企业污染岂能仅用罚款解决一河北敬业集团污染调查报生口

近日．本刊多次接到河北省平山县南甸镇村民的投诉。投诉称．多年来河北敬业集团的平山钢铁厂及化工厂制造的烟尘．污水废气和噪声污染严重干扰了他们的正常生活，令他们已经无法忍受。2005年11月末至12月初期间，本刊记者前往河北省平山县南甸镇进行了暗访。[编者按]     

企业污染岂能仅用罚款解决--河北敬业集团污染调查报告

近日,本刊多次接到河北省平山县南甸镇村民的投诉。投诉称, 多年来河北敬业集团的平山钢铁厂及化工厂制造的烟尘、污水、废气和噪声污染严重干扰了他们的正常生活,令他们已经无法忍受。 2005年11月末至12月初期间,本刊记者前往河北省平山县南甸镇进行了暗访。     

大气污染治理:要决心与魄力,更要智慧与耐心

雾霾问题是当下我国关注程度最高的环境问题,其与我国的经济发展阶段密切相关.本文以雾霾治理为切入点,分别从认识现状、经济发展形势、治理建议等几方面分析如何在环境保护与经济发展之间找寻平衡点,促进我国的大气环境治理真正走上可持续性发展之路.     

Heat Shielding: A Novel Method of Colonial Thermoregulation in Honey Bees

 Honey bees, Apis mellifera, maintain constant colony temperatures throughout the year. Honey bees fan their wings to cool the colony, and often spread fluid in conjunction with this behavior to induce evaporative cooling. We present an additional, previously undescribed mechanism used by the honey bee to maintain constant colony temperature in response to localized temperature increases. Worker bees shield the comb from external heat sources by positioning themselves on hot interior regions of the hive's walls. Although honey comb and brood comb were both shielded, the temperature-sensitive brood received a greater number of heat shielders and was thus better protected from overheating. Heat shielding appears to be a context-dependent adaptive behavior performed by worker bees who would previously have been considered "unemployed." Received: 16 November 1998 / Accepted in revised form: 31 March 1999     

Mating flights select for symmetry in honeybee drones (Apis mellifera)

Males of the honeybee (Apis mellifera) fly to specific drone congregation areas (DCAs), which virgin queens visit in order to mate. From the thousands of drones that are reared in a single colony, only very few succeed in copulating with a queen, and therefore, a strong selection is expected to act on adult drones during their mating flights. In consequence, the gathering of drones at DCAs may serve as an indirect mate selection mechanism, assuring that queens only mate with those individuals having a better flight ability and a higher responsiveness to the queen’s visual and chemical cues. Here, we tested this idea relying on wing fluctuating asymmetry (FA) as a measure of phenotypic quality. By recapturing marked drones at a natural DCA and comparing their size and FA with a control sample of drones collected at their maternal hives, we were able to detect any selection on wing size and wing FA occurring during the mating flights. Although we found no solid evidence for selection on wing size, wing FA was found to be significantly lower in the drones collected at the DCA than in those collected at the hives. Our results demonstrate the action of selection during drone mating flights for the first time, showing that developmental stability can influence the mating ability of honeybee drones. We therefore conclude that selection during honeybee drone mating flights may confer some fitness advantages to the queens.     

无独有偶

记得在《世界环境》杂志今年第五期的封面上看过一幅绘画．画面是数不尽的高楼大厦．参差不齐．鳞次栉比。但在画面的最低处．在摩天大楼的重围中只有一处“不起眼“的矮小古建筑物和几棵少得可怜的绿树．它们几乎要被现代高大建筑所湮灭。这幅画无疑向人们清楚地表达了城市化带来的弊端之一——传统建筑的消失。     

Mating behaviour in a slave-making ant, Rossomyrmex minuchae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

The mating behaviour of the ant Rossomyrmex minuchae, a rare, protected slave-making species in Spain, seems to be significantly affected by its particular life history and patchy habitat. The mating behaviour of the entire genus Rossomyrmex is virtually unknown. We present here the results of a 3-year study of mating behaviour in R. minuchae.Behavioural observations and limited nest excavations revealed that R. minuchae does not produce sexuals every year, the number of sexuals is low, and the sex ratio tends to be female biased. Females typically exhibit two distinct activity periods. The first, the mating period, takes place in early afternoon: the ants call near the natal nest, mate and then return to their nest. The second, the dispersal period takes place in late afternoon: the mated females exit their nest and fly in search of a new, non-parasitized Proformica longiseta host nest. Males are highly active during the mating period, but will remain inactive in the dispersal period even if experimentally presented with virgin females. It appears that females are monogamous, while males are polygamous. When males are late arriving at the female calling site, the females will frequently congregate presumably calling in chorus.The low reproductive efficiency exhibited by R. minuchae, coupled with the postulated low genetic variation in the population, as sisters may mate with the same male, could result in a low survival rate and risk of eventual extinction. The observed decrease in nest density we observed during the 2004 season may be indicative of such a process.     

