On the communicative significance of whistles in wild killer whales (Orcinus orca)

Killer whales (Orcinus orca) use pulsed calls and whistles in underwater communication. Unlike pulsed calls, whistles have received little study and thus their function is poorly known. In this study, whistle activities of groups of individually known killer whales were compared quantitatively across behavioural categories. Acoustic recordings and simultaneous behavioural observations were made of northern resident killer whales off Vancouver Island in 1996 and 1997. Whistles were produced at greater rates than discrete calls during close-range behavioural activities than during long-range activities. They were the predominant sound-type recorded during socializing. The number of whistles per animal per minute was significantly higher during close-range behavioural activities than during long-range activities. Evidently, whistles play an important role in the close-range acoustic communication in northern resident killer whales.     

The structure of stereotyped calls reflects kinship and social affiliation in resident killer whales (Orcinus orca)

A few species of mammals produce group-specific vocalisations that are passed on by learning, but the function of learned vocal variation remains poorly understood. Resident killer whales live in stable matrilineal groups with repertoires of seven to 17 stereotyped call types. Some types are shared among matrilines, but their structure typically shows matriline-specific differences. Our objective was to analyse calls of nine killer whale matrilines in British Columbia to test whether call similarity primarily reflects social or genetic relationships. Recordings were made in 1985–1995 in the presence of focal matrilines that were either alone or with groups with non-overlapping repertoires. We used neural network discrimination performance to measure the similarity of call types produced by different matrilines and determined matriline association rates from 757 encounters with one or more focal matrilines. Relatedness was measured by comparing variation at 11 microsatellite loci for the oldest female in each group. Call similarity was positively correlated with association rates for two of the three call types analysed. Similarity of the N4 call type was also correlated with matriarch relatedness. No relationship between relatedness and association frequency was detected. These results show that call structure reflects relatedness and social affiliation, but not because related groups spend more time together. Instead, call structure appears to play a role in kin recognition and shapes the association behaviour of killer whale groups. Our results therefore support the hypothesis that increasing social complexity plays a role in the evolution of learned vocalisations in some mammalian species.     

习惯及价值导向的购买行为

个人行为必须对环境有利,这是现代社会日益增长的需求.在这场变革中,旨在改变人们态度的信息宣传是它的必备前提.信息宣传虽然可能是必不可少的,但是它本身并不足以完成促进变革的任务.我们认为,首先,许多影响环境的日常行为,都是习惯成自然的行为.可是,几乎没有人关注这个特点,并通过信息导向来改变这些习惯行为.另外一些情况下,行为更主要是由价值导向的.不过,除了可能的环境后果之外,还有其它信息更可能吸引行为人的注意,影响其行为选择.为了研究消费者行为,我们进行了调查和实验,研究什么样的信息条件更容易影响对环境关注水平不同的人们.基于这些研究,讨论对行为改变的含义.     

Olfactory learning and memory in the bumblebee Bombus occidentalis

In many respects, the behavior of bumblebees is similar to that of the closely related honeybees, a long-standing model system for learning and memory research. Living in smaller and less regulated colonies, bumblebees are physiologically more robust and thus have advantages in particular for indoor experiments. Here, we report results on Pavlovian odor conditioning of bumblebees using the proboscis extension reflex (PER) that has been successfully used in honeybee learning research. We examine the effect of age, body size, and experience on learning and memory performance. We find that age does not affect learning and memory ability, while body size positively correlates with memory performance. Foraging experience seems not to be necessary for learning to occur, but it may contribute to learning performance as bumblebees with more foraging experience on average were better learners. The PER represents a reliable tool for learning and memory research in bumblebees and allows examining interspecific similarities and differences of honeybee and bumblebee behavior, which we discuss in the context of social organization.     

Rapid matching in Drosophila place learning

The level of conditioned behavior in animals is proportional to the intensity, amount, frequency, or probability of reinforcement. Interestingly, this matching can be dynamic, with performance levels following, for example, a switch in the probability of reinforcement with a short delay. We previously found that conditioned performance levels in Drosophila match reinforcement intensity in a place conditioning paradigm. Whether Drosophila can match conditioned behavior to a change in reinforcement intensity was an open question. In this study, we found that both conditioned behavior and memory levels match reinforcement intensity after a switch, and this rapid matching occurs within 2 min. Thus, fruit flies can dynamically match conditioned behavior and memory levels to a change in reinforcement intensity.     

