海南省土壤中稀土元素的生物有效态含量和总量

利用高灵敏度、低检出限的ICP-MS研究了海南省土壤中稀土元素总量和有效态含量.结果表明:海南土壤中各稀土元素总量均高于全国背景值,是全国背景值的110160%,各稀土元素的有效态含量与总量之间的相关系数在0.6630.949范围内变化(p<0.01,n=63),具有明显正相关性.为深入探讨和评估土壤中稀土元素的生态和环境效应,制定农用稀土开发利用过程中的环境保护对策提供科学依据,将土壤中稀土元素总量和有效态含量结合起来研究是很有必要的;文章研究首次得出如下结论:海南土壤中生物有效态稀土元素含量占总量的23`%,显示出稀土元素生物有效性程度很高,所以稀土微肥在农业上的应用,在海南省应该区别不同的土壤类型,避免盲目向土壤中添加稀土,对保护土壤环境,维护农业生态系统有积极的科学指导意义.     

Biological treatments of textile industrial effluents in Lagos metropolis, Nigeria

The assessment of the effluents from two textile industries in Ilupeju in Lagos metropolis, Nigeria showed that they were high in conductivity, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS) and contained traces of heavy metals like Ca, Zn but high concentrations of Cr and Pb. These wastewaters are normally discharged into neighbouring water bodies. Five bacterial groups, namely Micrococcus sp., Enterobacter sp., Alcaligens sp., Bacillus sp. and Acinetobacter sp. were isolated from these effluents. They were used individually for biotreatment and found to be able to utilize the components of the wastewaters for growth, Bacillus sp. and Acinetobacter sp. being the most efficient utilizers as they were able to reduce BOD to zero. The total viable count (TVC) increased significantly depicting growth of the bacterial population. The pH was regulated from 3.4-6.80 for NSF effluent and 12.2-10.29 for STI effluent. The work emphasises the level of industrial pollution in our environment as wastes are indiscrimately dumped into surrounding water bodies in urban areas, the textile industry being a case study. The treatment of any form of waste before disposal into the environment is important and ensures safety of the populace.     

河台金矿矿山土壤-植物稀土元素含量分布和迁移积聚特征

在广东省河台金矿矿山采取岩石、土壤、植物样品,并对其中的稀土元素含量采用ICP-MS法测定,研究了金矿矿山岩石、土壤、植物的根、茎、叶稀土元素含量分布和迁移积聚特征.结果表明：在金矿区稀土元素在岩石、土壤、植物样品中含量均高于背景对照区.在成矿和表生地球化学过程中金矿土壤各层的稀土元素发生迁移和分异,在表土层和心土层含量高于底土层和成土母岩;矿山土壤各剖面层轻重稀土发生分异,轻稀土富集,重稀土相对贫乏,且均有不同程度的Eu亏损和Ce的负异常.蕨类植物芒萁(Dicranopteris dichotoma)表现极强的积累富集稀土元素能力.稀土元素在植株体内的分布规律不同,对于芒萁而言：叶>根>茎,而马尾松(Pinas massoniana)为：根>叶>茎.金矿区植物稀土元素地球化学和生物地球化学异常反映出所在金矿特殊成矿地质背景以及生境的地球化学特点.稀土元素的生物吸收系数和生物转移系数表征出植物对稀土元素的吸收富集能力以及在各个器官的迁移状况,金矿区各植物体形成对金矿环境不同的适应机制和各自独特的稀土元素生物地球化学特征.     

稀土元素的脑部蓄积性、毒性及其对人群健康的潜在危害

论述了稀土元素在动物脑部的蓄积性、对脑的毒性以及稀土区人群的脑部毒性效应,分析了稀土农业应用和稀土厂“三废”对生态环境和人群健康的潜在危害。     

Assessment of Iodine Deficiency and Goitre Incidence in Parts of Yewa Area of Ogun State, Southwestern Nigeria

