Cd胁迫下As污染土壤对农作物生长及农产品安全性的影响

采用盆栽实验的方法研究了在Cd胁迫下As污染物对水稻(Oryze sativa L.)、大豆(Glycine mdx L .)生长发育及重金属吸收积累的影响,As-Cd污染土壤采用不同改性剂对农产品安全性的影响研究.研究结果表明:单元素As处理与对照相比水稻株高降低了10.3锄、产量下降了9.8%,而大豆株高、产量分别增加了6 cm、36.9%,在实验设计污染物浓度范围内,As对大豆生长发育有刺激作用.As-Cd处理与对照相比水稻的株高、产量分别下降了2.3 cm、1.75%,而大豆株高、产量下降了12 cm、5.6%,As-Cd污染处理抑制了作物的生长发育;As-Cd处理比单元素As处理其水稻籽实、茎叶、根中As含量分别多4.2倍、1.14倍、1.7倍,As-Cd处理比单元素As处理大豆籽实、茎叶、根中As含量分别多4.63倍、2.82倍、1.85倍,Cd元素的存在对水稻、大豆吸收As具有协同作用;采用腐殖酸4%、pH4处理改性措施使土壤中有效态As含量降低,降低了As对农作物的健康风险.     

天然沸石对土壤镉及番茄生物量的影响

为了探索沸石对轻度镉污染土壤的修复效果及对番茄生长的影响,利用盆栽试验研究了不同沸石添加量及不同沸石粒级等因素对不同生长时期番茄（Solanum lycopersicum）植株生物量、果实产量和土壤镉质量分数的影响。结果表明,添加沸石均不同程度地提高不同生长期番茄地上部生物量和果实产量;每千克土壤添加10 g的大粒级（MX）沸石使得土壤全镉和有效镉增加最多,同时也使番茄果实增产最多,每千克土壤添加18 g的小粒级（MN）沸石使得土壤全镉质量分数有所降低,土壤有效镉质量分数增加最少,同时也可使番茄果实增产42.9%以上。小粒级（MN）沸石为削减土壤重金属镉的最佳沸石粒级,18 g.kg-1为削减土壤重金属镉的最佳沸石添加量。     

天然沸石对土壤镉及番茄生物量的影响

为了探索沸石对轻度镉污染土壤的修复效果及对番茄生长的影响,利用盆栽试验研究了不同沸石添加量及不同沸石粒级等因素对不同生长时期番茄(Solanum lycopersicum)植株生物量、果实产量和土壤镉质量分数的影响。结果表明,添加沸石均不同程度地提高不同生长期番茄地上部生物量和果实产量;每千克土壤添加10 g的大粒级(MX)沸石使得土壤全镉和有效镉增加最多,同时也使番茄果实增产最多,每千克土壤添加18 g的小粒级(MN)沸石使得土壤全镉质量分数有所降低,土壤有效镉质量分数增加最少,同时也可使番茄果实增产42.9%以上。小粒级(MN)沸石为削减土壤重金属镉的最佳沸石粒级,18 g.kg-1为削减土壤重金属镉的最佳沸石添加量。     

The effect of two different biochars on remediation of Cd-contaminated soil and Cd uptake by Lolium perenne

Biochar can be widely used to reduce the bioavailability of heavy metals in contaminated soil because of its adsorption capacity. But there are few studies about the effects of biochar on cadmium uptake by plants in soil contaminated with cadmium (Cd). Therefore, an incubation experiment was used to investigate the effects of rice straw biochar (RSBC) and coconut shell biochar (CSBC) on Cd immobilization in contaminated soil and, subsequently, Cd uptake by Lolium perenne. The results showed that the microbial counts and soil enzyme activities were significantly increased by biochar in Cd-contaminated soil, which were consistent with the decrease of the bioavailability of Cd by biochar. HOAc-extractable Cd in soil decreased by 11.3–22.6% in treatments with 5% RSBC and by 7.2–17.1% in treatments with 5% CSBC, respectively, compared to controls. The content of available Cd in biochar treatments was significantly lower than in controls, and these differences were more obvious in treatment groups with 5% biochar. The Cd concentration in L. perenne reduced by 4.47–26.13% with biochar. However, the biomass of L. perenne increased by 1.35–2.38 times after adding biochar amendments. So, Cd uptake by whole L. perenne was augmented by RSBC and CSBC. Accordingly, this work suggests that RSBC and CSBC have the potential to be used as a useful aided phytoremediation technology in Cd-contaminated soil.