RTK技术在煤矿工作面地表移动观测站的应用

煤矿沉降监测中,由于矿区的地表变化、地域面积大、地形变化复杂,传统的测绘方法已无法满足现在的测绘需求,使得GPS-RTK方法被广泛的应用于煤矿采空区沉降实际使用中。文章通过实际应用案例,对RTK区域沉降监测方法进行分析,并提出合理的改进方法以提高其精度,从而提高了实际应用的效率。     

公众的主动型环保行为决策研究及发展探讨

自愿承担环保行为所产生相关成本的主动型环保行为对环境问题的长期持续改善有着重要意义。从主动型环保行为决策的内涵出发,根据现有研究的价值观、认知过程两大研究方向,分别就个体规范和环境自我认同,社会维度和时间维度介绍两种研究方向下的主动型环保行为决策研究现状,运用行为决策的研究方法,分析主动型环保行为决策的现有研究局限,亦希望为探索主动型环保行为决策的普适性决策理论拓展方向。     

Global Warming: Risk Perception and Risk-Mitigating Behavior in Japan

Global warming is a major concern for the Japanese public. However, because the influence of global environmental risks, particularly global warming, is long-term and widespread, it seems difficult for the public to recognize it as a familiar and important problem that necessitates firm action. This study attempts to determine the causal structure promoting risk-mitigating behavior with regard to global warming, using Covariance Structure Analysis (CSA) with data from a survey of a subset of the Japanese population. We model the causal structure promoting risk-mitigating behavior population. There are four main stages in the process of decision-making for and values, risk perception, mitigating behavior intention, and personal environmental policies has three stages: concerns and values, risk perceptions, ectively accelerate the public’s participation in policy decisions, by translating their risk-mitigating into practical actions. Increased knowledge through improved access should improve the interaction between the public and environmental policy-makers with regard to global warming, using CSA with data from a survey of a subset of the Japanese personal actions: concerns actions. Support for andmitigating behavior intentions. Our results suggest that improved access to information concerning the risks associated with global warming in particular, and environmental issues in general, will be sufficient to effintentions for to information in Japan.     

滇池沉积物中磷的释放行为研究

滇池分为草海和外海两个水体,且草海污染较外海严重,但是外海的藻类爆发的频率和强度都高于草海。通过实验室模拟,研究了滇池草海与外海沉积物中磷的释放行为及其藻类爆发程度不同的原因。结果表明,两个沉积物中磷的释放动力学都表现了非单一的扩散过程,拟二级动力学模型可以较好描述释放过程。草海比外海总磷高7倍,但是在水中的释放只高2倍。对两个沉积物而言,由于与表面附着的磷有竞争作用,溶解胡敏酸的加入都显著增大了磷的释放。与草海相比,外海的水交换速率慢、水深浅、沉积物有机质含量低、内源磷释放强以及对外源磷缓冲能力弱,这些特征都是有利于藻类爆发的条件。研究表明抑制滇池藻类爆发要同时考虑对外源磷和内源磷的控制。     

氨氮在土壤中的吸附/解吸动力学行为的研究

文章主要研究氨氮在土壤中吸附/解吸动力学和热力学行为及其影响因素。通过对氨氮吸附/解吸动力学的研究发现,氨氮的吸附和解吸基本都符合一级反应动力学方程。通过对氨氮热力学的研究发现,氨氮的吸附等温式既不符合Langmuir,也不符合Freundlich。我们考察吸附剂大小、吸附剂含量、pH值、温度的因素对氨氮吸附等温线的影响,研究发现,粒度越小,pH值越大、温度越低,土壤对氨氮的吸附能力越强,而土壤和溶液的最佳配比还有待于进一步考察。此外,通过对温度的考察发现,土壤对氨氮的吸附属于物理吸附。     

群体心理行为模拟的探讨

目前群体心理行为的计算机模拟的重要性日益显现,研究工作取得了一定成就．面临的巨大困难是如何建立一个可信的群体心理模型。笔者对群体心理行为模拟现状进行了介绍和分析。     

多溴联苯醚及其环境行为

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)在环境中的浓度快速增长,在各种生物体和人体中也发现了PBDEs的存在,因此已经成为了全球性的环境污染物,是目前研究的一大热点。文章介绍了PBDEs的物理化学性质、分析方法、在环境中的分布归趋和控制措施,着重介绍了水环境中PBDEs的分布和归趋。     

人工湿地中磷的行为及其去除方法研究

人工湿地中磷是通过基质、微生物和植物的共同作用去除的，其中基质对磷的吸附和沉淀是人工湿地除磷的主要方面。构筑两个以碎石和细砂为填料的人工湿地模拟单元，一个种上芦苇，另一个不种任何植物，研究湿地对磷的处理效果。前期试验表明，种芦苇的湿地总磷去除率可以迭到92％，其中，总磷的67．35％在湿地上部就得以去除，有相当一部分磷是由湿地中植物、微生物和基质的协同作用加速去除的。最后对人工湿地除磷存在的主要问题及对策进行了探讨。     

人工湿地中磷的行为及其去除方法研究

人工湿地中磷是通过基质、微生物和植物的共同作用去除的,其中基质对磷的吸附和沉淀是人工湿地除磷的主要方面.构筑两个以碎石和细砂为填料的人工湿地模拟单元,一个种上芦苇,另一个不种任何植物,研究湿地对磷的处理效果.前期试验表明,种芦苇的湿地总磷去除率可以达到92%,其中,总磷的67.35%在湿地上部就得以去除,有相当一部分磷是由湿地中植物、微生物和基质的协同作用加速去除的.最后对人工湿地除磷存在的主要问题及对策进行了探讨.