Mating System and Sexual Selection in the Scorpionfly Panorpa vulgaris (Mecoptera: Panorpidae)

Panorpa vulgaris   has become a model insect for testing theories of sexual selection. This contribution summarizes that which has been learned in recent years and presents new data that clearly show that the mating system of P. vulgaris is not simply a resource-defense polygyny, as has previously been thought. In P. vulgaris neither the pattern in food exploitation nor the ratio of variance in the lifetime reproductive success of the two sexes is in accordance with that expected in resource defense polygynous mating systems. Lifetime mating duration is the most important proximate determinant of male fitness. Males employing alternative mating tactics obtain copulations of varying duration in relation to the following sequence: saliva secretion  1  food offering  1  no gift. The number of salivary masses which males provide to females during their lifetime is significantly correlated with the lifetime condition index. The condition index depends on the fighting prowess of males and their ability to find food items. Thus saliva secretion of Panorpa is considered a Zahavian handicap, which can serve as an honest quality indicator used by mating females. Our results confirm four main predictions of the indicator model of the theory of sexual selection: (a) the indicator signals high ecological quality of its bearer, (b) the indicator value increases with phenotypic quality, (c) the indicator value is positively correlated with the genetic quality affecting offspring fitness in a natural selection context, and (d) the quality indicator is more costly for low- than for high-quality individuals. The evolutionary consequences of the mating pattern and the sperm competition mechanism in P. vulgaris are discussed in the context the way in which sexual selection creates and maintains sperm mixing and the evolution of a promiscuous mating system.     

Mating success and fidelity to territories in a fallow deer lek: a female removal experiment

A lek is a clump of male territories that females visit only for mating; it is quite a rare mating system among mammals. As we wanted to investigate the role of past male mating success on their fidelity to lek territories, we displaced fallow deer females by a lek (Lek A), i.e. we removed the resources for rutting males. They moved to a new area followed by some of the territorial males (mobile males) where they established a new lek (Lek B). Other males (faithful males) stayed on Lek A. The former had lower mating success and dominance ranking in the early, undisturbed part of the rut. After disturbance, the MS of faithful males was much reduced, while that of mobile males was higher on Lek B than it had been on Lek A. We then disturbed Lek B. Females returned to Lek A, and the mating success of faithful males reverted to its original level. Past mating success was the main factor predicting whether a male was faithful or mobile. We illustrated for the first time the importance of past experience in promoting lek fidelity; this experiment gives an insight into the mechanisms leading to the traditional use of leks.     

农村室内空气污染不容忽视

随着经济的发展,农民的生活水平日益提高,农村室内装修的面积也在大幅度增加.因此,农村室内空气污染就越来越不容忽视,应采取相应的控制措施使农村室内空气污染得到改善.     

单一好氧环境下的强化生物除磷研究

将乙酸钠为单一碳源、厌氧/好氧交替、具有较好除磷效果的传统生物除磷SBR系统,改为单一的好氧SBR运行方式,发现改变后的SBR系统仍可取得较好的除磷效果,除磷率最高达73.9%,最低约40%,平均维持在50%左右.这种现象可以维持长达80个周期.污泥含磷率由最初的1.43%增加到6.56%.对污泥微生物胞内PHB和糖原进行测定,结果表明此系统中微生物PHB和糖原在VSS中含量分别约为27 mg/g和26 mg/g,二者含量在好氧过程中都基本保持不变.通过对反应过程中碳源消耗与磷吸收关系的分析,认为该单一好氧条件下的生物除磷机制是由于长期以乙酸钠为唯一碳源下,试验系统中活性污泥被驯化,在胞内聚磷颗粒含量容纳能力范围内还可以在好氧环境下以乙酸钠氧化产生的ATP为能量进行磷吸收所致.     

污染城市大气PM10单颗粒形态特征——以石家庄市为例

选择大气污染严重的石家庄市为北方污染城市代表,采集石市PM10颗粒物样品,运用扫描电镜和X射线能谱分析技术,观察分析单颗粒物形态特征。结果表明,污染城市大气PM10以块状颗粒物数量最多,来自表土风蚀的矿物颗粒;次为凝聚状颗粒和球状颗粒物,是人为源的标志;球粒可分为硅质小球、硅铝小球和铁质小球三类,分别具有光滑、粗糙和及粗糙外观形态。污染城市大气环境中生物质颗粒物多为菌类及生物残体。各类颗粒物常常粘附混杂在一起,当中有些是由丝状生物质颗粒物缠绕捕获而成。     

茂名单点系泊系统接卸超巨型油轮的安全论证

通过对30×104t级巨型油轮的吃水深度以及茂名单点系泊缆绳、锚链强度的计算,分析了茂名单点系泊系统接卸30×104t级油轮的安全可靠性.