     

四种改良剂对Cu、Cd复合污染土壤中Cu、Cd形态和土壤酶活性的影响

以黑麦草（Lolium perenne L.）作为修复植物进行田间试验,研究了石灰、磷灰石、蒙脱石、凹凸棒石4种改良剂对铜镉复合污染土壤中Cu、Cd形态和土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,改良剂提高了污染土壤pH,降低了土壤可交换态（EX）Cu、Cd含量;改良剂提高了土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性,每种改良剂对土壤酶活性增加幅度随其添加剂量增加而增大;土壤酶活性与土壤EX态Cu、Cd含量呈显著或极显著负相关关系,与土壤pH呈显著或极显著正相关关系;高剂量石灰（石灰占污染土壤耕作层质量的0.4%）和高剂量磷灰石（磷灰石占污染土壤耕作层质量的2.32%）处理钝化污染土壤中Cu、Cd及提高土壤酶活性效果最好。     

石灰泥炭对镉铅锌污染土壤上小白菜生长和元素吸收的影响

采用盆栽方法研究了在镉、铅、锌污染土壤上,石灰和泥炭对小白菜生长状况及对污染元素(Ｃｄ,Ｐｂ,Ｚｎ)和养分元素(Ｎ,Ｐ,Ｋ,Ｃｕ,Ｍｎ,Ｆｅ)吸收的影响。结果表明,石灰消除了重金属的毒害症状．显著促进小白菜的生长、显著抑制小白菜对镉、铅、锌的吸收。石灰对氮、钾、铜、锰的吸收也有显著抑制作用。泥炭对小白菜生长的改善效果及对铜、铅、锌吸收的抑制效果较石灰差。提高酸性土壤ｐＨ值是减少作物对重金属吸收的有效方法。     

磷、锌肥处理对降低污染稻田水稻籽粒Cd含量的影响

探索农田措施控制水稻Cd吸收与籽粒积累是保障稻米食物安全的急迫需求.采用田间定位试验,研究了不同用量的钙镁磷肥及叶面喷施锌肥(ZnSO4·7H2O)等处理对污染稻田水稻籽粒Cd含量的影响.试验表明,施肥处理没有显著提高水稻产量,但籽粒Cd含量有不同程度降低.分析表明,这些处理提高了土壤的pH值,且随用量而增高,土壤中有效态Cd含量显著降低.土壤有效态Cd含量与土壤pH值存在显著负相关,推测主要是由于土壤pH升高而降低了土壤Cd活性.不过,叶面喷施ZnSO4·7H2O,并未明显提高土壤pH值,但显著降低土壤有效态Cd含量,可能是由于淹水下形成难溶性CdS而钝化了土壤Cd.因此,稻田中Cd钝化可以抑制Cd在水稻籽粒中的积累.但是,在严重污染稻田中,这些用量尚不能有效控制稻米Cd的安全.建议在严重重金属污染的土壤改种其它非Cd强积累作物.     

Contamination and vertical distribution of As,Cd, Cr,Cu, Pb,Tl, and Zn in paddy soil irrigated with untreated leachate from tailings retention ponds

The contamination and vertical distribution of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Tl, and Zn in paddy soil irrigated with untreated leachate from the tailings retention pond were investigated. As, Cr, Cu, and Zn were slightly contaminated in the surface soil and hence their vertical distribution was not obvious. However, Cd and Pb were highly contaminated in the surface soil, while their concentrations decreased with depth, being negatively correlated with pH and positively with total organic matter. Tl was considerably contaminated in the surface soil and a V-shaped vertical distribution was observed where the concentration increased to a maximum at about 30 cm depth and decreased thereafter. The findings revealed that the regular irrigation with untreated leachate from the tailings retention ponds could cause considerable contamination of Cd, Pb, and Tl, and thus tailings should be stringently treated before disposal to minimize their potential environmental impacts on the surroundings.     