This study was carried out to determine the occurrence, prevalence and contributing factors to the incidence of goitre in Yewa north local government area of Ogun state, southwestern Nigeria. To achieve these objectives, soil, water, and cassava tubers were collected from four villages – Igbogila, Egua, Sawonjo and Imoto and from Lagos (about 250 m to the ocean) as a reference location, in order to determine their iodine concentrations. The results of the analyses indicated a soil mean iodine range of 2.1–5.8 μg g⁻¹; a cassava mean iodine value of 2.3–3.5 μg g⁻¹ and a drinking water mean iodine value of generally <1.0 μg L⁻¹ in all the four villages. These values of iodine in soil and water of the four villages are considered low when compared with the soil iodine value of 7.4 μg g⁻¹ and water iodine value of 6.1 μg L⁻¹ obtained from Lagos. The limestone unit of the study area remains an inhibiting factor in the bioavailability of the iodine because of its alkalinity. Statistical analysis has shown that there was significant difference between iodine concentration in the soils and the drinking water, and a correlation between the soil iodine and organic matter content at p < 0.05. The correlation between soil iodine and granulometric fractions occurred at p < 0.01. Potential goitrogens in the commonly consumed cassava products might also have contributed to the prevalence of goitre in the study area. Both the females and the adults (i.e., less mobile groups) were found to be vulnerable to goitre development in these villages.     

稀土元素的脑部蓄积性、毒性及其对人群健康的潜在危害

论述了稀土元素在动物脑部的蓄积性、对脑的毒性以及稀土区人群的脑部毒性效应，分析了稀土农业应用和稀土厂“三废”对生态环境和人群健康的潜在危害。     

Species and distribution of rare earth elements in the Baotou section of the Yellow River in China

This paper analyses the contents and species distributions of rare earth elements (REEs) in the water-suspended particulate-sediment system of the Baotou section of the Yellow River, China, with known anthropogenic REE input from industrial discharges. The major forms of REEs were suspended and dissolved in the mainstream and the tributaries of the Baotou section, respectively. The concentrations of the dissolved and suspended REEs had the same trends in the overlying water along the mainstream, which increased from the Seqi section (site A) to the mouth of the Sidaosha River (site D), reaching a maximum value at site D, and tending to decrease thereafter. The contents of REEs in sediment cores showed enrichment with light rare earth elements (LREEs). The bound to carbonates and to Fe–Mn oxides are the major forms of REE in the secondary phase and the REE exhibited LREE enrichment pattern and moderate Eu depletion in suspended particulates and surface sediments. The contents and species distributions of REEs in the water-suspended particulate-sediment system of the Baotou section suggest that the anthropogenic source of REEs from Baotou city have enhanced REE accumulation to the Baotou section. This information is important for predicting possible pollution resulting from anthropogenic REE input into rivers.     

稀土工业区土壤中钍形态的植物可利用性评价

土壤中钍的生物可利用性与其对生态环境的危害密切相关.分别采用小麦盆栽培养实验和连续萃取方法研究(Triticum aestivum L.)对土壤中钍的吸收及根际土壤和原质土壤中钍形态差别.结果表明,根际土壤中钍的质量分数较原质土壤低,根际土壤和原质土壤中钍的形态分布存在一定差别,根际土壤中非残留态量较原质土壤中高.利用吸附了钍的高岭土、蒙脱土、碳酸钙、无定形氧化铁、无定形氧化锰和腐殖酸等作为小麦水培实验基质材料,并采用连续萃取方法对钍各形态的植物可利用性进行了考察.吸附材料中钍对小麦吸收的贡献指数由大到小的顺序为:高岭土、碳酸钙、腐殖酸、无定形氧化铁、无定形氧化锰、蒙脱土.由各模拟材料结合的优势钍形态,钍各形态的小麦可利用性由大到小的顺序为:离子交换态、碳酸盐结合态、有机质吸附态、无定形铁锰氢氧化物共沉淀态、晶形铁锰氢氧化物结合态.     

Effect of salinity on survival and growth of blue crab, Callinectes amnicola from Lagos Lagoon, Nigeria

The effect of salinity on the survival and growth of Callinectes amnicola (De Rocheburne) from the Lagos Lagoon, Nigeria was monitored in the laboratory for 22 weeks. The crabs were euryhaline and tolerated a salinity range of 5 to 25 per thousand and had 90% survival at 15 and 20 per thousand. The highest gain in weight (173.0%) and carapace width (56.1%) was obtained at salinity of 15 per thousand. The highest specific growth rate (1.98) was obtained at 15 per thousand, while the lowest specific growth rate (-0.28) was recorded at 35 per thousand. The condition factor of the crabs showed a fairly consistent pattern at the different salinity levels with values ranging from 5.7 to 7.3. Complete moulting was obtained at salinity of 15 per thousand in the 12th week of the experiment. The crab with carapace width of 6.8 cm increased to 8.1 cm (19.1%) after moulting.     

