foraging experience on average were better learners. The PER represents a reliable tool for learning and memory research in bumblebees and allows examining interspecific similarities and differences of honeybee and bumblebee behavior, which we discuss in the context of social organization.     

抗生素磺胺嘧啶和磺胺甲恶唑在土壤中的淋溶行为研究

农业生产中畜禽粪污还田会将残留的抗生素带入农田土壤,并能通过淋溶作用迁移至深层土壤最终进入地下水. 该研究采用模拟土壤柱淋溶试验方法,研究了2种磺胺类抗生素——磺胺嘧啶(sulfadiazine,SDZ)和磺胺甲恶唑(sulfamethoxazole,SMX)在农田土壤中的淋溶行为,以及表层土抗生素含量、淋溶液pH和有机质对各土柱剖面SDZ和SMX残留水平的影响. 结果表明:①不同表层土抗生素含量下,SDZ和SMX在供试土壤中均呈向下迁移的趋势,但淋溶结束后上层土壤中二者含量明显高于下层,土柱各层抗生素的含量随表层土抗生素含量的增加而增加. ②淋溶液pH为3.00和5.00时,各层土壤中SDZ和SMX的含量均高于淋溶液pH为7.00时. 淋溶液pH较高时两种磺胺类抗生素多以阴离子形态存在,会与带负电荷的土壤颗粒产生静电斥力而易于向下迁移;随着淋溶液pH的降低,两种磺胺类抗生素阴离子形态占比减少,上层土壤中保留的抗生素含量变高,向下迁移的能力减弱. ③粪便添加组上层土壤中SDZ和SMX的含量明显高于未添加组,抗生素向下迁移的能力减弱,这与有机质的添加使得上层土柱吸附能力增强有关. 通过模型模拟,SDZ和SMX的地下水污染指数分别为3.50和4.45,均大于2.8,表明在供试土壤中这2种磺胺类抗生素的淋溶迁移性较强. 研究显示,淋溶试验结果与模型模拟结果一致,表明SDZ和SMX对地下水存在潜在污染风险.      

除草剂草萘胺在土壤-水环境中的吸附行为及其机理

采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定了土壤、胡敏酸及粘土矿物对除草剂草萘胺的吸附效应,并用FTIR图谱分析对其吸附机理进行了研究.结果表明,草萘胺在5种土壤上的吸附均很好地符合Freundlich方程,吸附常数Kf值在3.98～12.82之间.5种土壤对草萘胺吸附容量大小的次序为:黄泥土＞黑土＞黄棕壤＞红壤＞潮土.将吸附常数Kf与土壤的理化性质进行多元逐步回归分析表明,土壤有机碳含量与草萘胺吸附容量呈线性关系(R2=0.997,p＜0.05 n=5).红外光谱分析结果表明,草萘胺可能通过脂肪族分配及疏水吸附等形式与HA发生了结合.     

Behavior and control of chlorine in dyestuff residue incineration

Dyestuffresidue, a type of hazardous waste, is incinerated in the tubular furnace, and thermodynamic equilibrium model is used to calculate and analyze the chlorine behavior. The HCI emission and its effects on the behaviors of heavy metals are studied. Meanwhile, the effects of three dechlorine reagents are predicted at a high temperature. Results show that HCI emission is dependent on incineration temperature. The HCl evaporated mainly derives from the organic chlorine. Under the working condition of 500-- 900℃, the main products of rig, Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Mn in reaction with HCl are HgCl2 （g）, PbCl4（g）, PbCI2 （g）, （CuCl）3 （g）, NiCl2 （s）, NiCl2 （g）, ZnCl2 （s）, ZnCl2 （g）, Zn （g）, MnCl2 （s）, and MnCl2 （g）, respectively. Among the three dechlorine reagents, CaCO3 is optimal to remove chlorine at high temperature, little of HCl is released below 800℃, whereas Fe3O4 is unstable at high temperature.     