Effects of three biochars on copper immobilization and soil microbial communities in a metal-contaminated soil using a metallophyte and two agricultural plants

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - Biochar (BC) is a porous, carbonaceous material produced by slow pyrolysis of biomass under oxygen-limited conditions. BC production has been attracting...     

Release of heavy metals from a river sediment by a synthetic polymer and an agricultural residue: Variation with time of contact

A comparative study of the solubilization of Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn from a river sediment by solutions of a residue from agricultural industry and a synthetic polymer (SP) is presented. The agricultural residue shows a higher mobilising effect than the SP. The presence of the latter causes in most cases an initial solubilization and a readsorption afterwards, with a tendency to an equilibrium for long reaction times. The effect of the agricultural residue is not uniform for all metals studied, with a significant formation of metal‐organic complexes for Cu and Zn. In the presence of the SP, the proportion of complexes formed is significant only for Zn.     

Predicting the relative oral bioavailability of naturally occurring As,Cd and Pb from in vitro bioaccessibility measurement: implications for human soil ingestion exposure assessment

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - Chestnut soils developed over mineralized areas of southwestern Spain are characterized by high baseline concentrations of geogenic trace elements, notably...     

生物炭对玉米苗期生长、养分吸收及土壤化学性状的影响

采用田间盆栽试验,研究了生物炭（biochar）对玉米（Gramineae）苗期生长（60 d）及土壤化学性质的影响。结果表明,在玉米苗期的前33 d,生物炭（48 t.hm-2）对玉米株高的生长有显著抑制作用,但随着玉米的生长发育,生物炭的抑制作用逐渐消失。收获时（播种后60 d）,生物炭对玉米植株干质量,N、P养分的吸收量没有显著影响;生物炭（12、48 t.hm-2）能显著提高土壤全N、有机碳质量分数,但对土壤全P、有效P、pH值没有显著影响。土壤全N、有机碳质量分数与生物炭用量（0、2.4、12、48 t.hm-2）为显著正相关（n=12,p〈0.01）。     

施用石灰对Pb、Cd、Zn在土壤中的形态及大白菜中累积的影响

重金属的不同形态对于作物吸收重金属及受害具有十分密切的关系,通过施用石灰改变重金属的形态、毒性以及对作物的影响具有重要的意义。以大白菜(Brassica pekinensis)为研究对象,通过盆栽试验,探讨了在铅、镉和锌污染土壤上,施用石灰对土壤中不同形态镉、铅和锌含量及在大白菜中累积的影响。结果表明,施用石灰后,土壤中碳酸盐结合态Pb、Cd和Zn含量明显减少,铁、锰氧化物结合态和有机物结合态Pb、Cd和Zn含量明显增加;对大白菜吸收Pb、Cd和Zn均起到较好的抑制作用,石灰用量为5g·kg-1土时,对大白菜吸收Pb、Cd和Zn的抑制效果最好。     

Long-distance transport of Hg, Sb, and As from a mined area, conversion of Hg to methyl-Hg, and uptake of Hg by fish on the Tiber River basin, west-central Italy