Assessment of leaching behavior and human bioaccessibility of rare earth elements in typical hospital waste incineration ash in China

Leaching behavior and gastrointestinal bioaccessibility of rare earth elements (REEs) from hospital waste incineration (HWI) fly and bottom ash samples collected from Beijing and Nanjing Cities were assessed. In the same ash sample, the leaching concentrations of individual REEs determined by the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) were higher than those detected by the European standard protocol (EN-type test), thereby suggesting that the low pH value of leaching solution was an important factor influencing the leachability of REE. The REE bioaccessibility results, which were evaluated using the physiologically based extraction test (PBET), indicated that REEs were highly absorbed during gastric phase by dissolution; and subsequently precipitated and/or re-adsorbed in small intestinal phase. The relative amounts of the total REEs extracted by the TCLP method, EN-type test and PBET test were compared. In addition to the pH value of extraction solutions, the chelating role of REEs with organic ligands used in the PBET method was also an important parameter affecting REE adsorption in human body. Additionally, this study showed that REEs were extracted by these methods as concomitants of heavy metals and anions (NO₃ ^–, F^–, SO₄ ^2–, and Cl^–) from HWI ash, which probably caused the remarkably complex toxicity on human body by the exposure pathway.

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赣南富稀土矿区农田土壤中稀土元素的环境化学特征

选择江西赣县大田稀土矿区,研究了矿区耕作农田土壤中稀土元素的含量、分布及赋存形态特征。结果表明,该区土壤中稀土元素含量明显高于对照区和全国土壤平均含量,且相对富含重稀土元素。土壤中稀土元素的分布模式受成土母岩及元素性质控制,呈现Eu和Ce负异常。稀土元素主要以可交换态和有机结合态（特别是松结有机态）形式存在,具有较高的活性和生物有效性,可能影响生态环境安全。     

Accumulation of lead, cadmium and chromium in some plants cultivated along the bank of river Ribila at Odo-nla area of Ikorodu, Lagos state, Nigeria

Heavy metal in soil samples and in washed and unwashed samples of Telfaria occidentalis (ugwu) and Talinum triangulare (waterleaf) cultivated on the bank of river Ribila in Odo-nla village were determined. The soil was moderately polluted with cadmium when compared with Federal Environmental Protection Agency standards. The difference between the unwashed and washed plant samples revealed that metal pollutants exist as superficial contaminants on the foliage surface which is the edible portion and if the foliage portion is washed thoroughly it may be safe for dietary consumption. There is no doubt that continuous discharge of effluent and gaseous emissions from the industries located in this area and dumping of domestic wastes into the river may lead to higher concentrations of these heavy metals in the soil and in the tissue of the leafy vegetables cultivated on the river bank over time. This can eventually lead to pollution of the soil and the cultivated plants, which are ready source of food for the people and other organisms in the food chain.     

Rare earth elements distribution in seawater and suspended particulate of the Central Mediterranean Sea

Rare earth element (REE) content in suspended and dissolved phases from the Strait of Sicily (Central Mediterranean Sea) has been measured. Vertical profiles of several dissolved REEs along the water column reflect the 3-D oceanographic features of the studied area and identifies the different water masses present there. Shale-normalized REE distribution patterns and derived parameters calculated for the suspended particulate show different atmospheric dust-surface inputs and their interactions with seawater. Finally, combined information from [La/Yb]_N, ratios, REE/La ratios and Eu anomalies measured in the suspended particulate suggest an important contribution of volcanic materials from the Etna volcano and Saharan dust to the lithogenic fraction of the suspended particulate.     

Rare earth elements distribution in seawater and suspended particulate of the Central Mediterranean Sea

Rare earth element (REE) content in suspended and dissolved phases from the Strait of Sicily (Central Mediterranean Sea) has been measured. Vertical profiles of several dissolved REEs along the water column reflect the 3-D oceanographic features of the studied area and identifies the different water masses present there. Shale-normalized REE distribution patterns and derived parameters calculated for the suspended particulate show different atmospheric dust-surface inputs and their interactions with seawater. Finally, combined information from [La/Yb]_N, ratios, REE/La ratios and Eu anomalies measured in the suspended particulate suggest an important contribution of volcanic materials from the Etna volcano and Saharan dust to the lithogenic fraction of the suspended particulate.     

