拉萨火车站污水处理系统设计

针对青藏高原地区铁路车站污水特点,进行了污水处理工艺的比选与工程应用。结果表明,经过自动化改进的SBR处理工艺较传统污水处理法、氧化沟处理法、SBR处理法、膜处理法等工艺更适合当地的实际气候特点,通过采取工艺流程改进、水下强制曝气、自动化改造,能较好地解决低温、低压、低含氧量状态下的水处理效果。历时多年的实际工程运行效果证明,上述措施是可行的。     

应用SBR法治理生活污水工程实例

介绍了SBR工艺治理生活污水的工程实例。监测数据表明：该工艺成熟可靠,出水能够达标排放。     

SBR法处理油页岩废水试验研究

对油页岩废水水质进行分析,采用SBR工艺进行处理,以废水COD和总石油烃为控制指标,结合污泥脱氢酶的活性,探索SBR工艺运行的最佳条件;并利用修正的Monod公式,对SBR池中生化动力学进行研究,确定了其动力学参数,反应级数及反应速率常数.结果表明,在温度为24～28℃,pH值为6.58 ～ 7.24,DO为3.36～4.36mg/L,水力停留时间为36 h条件下,处理效果较佳.在进水水量为15L,COD为491.008 mg/L,总石油烃为33.25 mg/L时,废水COD去除率可达70％,总石油烃去除率可达90％.     

脉冲式SBR法处理生活污水的DO、pH、ORP变化规律研究

脉冲式SBR工艺是针对传统SBR工艺反硝化效果较差提出的一种新型的SBR运行方式。采用真实的生活污水对传统SBR及脉冲式SBR工艺进行对比研究,考察二者运行过程中DO、pH及ORP的变化规律,进而通过DO、pH及ORP控制参数对脉冲式SBR法深度脱氮工艺进行实时控制。试验结果显示,出水TN低于2 mg/L,去除率达到了96%以上。     

SBR法处理屠宰废水的设计与运行

结合某屠宰厂废水处理的工程实例,详细介绍了SBR法的工艺流程.实践证明:采用SBR工艺处理屠宰废水运行可靠,装置占地面积比较省,操作调节方便,运行时节省能源,经处理后水质完全达标,能够取得良好的经济效果.     

混凝沉淀+SBR工艺在屠宰废水处理中的应用

通过屠宰废水处理实际工程，主要考察在冬季低温条件下SBR污泥驯化条件，SBR单元中污泥30min沉降比与溶解氧(DO)变化以及有机物降解规律。研究结果表明，该工艺在处理屠宰废水时，运行稳定，处理效率高，SBR池出水CODCr≤80mg／L，SS≤30mg／L。     

UASB偶联SBR强化畜禽养殖废水去除氮磷及产气的研究

本文研究了一种外循环上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)偶联SBR强化畜禽养殖废水脱氮除磷及产气的新工艺。结果表明:UASB偶联SBR出水COD,NH~+_4-N及TP含量分别为147.6,17.8和2.6 mg/L,出水满足《畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准》(GB 18596—2001),相应的去除效率分别为91.8%,91.1%和85.5%。此外探究了COD容积负荷和温度对UASB启动期的影响,结果表明,15.0 kg/(m~3·d)和35℃为UASB启动时期的最佳容积负荷和温度。UASB偶联SBR工艺中COD的去除主要在UASB阶段,并且约占71.5%,而NH~+_4-N和磷酸盐的去除主要集中于SBR工艺好氧段。     

DAT-IAT法污水处理工艺理论概述

污水处理SBR的DAT-IAT工艺又称连续间歇曝气序批式活性污泥法污水处理工艺及系统,是SBR工艺继ICEAS、CASS、CAST、IDEA法之后不断完善的一种新工艺.该工艺同时具有SBR工艺与传统活性污泥法工艺的优点,是一种对原水水质水量的变化和不同处理要求都有很强的适应性,而且运行操作又比较简便的新型工艺技术.     