Stream sediment, stream water, and fish were collected from a broad region to evaluate downstream transport and dispersion of mercury (Hg) from inactive mines in the Monte Amiata Hg District (MAMD), Tuscany, Italy. Stream sediment samples ranged in Hg concentration from 20 to 1,900 ng/g, and only 5 of the 17 collected samples exceeded the probable effect concentration for Hg of 1,060 ng/g, above which harmful effects are likely to be observed in sediment-dwelling organisms. Concentrations of methyl-Hg in Tiber River sediment varied from 0.12 to 0.52 ng/g, and although there is no established guideline for sediment methyl-Hg, these concentrations exceeded methyl-Hg in a regional baseline site (<0.02 ng/g). Concentrations of Hg in stream water varied from 1.2 to 320 ng/L, all of which were below the 1,000 ng/L Italian drinking water Hg guideline and the 770 ng/L U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) guideline recommended to protect against chronic effects to aquatic wildlife. Methyl-Hg concentrations in stream water varied from <0.02 to 0.53 ng/L and were generally elevated compared to the baseline site (<0.02 ng/L). All stream water samples contained concentrations of As (<1.0–6.2 μg/L) and Sb (<0.20–0.37 μg/L) below international drinking water guidelines to protect human health (10 μg/L for As and 20 μg/L for Sb) and for protection against chronic effects to aquatic wildlife (150 μg/L for As and 5.6 μg/L for Sb). Concentrations of Hg in freshwater fish muscle ranged from 0.052–0.56 μg/g (wet weight), mean of 0.17 μg/g, but only 17 % (9 of 54) exceeded the 0.30 μg/g (wet weight) USEPA fish muscle guideline recommended to protect human health. Concentrations of Hg in freshwater fish in this region generally decreased with increasing distance from the MAMD, where fish with the highest Hg concentrations were collected more proximal to the MAMD, whereas all fish collected most distal from Hg mines contained Hg below the 0.30 μg/g fish muscle guideline. Data in this study indicate some conversion of inorganic Hg to methyl-Hg and uptake of Hg in fish on the Paglia River, but less methylation of Hg and Hg uptake by freshwater fish in the larger Tiber River.     

Effect of natural and synthetic organic-Fe(III) complexes in an estuarine mixing model on iron uptake and growth of a coastal marine diatom, Chaetoceros sociale

Cell growth of a coastal marine diatom, Chaetoceros sociale, in the presence of different premixed organic-Fe(III) complexes [EDTA-Fe(III) (100:1 and 2:1), citric-Fe(III) (100:1) and fulvic-Fe(III) (0.1, 0.2 and 1 ppm C)] and solid amorphous hydrous ferric oxide [am-Fe(III) or Fe(III) hydroxide] were experimentally measured in culture experiments at 10 °C under 3000 lux fluorescent light. Fulvic-Fe(III) (0.1 and 0.2 ppm C) and citric-Fe(III) (100:1) induced maximal cell yields of C. sociale. The order of cell yields was: fulvic-Fe(III) (0.1 and 0.2 ppm C) ≥ citric-Fe(III) (100:1) > EDTA-Fe(III) (2:1) ≫ solid am-Fe(III) > EDTA-Fe(III) (100:1) ≫ fulvic-Fe(III) (1 ppm C). The short-term iron uptake rates by C. sociale in fulvic-Fe(III) (0.1 and 0.2 ppm C) and citric-Fe(III) (100:1) media were about five to six times faster than those in EDTA-Fe(III) (100:1) and solid am-Fe(III) media. The dissociative precipitation rates of premixed organic-Fe(III) complexes in seawater at 10 °C were determined by simple filtration (0.025 μm) involving γ-activity measurements of ⁵⁹Fe. The order of estimated initial Fe(III) dissociative precipitation rates of these organic-Fe(III) complexes in seawater were nearly consistent with those of cell yields in the culture experiments and short-term iron uptake rates by C. sociale [except for fulvic-Fe(III) (1 ppm C) medium]. In fulvic-Fe(III) (0.1 and 0.2 ppm C), citric-Fe(III) (100:1) and EDTA-Fe(III) (2:1) media, the concentrations of dissolved organic-Fe(III) complexes in initial culture experiments are prone to supersaturate under the culture conditions. The supersaturated dissolved organic-Fe(III) complex in seawater supplies biologically available inorganic Fe(III) species in culture media through its dissociation at high pH and high levels of seawater cations. Therefore, the natural dissolved organic-Fe(III) complexes supplied by riverine input may play an important role in supplying bioavailable iron in estuarine mixing system and coastal waters. Received: 6 September 1998 / Accepted: 8 April 1999     