Distribution of selected elements and PAH in freshly deposited sediments of waste water streams from Lubin district, Southwest Poland

Nine selected elements (Cu, Pb, As, Zn, Co, Ni, Cr, Cd and Fe) were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy in 15 samples from the tailings pond (Zelazny Most) and waste water streams (Moskorzynke and Rudna) in the Kupferschiefer mining district in Southwest Poland. Waste water from mining and industry enter the Zelazny Most pond. The water then flows through Moskorzynke and Rudna streams, and discharges into the River Odra. The analytic results indicate that the contamination with Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Co, Cd and Fe extend about 6km along the streams in contrast to the nonpolluted samples close the River Odra. Their concentrations reach a level, which could be toxic for plants, animals and humans. The contamination with Ni and Cr continued at least 20km along Rudna stream. Besides mechanical transport, redox conditions and C_org contents also played an important role for trace element and Fe contamination in Rudna stream. The samples with high C_org contents have also high contents of trace metals. In Moskorzynke stream the element contamination was mainly caused by mechanical transport of particles. Polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), which is abundant in Kupferschiefer, is toxic for animals and humans. The PAH concentration in the stream sediments was determined by GC and GC/MS. The results indicate that the contamination of PAH reaches 6 and 17mgkg_–1 in samples TP1 and RS6, respectively. In the other samples, the PAH contents are lower than 3mgkg_–1. Some PAH could be solved by waste water in the tailings pond and migrated to the stream sediments. Some PAH might be contained in particles which were transported mechanically from the tailings pond into stream sediments.     

Evaluation of groundwater quality in the Xinjiang plain area

Groundwater is the main source of drinking water for the urban and rural residents in the plain area of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. The quality of groundwater has a direct relationship with human health. Thus, 386 groundwater samples collected from April to August in 2003 were analyzed. The samples were collected in basic evaluation units which are determined on the basis of watersheds. Total dissolved solids, total hardness, pH value, NH₃-N, C₆H₅OH, Chemiluminescence detection of permanganate index (COD_Mn) and intestinal germ group were evaluated according to the guidelines of Groundwater Quality Standard (GB/T14848-93). The quality of the groundwater in each evaluation unit was classified by using the One Veto Method (a unified approach stipulated by the Ministry of Water Resources). The results indicate that the groundwater in the mainstream area of the Tarim Basin and the Yerqiang River Sub-basin belongs to Category V; the groundwater in the Wulungu River Sub-basin, the Kaidu-Kongque River Sub-basin, the Kashgar River Sub-basin, the Cherchen River Sub-basin and the Hotan River Subbasin belongs to Category IV; the groundwater in the Aibi Lake System belongs to Category II, and the groundwater of other evaluation units belongs to Category III. The causes of water quality formation were concisely analyzed. The results can be useful for the evaluation and management of water resources in the Xinjiang Plain Area.     

稀土尾矿区土壤重金属污染与优势植物累积特征

矿山废弃地不仅占用大量土地,而且还是严重的污染源,因此,矿山废弃地的生态恢复己成为一项紧迫而重要的研究课题。对广东省河源市和平县下车镇内的稀土矿区土壤的重金属污染情况进行调查,并对该区优势植物对重金属的富集特征进行分析,以期对稀土尾矿区的生态系统的恢复和重建提供理论依据。主要研究的3种植物分别是：马唐草（Digitaria sanguinalis）,香根草（Vetiveria zizanioides）,望江南（Cassia occidentalis）。采用原子吸收分光光度法测定稀土矿区废弃地土壤和植被中Mn、Pb、Zn的含量,并计算优势植物对重金属的生物富集系数BAC（Biological Accumulating Coefficient）和生物转移系数BTC（Biological Transfer Coefficient）。结果表明：研究区域的土壤中重金属含量Mn、Pb、Zn的平均含量均超出广东省土壤背景值和中国土壤背景值,土壤受Mn污染最严重,其次是Pb、Zn的污染。3种草本植物对于Pb的BAC和BTC均小于1,说明这3种植物对Pb的富集和运输能力都很弱。香根草对于Mn和Zn的BAC分别为0.9和0.4,小于1,BTC分别为3.7和1.1,大于1,说明香根草对Mn和Zn的富集能力不强,但吸收后的运输能力很强。马唐草和望江南2种植物对于Mn和Zn的BAC和BTC均大于1,说明它们对重金属Mn和Zn具有较强的吸收和转移能力,是Mn和Zn的超富集植物。马唐草覆盖率高,抗病虫能力强,可作为该矿区生态恢复的先锋植物,望江南可以间作种植。     

