暖体假人的测试原理及应用

暖体假人是用于服装热学性能实验的通用仪器设备。本文概述了暖体假人的测试原理、系统构成及其在服装测试与评价中的应用。     

出汗的暖体假人：一种新型的防护服装测试仪器

假人还会出汗？原来，这种假人是专门用于防护服装测试的仪器。服装除满足美学方面的要求外，更重要的是保护人体免受外界环境的不利影响，如机械运动、冷、热、湿、化学腐蚀、辐射等等。衣服的保暖性主要取决于环境条件和活动标准。日常着装可根据经验和惯例自行调整，但在某些特定条件下。服装的热舒适性显得尤为重要，其性能的测试数据通常被用来评价服装系统的功能性。在理想的热平衡条件下，人体通过新陈代谢所产生的热量应与人体散热相等。人体散热主要通过皮肤进行，而大部分皮肤则是被服装所遮盖。服装的保暖主要取决于服装材料的性…     

暖体假人的测试原理及应用

暖体假人是用于服装热学性能实验的通用仪器设备。本文概述了暖体假人的测试原理、系统构成及其在服装测试与评价中的应用。     

暖体假人模拟人体热反应测控模型的研究

通过低温下人体非蒸发散热规律的研究与应用,建立了暖体假人模拟人体热反应仿真测控模型,该测控模型具有很好的调节品质和实用价值。     

用暖体假人测定服装保暖量的标准化问题

论述了用干热暖体假人在恒温条件下测定服装热阻的标准化问题。为实现标准化,首先应该建立一个统一的考核指标体系,它包括准确度,重复精度和量程,同时还对影响测试结果的诸因素进行了讨论。     

常温条件下服装热阻测试方法研究

对常温环境条件下模拟低温环境用暖体假人测试服装热阻的实验技术进行了研究。通过提高假人皮肤温度的控制水平,适当提高皮肤温度与环境湿度的差值,只要保证△T在一定的范围内,常温与低温下热阻的测试结果就无明显差异。这样,常温条件下服装的热学性能实验就能代替低温条件下的测试实验,克服实验条件的限制,从而促进暖体假人测试技术的推广应用。     

服装热阻和湿阻的测量与计算

热阻和湿阻是影响服装热湿舒适性的两个重要参数,其测量方法对于研究和改善服装的热湿舒适性具有重要意义。本文介绍了面料和服装的热阻、湿阻的概念和测量方法,以一件连体型防静电无尘服为例,使用出汗暖体假人"Newton",对其热阻、湿阻进行测量,详细阐述了服装的局部到整体的热阻、湿阻的测量与计算,并分析了服装各个局部热阻、湿阻的特点。     

美国ADAM暖体假人简介

ADAM暖体假人（Advanced Thermal Manikin）是当今世界上最先进的热能测试人体舒适度模型。是热能测试人体模型技术上的一个飞跃。ADAM是由美国国家可再生资源实验室和美国西北测试科技公司（MTNW）共同研制的，用来精确检测车辆和航行器内短时间的环境变化。ADAM有126个独立的发汗区，可以高度精确地模拟人在不同环境气候条件下的感觉和舒适度，以及人体的各种反应，如出汗、呼吸等等。     

The influence of sweating on the heat transmission properties of cold protective clothing studied with a sweating thermal manikin.

One of the objectives of the European SUBZERO project was to study the influence of sweat evaporation and condensation on the heat transmission properties of cold protective clothing. With the sweating thermal manikin Coppelius, water vapour transfer through and water condensation in the clothing can be determined simultaneously with the thermal insulation. In this study, 4 cold protective ensembles, intended for use temperatures between 0 and -50 degrees C, were measured with the dry manikin and at 2 different sweating rates. In addition, the ensembles were measured with non-sweating thermal manikins and in wear trials.     