土壤温湿度对北京大兴杨树人工林土壤呼吸的影响

采用Li-cor-8150土壤呼吸测定系统,对北京大兴杨树人工林(欧美107,Populus×euramericana cv."74/76")土壤CO_2释放通量、土壤温度和水分进行了为期1年(2007)的定位连续观测,系统研究土壤温度(T_S)和土壤含水量(w)对土壤呼吸速率(R_s)的影响.结果表明:(1)土壤呼吸速率日变化呈单峰曲线,具有明显的白天高,夜间低的规律.非生长季土壤呼吸速率较低,自5月份土壤呼吸速率上升,8月份达到最大值.(2)土壤温度是影响土壤呼吸速率的主要因素,用指数模型解释全年过程中土壤温度对土壤呼吸速率变化的能力为69%.在低温段(<0℃)土壤呼吸速率随土壤温度升高而下降,而在土壤温度>0℃条件下土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度表现为正相关.土壤呼吸速率随土壤含水量上升表现出先升高后降低的趋势,三次方程模拟表明土壤水分的贡献率为33%,而当土壤含水量低于9.5%时,土壤水分的贡献率上升到51%.(3)土壤温、湿度共同作用于土壤呼吸,在不同含水量区间土壤呼吸对土壤温度的响应程度不同:在4%～10%土壤含水量范围内.土壤温度与土壤呼吸的指数模型的R~2达到0.86,而在土壤水分较高或较低时,其相关系数仅为0.6.土壤温度是影响土壤呼吸速率变化的主导因素,当土壤含水量过低或过高时,土壤温度的主导作用相对减弱,土壤含水量的影响作用相对加强.土壤呼吸的温度敏感性受土壤温度区间和水分区间的综合影响,用指数模型模拟土壤温湿度对土壤呼吸的影响不能很好的模拟土壤湿度的作用,所以单一模型并不是描述土壤温湿度对土壤呼吸的共同影响的最优模型,而多种模型复合的数学模型有待进一步研究.     

水分管理对稻田土壤CH4产生、氧化及排放的影响

水分是稻田CH4产生、氧化和排放最为重要的影响因素之一,但有关水分对稻田土壤CH4产生潜力、氧化潜力的大小及其季节变化影响的相关报道较少.分别通过室内厌氧培养试验、好氧培养试验和田间原位试验(位于江苏省句容市白兔镇),于2007年水稻生长期观测了2种水分管理方式(间隙灌溉和持续淹水)下种稻(水稻品种为华粳3号,Oryza sativa L.Huajing 3)土壤的CH4产生潜力、氧化潜力及排放通量.结果表明:烤田前,两处理土壤CH4产生潜力和氧化潜力的大小及其季节变化趋势一致,使得两处理CH4排放通量的大小及其季节变化趋势一致;烤田后,持续淹水处理土壤CH4产生潜力明显大于间隙灌溉处理,而CH4氧化潜力明显低于间隙灌溉处理,导致CH4排放通量显著高于间隙灌溉处理(p<0.05).烤田明显降低土壤CH4产生潜力,提高土壤CH4氧化潜力,故显著减少稻田CH4排放通量(p<0.05).水分管理通过同时影响CH4产生潜力和氧化潜力来影响稻田CH4排放.     