Rare earth elements in street dust and associated health risk in a municipal industrial base of central China

The content levels, distribution characteristics, and health risks associated with 15 rare earth elements (REEs) in urban street dust from an industrial city, Zhuzhou, in central China were investigated. The total REE content (∑REE) ranged from 66.1 to 237.4 mg kg^?1, with an average of 115.9 mg kg^?1, which is lower than that of Chinese background soil and Yangtze river sediment. Average content of the individual REE in street dust decreased in the order Ce > La > Nd > Y > Pr > Sm > Gd > Dy > Er > Yb > Eu > Ho > Tb > Tm > Lu. The chondrite-normalized REE pattern indicated light REE (LREE) enrichment, a relatively steep LREE trend, heavy REE (HREE) depletion, a flat HREE trend, a Eu-negative anomaly and a Ce-positive anomaly. Foremost heavy local soil and to less degree anthropogenic pollution are the main sources of REE present in street dust. Health risk associated with the exposure of REE in street dust was assessed based on the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effect and lifetime average daily dose. The obtained cancer and non-cancer risk values prompt for no augmented health hazard. However, children had greater health risks than that of adults.     

Arsenic and other trace elements in groundwater and human urine in Ha Nam province,the Northern Vietnam: contamination characteristics and risk assessment

The contamination characteristics of arsenic and other trace elements in groundwater and the potential risks of arsenic from the groundwater were investigated. Elevated contamination of arsenic, barium and manganese was observed in tube-well water of two villages (Chuyen Ngoai and Chau Giang) in Ha Nam province in the Northern Vietnam. Concentrations of As in the groundwater ranged from 12.8 to 884 µg/L with mean values in Chuyen Ngoai and Chau Giang were 614.7 and 160.1 µg/L, respectively. About 83 % of these samples contained As concentrations exceeding WHO drinking water guideline of 10 μg/L. The mean values of Mn and Ba in groundwater from Chuyen Ngoai and Chau Giang were 300 and 657 μg/L and 650 and 468 μg/L, respectively. The mean value of Ba concentration in groundwater in both Chuyen Ngoai and Chau Giang was about 22 % of the samples exceeded the WHO guideline (700 µg/L). Arsenic concentrations in human urine of residents from Chuyen Ngoai and Chau Giang were the range from 8.6 to 458 µg/L. The mean values of Mn and Ba in human urine of local people from Chuyen Ngoai were 46.9 and 62.8 μg/L, respectively, while those in people from Chau Giang were 25.9 and 45.9 μg/L, respectively. The average daily dose from ingesting arsenic for consuming both untreated and treated groundwater is from 0.02 to 11.5 and 0.003 to 1.6 μg/kg day, respectively. Approximately, 57 % of the families using treated groundwater and 64 % of the families using untreated groundwater could be affected by elevated arsenic exposure.     

应用浅层地温测量法分析崩岗侵蚀与地下水分布关系

地下水是影响崩岗发生的重要驱动力之一,而地温场异常可以反映反推地下水分布。在野外调查的基础上,利用浅层地温法反演流动地下水脉分布的原理,分析并探讨了粤东五华典型崩岗侵蚀区的地下水分布、流向及与崩岗分布的空间关系。结果表明：地下水脉复杂多变的区域,其崩岗侵蚀程度也越严重。这种关系主要表现在3点：（1）较活跃和集中分布的崩岗侵蚀群常具有更多的浅层地温冷点;（2）零散分布的单个崩岗体,其水脉形态常呈不连续性,且总体流动方向较均一,与崩岗前进方向相反;（3）在崩岗群中,地下水脉则呈树枝状或网状展布。应用浅层地温法间接探讨崩岗侵蚀与地下水分布关系,是研究崩岗侵蚀过程与机理的新手段,具较好的应用前景。