常用高、低温防护服着装舒适性研究

防护服装的全面评价通常涉及安全性、工效学特性等多个方面。在常用高、低温防护服隔热性能研究基础上,对服装的舒适性进行了初步研究,以期为高低温防护服的选用和设计改进等提供依据。本研究应用热平板仪、人工气候室等研究设备以及真人着装实验,对高低温作业典型工种常用的耐高温防护服和低温防护服的舒适性能进行了研究。研究结果显示,不同类型高、低温防护服的透气性、透湿性、着装压力、肢体活动角度等均表现出一定差异,防护服的面料、结构和工艺等均影响到其整体舒适性,并提出了相应的改善建议。     

冬服保暖量研究

本文通过冷环境条件下实验室和野外士兵群体着装试验研究,提出了满足我国各服装气候区士兵执行作战训练任务要求的冬服保暖量.该研究对指导我军冬服研究、装备和科学穿衣有重要意义.     

常用高、低温防护服隔热性能研究

为评价常用类型高、低温防护服的防护性能,本研究应用热平板仪、人工气候室和暖体假人等研究设备,对高低温作业典型工种常用的耐高温防护服和低温防护服的隔热性能进行了研究。研究结果显示,不同类型高、低温防护服的服装面料、服装整体的隔热性表现出一定差异,模拟环境下的着装生理学测试结果也存在不同,防护服的面料、结构和工艺等均影响到其整体隔热性能。防护服装的全面评价通常涉及安全性、工效学特性等多个方面,有必要从服装的舒适性、工效学特性等方面进一步研究,并开展大规模的现场人体穿着实验,从而为高低温防护服的选用和设计改进等提供依据。     

Parallel and serial methods of calculating thermal insulation in European manikin standards

Standard No. EN 15831:2004 provides 2 methods of calculating insulation: parallel and serial. The parallel method is similar to the global one defined in Standard No. ISO 9920:2007. Standards No. EN 342:2004, EN 14058:2004 and EN 13537:2002 refer to the methods defined in Standard No. EN ISO 15831:2004 for testing cold protective clothing or equipment. However, it is necessary to consider several issues, e.g., referring to measuring human subjects, when using the serial method. With one zone, there is no serial-parallel issue as the results are the same, while more zones increase the difference in insulation value between the methods. If insulation is evenly distributed, differences between the serial and parallel method are relatively small and proportional. However, with more insulation layers overlapping in heavy cold protective ensembles, the serial method produces higher insulation values than the parallel one and human studies. Therefore, the parallel method is recommended for standard testing.     

Calculation of clothing insulation by serial and parallel methods: effects on clothing choice by IREQ and thermal responses in the cold.

Cold protective clothing was studied in 2 European Union projects. The objectives were (a) to examine different insulation calculation methods as measured on a manikin (serial or parallel), for the prediction of cold stress (IREQ); (b) to consider the effects of cold protective clothing on metabolic rate; (c) to evaluate the movement and wind correction of clothing insulation values. Tests were carried out on 8 subjects. The results showed the possibility of incorporating the effect of increases in metabolic rate values due to thick cold protective clothing into the IREQ model. Using the higher thermal insulation value from the serial method in the IREQ prediction, would lead to unacceptable cooling of the users. Thus, only the parallel insulation calculation method in EN 342:2004 should be used. The wind and motion correction equation (No. 2) gave realistic values for total resultant insulation; dynamic testing according to EN 342:2004 may be omitted.     

A laboratory experiment testing the antecedents of leader cognitions

A laboratory experiment was conducted to test relationships between leadership style, feedback on subordinate performance within the context of either the vision or goals of the organization, and leader cognitions representing a modified version of Wofford and Goodwin's (1994) cognitive processing model of leadership. The results indicated that: (1) positive feedback leads to the access of transformational cognitions, whereas negative feedback leads to the access of transactional cognitions; (2) negative feedback about subordinate performance causes transformational leaders to access transactional cognitions in response to subordinates; (3) the relationship between transformational leadership behavior and transformational cognitions is strengthened when feedback received about subordinates is vision‐related compared to feedback that is goal‐related; and (4) the relationship between transactional leadership behavior and transactional cognitions is strengthened when feedback received is goal‐related compared to feedback that is vision‐related. Limitations and future research directions are discussed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.