Rapid matching in Drosophila place learning

The level of conditioned behavior in animals is proportional to the intensity, amount, frequency, or probability of reinforcement. Interestingly, this matching can be dynamic, with performance levels following, for example, a switch in the probability of reinforcement with a short delay. We previously found that conditioned performance levels in Drosophila match reinforcement intensity in a place conditioning paradigm. Whether Drosophila can match conditioned behavior to a change in reinforcement intensity was an open question. In this study, we found that both conditioned behavior and memory levels match reinforcement intensity after a switch, and this rapid matching occurs within 2 min. Thus, fruit flies can dynamically match conditioned behavior and memory levels to a change in reinforcement intensity.     

RTK技术在煤矿工作面地表移动观测站的应用

煤矿沉降监测中,由于矿区的地表变化、地域面积大、地形变化复杂,传统的测绘方法已无法满足现在的测绘需求,使得GPS-RTK方法被广泛的应用于煤矿采空区沉降实际使用中。文章通过实际应用案例,对RTK区域沉降监测方法进行分析,并提出合理的改进方法以提高其精度,从而提高了实际应用的效率。     

大气中甲烷的化学行为

甲烷作为重要的温室气体,其化学行为日益引起人们的关注。稻田排放、牲畜排放和沼泽排放等是大气甲烷重要的源;与OH自由基的反应是其主要的汇。甲烷在大气中的浓度以每年1%的速度增长,其不仅影响气候的变化,而且引起大气中OH,O₃等浓度的变化,是非常重要的化学物种。      

邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯对小鼠学习和记忆能力的影响

研究邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯(BBP)暴露对小鼠脑组织的氧化损伤和对小鼠学习与记忆能力的影响.24只雄性昆明小鼠随机分为4组,每组6只,分别暴露于0,50,250,1250mg/kg的BBP,经口灌胃染毒14d.染毒期间同时进行Morris水迷宫实验,以检测小鼠的学习与记忆能力的改变.实验进行第15d,处死实验动物,取出脑、肝、肾组织,检测ROS水平及MDA和GSH含量.实验结果显示,1250mg/kg浓度BBP染毒组小鼠的学习和记忆能力与对照组相比显著下降(P<0.05);随着BBP染毒浓度的升高,小鼠脑、肝、肾组织中的ROS水平、MDA含量逐渐上升,GSH含量逐渐降低;且在1250mg/kg浓度时与对照组相比具有显著性差异(P<0.05).BBP的暴露可以影响小鼠学习与记忆能力,并对其脑、肝、肾组织产生氧化损伤.     

公众的主动型环保行为决策研究及发展探讨

自愿承担环保行为所产生相关成本的主动型环保行为对环境问题的长期持续改善有着重要意义。从主动型环保行为决策的内涵出发,根据现有研究的价值观、认知过程两大研究方向,分别就个体规范和环境自我认同,社会维度和时间维度介绍两种研究方向下的主动型环保行为决策研究现状,运用行为决策的研究方法,分析主动型环保行为决策的现有研究局限,亦希望为探索主动型环保行为决策的普适性决策理论拓展方向。     

重金属铜在黑土和棕壤中解吸行为的比较

采用一次平衡法研究吸附态Cu²⁺在黑土和棕壤上的解吸行为并进行了比较.结果表明,与棕壤相比,黑土吸附态Cu²⁺解吸有更长的滞后阶段,黑土在Cu²⁺的吸附量低于729.00mg·kg^-1(Cu²⁺处理浓度小于40 mg·L^-1),棕壤在Cu²⁺的吸附量低于393.29 mg·kg^-1(Gu²⁺处理浓度小于20 mg·L^-1)时,土壤吸附态Cu²⁺几乎不发生解吸.2种土壤吸附态Cu²⁺的解吸率均较低,尤其是黑土.在试验所采用的Gu²⁺处理浓度范围内,黑土与棕壤吸附态Cu²⁺的最高解吸率分别为6.60%和13.56%.Freundlich方程为描述2种土壤Cu²⁺等温解吸过程的最佳方程.黑土和棕壤吸附态Cu²⁺的解吸速率均较快,在40min左右基本达到平衡.描述黑土和棕壤解吸动力学过程的最优模型为双常数速率方程,其次为Elovich方程.