SBR工艺处理小区生活污水

通过污水处理站运行中的产际数据，说明SBR工艺在处理中小型市政污水上的相对优势，文中的设计参数、运行数据等对类似工程有一定的参照意义。     

污泥转移对SBR工艺微生物群落结构及其除磷效能影响分析

采用污泥转移SBR工艺处理以生活污水为基础的合成废水。污泥转移能够强化厌氧生物选择器中聚磷菌的筛选,从而显著提升传统SBR工艺的除磷性能。对比传统SBR,应用荧光原位杂交(FISH)和聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)考察了污泥转移SBR中微生物种群结构的变化及除磷特性。结果表明,污泥转移SBR中磷的去除率总体呈上升趋势,稳定在93%左右;而传统SBR中磷的平均去除率为50%。DGGE试验表明,污泥转移SBR首尾样品的相似性系数为36.8%,传统SBR的则为54.7%;污泥转移SBR的香农指数下降率为5.6%,而传统SBR的香农指数下降率为4%。微生物种群在驯化过程中发生了变化,即微生物种群的优势菌在反应器启动阶段被筛选和富集。对比传统SBR,污泥转移SBR中微生物种群的这一驯化现象表现得更为明显。FISH试验表明,污泥转移SBR的聚磷菌占全菌比例在反应器稳定后可达到46%,聚糖菌则稳定在22%;传统SBR稳定后的聚磷菌比例为35%,聚糖菌比例为30%。传统SBR和污泥转移SBR的聚磷菌比例都先沿程增加最后稳定,且聚磷菌是优势菌。污泥转移SBR的聚糖菌沿程减少,聚磷菌抑制了聚糖菌的生长。因此,污泥转移SBR工艺具有筛选大量聚磷菌且抑制聚糖菌的除磷优势。     

青藏铁路列车运行控制系统的安全性分析

分析了青藏铁路中多种不利因素对轨道电路参数的影响 ;提出了在青藏铁路不宜采用现行基于轨道电路的列车运行控制系统 ,而应选择基于通信的列车运行控制系统的理由 ;给出了系统的基本结构及提高系统可靠性的措施 ;与此同时 ,就人们关心的无线传输列车控制数据的可靠性和安全性难题 ,通过建立马尔可夫模型的方法进行了分析     

青藏铁路的环境与安全

概述了青藏铁路线的环境特征，立足于青藏铁路及其周边环境构成一个相互影响的系统，重点分析了青藏高原环境对青藏铁路安全的危害和铁路建设与运营对环境构成的负面影响，并针对两个方面分别提出了相应的对策，对促进铁路安全保障和环境保护具有积极的意义。     

青藏高原多年冻土区铁路路堤变形特征研究

路堤的稳定是公路、铁路等行车安全的保证。路堤变形通过路基—轨道—车辆大系统的相互作用而影响行车安全。冻胀、融沉是多年冻土地区路堤变形的重要形式。多年冻土区的路基变形问题是至今仍未彻底解决的一大难题。青藏铁路穿越 5 5 0km多年冻土区 ,为研究多年冻土区路堤变形特征 ,笔者对青藏铁路某试验段进行变形监测并对监测数据进行分析。结果表明铁路路堤的修建改变了多年冻土原来的水热平衡 ,天然冻土上限的变化导致路堤产生变形。同时 ,变形特征还受路堤边坡的坡向、降水量和地基土类型等因素的制约。在此基础上 ,提出几点减少多年冻土区铁路路堤变形的一些看法和建议。     

Experiments and numerical simulation on methane flame quenching by water mist

The study of extinguishment using water mist has been motivated due to the phase-out of the use of halens and the search for alternative means that preserve all of the benefits of a clean total flooding agent without adverse environmental impact. With the numerical simulation, we analyzed a gas–liquid two-phase problem including water (liquid), air and methane (gas) using Eulerian equations for the liquid phase and the full Navier–Stokes equations for the gas phase. Gaseous mass, momentum and energy equations are integrated simultaneously by a Harten–Yee explicit non-MUSCL modified-flux type TVD scheme for the convective terms and a central difference scheme for the viscous terms. Liquid phase conservation equations are solved with an application of a flux-vector-splitting scheme. In the experiments in an open room (500×500×500 mm) we observed an interaction of the diffusion flame with the water mists. The results show remarkable flame quenching and a good agreement between the numerical and experimental results.     

Anaerobic digestion modeling of the main components of organic fraction of municipal solid waste

The organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) is composed of several heterogeneous organic and inorganic wastes. The diversity of composition, the high volatile solid content and the biodegradable material that this waste offers make it quite an interesting option for anaerobic digestion (AD). Depending on the substrate composition, the biological degradation and kinetics of the AD could vary. Biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests are used as a tool to evaluate the methane production of several fractions of OFMSW, in order to study the influence of each fraction in the final mixture. The kinetic parameters of methane curves and the prediction of final productions are studied by different approaches to model equations using linear, exponential, logistic and Gaussian models. The analyses of the fractions indicate that organic substrates such as meat/fish which are in a small proportion in the final mixture, obtain major productivities (291 ± 3 mlCH₄/gVS), however others such as paper (217 ± 5 mlCH₄/gVS) could have their productivity enhanced due to their high VS present in the final mixture. Both the Gomperzt and the first order model fit reasonably with all the fractions, although substrates with lag phase adjust only to the Gompertz model explaining 99% of the experimental results.     