微孔曝气与覆盖对城市重污染河道底泥磷形态分布及释放过程的影响

采用自行研发的泥-水界面微孔曝气系统,开展了底泥表面曝气和覆盖对城市重污染河道底泥磷释放及形态分布规律的影响研究.结果表明,微孔曝气能够有效提高上覆水的溶解氧(DO)和沉积物的氧化还原电位(Eh),能够将泥-水界面Eh维持在-100 m V左右,DO提高到6 mg·L-1以上.与对照比较,原位覆盖处理的上覆水DO和Eh有一定提高,但仍明显低于微孔曝气处理.与对照相比较,微孔曝气处理均有效降低上覆水中总磷(TP)和溶解性正磷酸盐(PO3-4)的含量.试验结束时,微孔曝气(A)和微孔曝气+原位覆盖处理(A+C)上覆水中TP含量由初始的0.201 mg·L-1分别降至0.062 mg·L-1和0.050 mg·L-1;上覆水中PO3-4含量由0.086 mg·L-1和0.078 mg·L-1分别降至0.026 mg·L-1和0.023 mg·L-1.与对照相比,微孔曝气处理明显降低了底泥间隙水中TP的浓度,在整个培养期间,其TP含量平均下降38.8%(A)和47.9%(A+C).底泥原位覆盖处理对抑制泥-水界面磷释放能力要弱于微孔曝气处理,而且在试验后期(50 d),上覆水中TP和PO3-4的含量均有所反弹.不管有无覆盖,泥-水界面微孔曝气处理均显著改变了表层底泥磷形态分布特征,显著降低了底泥中铁铝结合态磷(Fe/Al-P)组分比例,而钙结合态磷(Ca-P)含量比例却出现明显增加.单一的表面覆盖处理对底泥磷形态分布特征没有显著影响(P0.05).研究表明,与单一的处理效果相比较,泥-水界面纳米微孔曝气处理,并结合底泥原位覆盖,更有利于抑制城市重污染河道泥-水界面中磷的释放风险.     

Effects of bisphenol A,two synthetic and a natural estrogens on head regeneration of the freshwater planarians,Dugesia japonica

Regeneration is a vital physiological process for survival of adult organisms. Bisphenol A (BPA), diethystilbestrol (DES), 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), and 17β-estradiol (E2) were examined for their effects on head formation in decapitated freshwater planarians (Dugesia japonica). The median lethal concentration of the test chemicals and the median inhibitory concentration for decapitated planarians and different regenerative endpoints, were determined for 3–7 d of exposure. For planarian head regeneration, the no-observed-effect level of BPA and DES was 0.05 mg L^?1 and 1 mg L^?1 for EE2 and E2. The effects of BPA, DES, and EE2 on asexual planarian regeneration did not correspond with the order of their estrogenic potencies, suggesting that the effects, at least partially, were due to general toxicity rather than their estrogenicity. In view of the published data on concentrations of xenoestrogens in water bodies versus the nominal levels tested here, this study suggests that the current environmental levels of BPA, DES, EE2, and E2 have no immediate adverse effects on freshwater planarian regeneration.     

Impact of natural and calcined starfish (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Asterina pectinifera</Emphasis>) on the stabilization of Pb,Zn and As in contaminated agricultural soil

Metal stabilization using soil amendments is an extensively applied, economically viable and environmentally friendly remediation technique. The stabilization of Pb, Zn and As in contaminated soils was evaluated using natural starfish (NSF) and calcined starfish (CSF) wastes at different application rates (0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 wt%). An incubation study was conducted over 14 months, and the efficiency of stabilization for Pb, Zn and As in soil was evaluated by the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) test. The TCLP-extractable Pb was reduced by 76.3–100 and 91.2–100 % in soil treated with NSF and CSF, respectively. The TCLP-extractable Zn was also reduced by 89.8–100 and 93.2–100 % in soil treated with NSF and CSF, respectively. These reductions could be associated with the increased metal adsorption and the formation of insoluble metal precipitates due to increased soil pH following application of the amendments. However, the TCLP-extractable As was increased in the soil treated with NSF, possibly due to the competitive adsorption of phosphorous. In contrast, the TCLP-extractable As in the 10 % CSF treatment was not detectable because insoluble Ca–As compounds might be formed at high pH values. Thermodynamic modeling by visual MINTEQ predicted the formation of ettringite (Ca₆Al₂(SO₄)₃(OH)₁₂·26H₂O) and portlandite (Ca(OH)₂) in the 10 % CSF-treated soil, while SEM–EDS analysis confirmed the needle-like structure of ettringite in which Pb was incorporated and stabilized in the 10 % CSF treatment.