西藏森林火灾时空分布规律研究

根据1992～2005年西藏藏族自治区森林火灾统计,分析了森林火灾发生的时间和空间规律.森林火灾的年际间波动较大,2001以来火灾次数呈明显的上升趋势,但主要是火警次数增多.西藏的森林火灾主要发生在春季和冬季,特别是12月～翌年5月,2月和3月份的森林火灾最为严重.从森林火灾的空间分布来看,森林火灾主要发生在藏东南地区,特别是芒康、察隅、林芝和米林等县的森林火灾较多.引起森林火灾的火源主要是由生产用火和生活用火引起的.文中还对西藏森林火灾发生的火环境进行了分析,气候特点和可燃物分布特征决定了西藏的森林防火期为冬春季,火灾多发生在海拔2800 m～3600 m的阳坡针叶林和阔叶林中,以地表火最多,大多火场面积少于10 hm2.根据西藏森林火灾的发生特点,建议今后在防火基础建设、火源管理、可燃物管理、林火预防和扑救等方面加强工作,提高森林防火的能力.     

Effects of vent layout and vent area on dynamic characteristics of premixed methane-air explosion in a tube with two side-vented ducts

To further elucidate the influence mechanism of side vents on the dynamic characteristics of gas explosions in tubes is helpful to design more reasonable vent layouts. In this paper, 9.5% methane-air explosion experiments were conducted in a tube with two side-vented ducts, and the effects of vent layouts and vent areas on the dynamic characteristics of explosion overpressure and flame propagation speed were investigated. The results demonstrate that under the same condition with a single vent area of 100 mm × 100 mm, when only the end vent is open, the maximum explosion overpressure and the maximum flame propagation speed are the highest among the five vent layouts. When the side vents 1 and 2 and the end vent are open, the maximum explosion overpressure is the lowest, and an unusual discovery is that the flame front changes into a hemispherical shape, finger shape, quasi-plane shape, tulip shape and wrinkled structure. When only side vent 1 is open, a unique Helmholtz oscillation occurs, and a new discovery is that there is a consistent oscillation relationship among the overpressure, flame propagation speed and flame structure. Helmholtz oscillation occurs only when a single vent area is 100 mm × 100 mm–60 mm × 60 mm, and the oscillation degree decreases with decreasing vent area. During the vent failure stage, the maximum explosion overpressure is generated, the flame front begins to appear irregular shape, and the flame propagation speed shows a prominent characteristic peak. After the vent failure stage, the driving effect of the end vent on the flame is higher than that of the side vent on the flame. Furthermore, the correlation equations of the mathematical relationships among the maximum explosion overpressure P_red, the static activation pressure P_stat and the vent coefficient K_v under four vent layouts are established, respectively.     

矿井瓦斯煤尘爆炸传播数值模拟研究

基于连续相、燃烧、颗粒相数理方程建立瓦斯煤尘爆炸传播数理模型,并应用连续相、颗粒相计算方法,依据大型巷道瓦斯爆炸、瓦斯煤尘爆炸传播实验数据,借助普遍应用的流场模拟平台,成功开发瓦斯、煤尘爆炸数值模拟系统。该系统可有效地模拟煤矿瓦斯、煤尘的爆炸事故过程,对瓦斯爆炸的爆燃转爆轰、煤尘是否参与爆炸、爆炸冲击传播速度、衰减规律以及爆炸灾害的波及范围都能进行较准确的模拟。     

Suppression effects of powder suppressants on the explosions of oxyhydrogen gas

Suppression tests of oxyhydrogen gas explosions were performed in an explosion tube with five types of dry powder used as the suppressants. The experimental results showed that the powder with large dust cloud density and small radius has better suppression effect, which agrees well with previous correlative results. Moreover, our results also showed that particles with chemical activity and light material density, their suppression effect are more prominent than that of the inert particles with heavy density. To discover the detailed suppression process of dust powder, governing equations were developed based on the homogeneous reactive two-phase flow. The TVD scheme and the Lax–Wendroff–Rubin scheme were adopted to solve the reactive gas phase and particle phase, respectively. The time splitting technique was employed to handle the stiffness of the coupled equations. Our calculated results showed that the dust cloud has the suppression effect on the explosion of oxyhydrogen gas, and with the increase of dust cloud density or the decrease of particle diameter, its suppression effect become more evident, which is in good agreement with our experimental results, in addition, the numerical results showed that with the same particle diameter, the suppression performance is enhanced with the reduction in particle material density.     

细雾水与火焰的相互作用

本文分析了细雾水滴与浮升火焰羽流的相互作用,推导出雾滴在火场下降过程中的运动方程,、汽化速率方程和热量衡算方程。采用龙格－库塔差分方法,数值求解所得到的有关方程。