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1.
Micaelle Snia de Alcntara Camilla Marques de Lucena Reinaldo Farias Paiva de Lucena Denise Dias da Cruz 《Environmental management》2020,65(3):420-432
The development of conservation strategies for nontimber forest products requires the characterization of the management systems and ethnoecological knowledge of the used species, as well as the analysis of the biological impacts of these processes. This study aimed to evaluate management systems and extractivist areas and related ethnoecological knowledge of Dimorphandra gardneriana (fava d’anta) in the semiarid region of Ceará, Northeast of Brazil. Fava d’anta produces fruits with high concentration of bioflavonoids, substances with various pharmacological properties, being exploited by extractivist communities in the mosaic of protected areas in Chapada do Araripe, Ceará. Ethnoecological knowledge has been concentrated on collectors who have been in activity for a longer time and/or plant the species. We identified three management systems that can impact in different ways on fava d’anta populations, depending on the area and level of human interference with the species. The extractivists respect the zoning of protected areas and do not enter in the full protection area, choosing areas with the highest tree density. The different systems produce a mosaic that creates different extraction opportunities and modifications to the local landscape and to fava d’anta populations. Factors that may have effects on the conservation of the species are the lack of supervision and overexploitation of the resource in native areas, while the factors that affect the health of extractivists are the infrastructure of the work and exposure to wild environments. 相似文献
2.
Hearne RR 《Environmental management》2007,40(6):842-852
Institutions are the rules and norms that guide societal behavior. As societies evolve—with more diverse economies, increased
populations and incomes, and more water scarcity—new and more complex water management institutions need to be developed.
This evolution of water management institutions may also be observed across different constituencies, with different societal
needs, in the same time period. The Red River of the North basin is particularly well suited for research on water management
issues. A key feature of water management in the Red River Basin is the presence of three completely different sets of water
law. Minnesota’s water law is based upon riparian rights. North Dakota’s water law is based upon prior appropriation. Manitoba
has a system of water allocation that features provincial control. Because the basin is fairly homogeneous in terms of land
use and geographic features, its institutional diversity makes this an excellent case study for the analysis of local water
institutions. This article reviews the local water management institutions in the Red River Basin and assesses the ongoing
institutional evolution of local water management. 相似文献
3.
Representative Landscapes in the Forested Area of Canada 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Canada is a large nation with forested ecosystems that occupy over 60% of the national land base, and knowledge of the patterns
of Canada’s land cover is important to proper environmental management of this vast resource. To this end, a circa 2000 Landsat-derived
land cover map of the forested ecosystems of Canada has created a new window into understanding the composition and configuration
of land cover patterns in forested Canada. Strategies for summarizing such large expanses of land cover are increasingly important,
as land managers work to study and preserve distinctive areas, as well as to identify representative examples of current land-cover
and land-use assemblages. Meanwhile, the development of extremely efficient clustering algorithms has become increasingly
important in the world of computer science, in which billions of pieces of information on the internet are continually sifted
for meaning for a vast variety of applications. One recently developed clustering algorithm quickly groups large numbers of
items of any type in a given data set while simultaneously selecting a representative—or “exemplar”—from each cluster. In
this context, the availability of both advanced data processing methods and a nationally available set of landscape metrics
presents an opportunity to identify sets of representative landscapes to better understand landscape pattern, variation, and
distribution across the forested area of Canada. In this research, we first identify and provide context for a small, interpretable
set of exemplar landscapes that objectively represent land cover in each of Canada’s ten forested ecozones. Then, we demonstrate
how this approach can be used to identify flagship and satellite long-term study areas inside and outside protected areas
in the province of Ontario. These applications aid our understanding of Canada’s forest while augmenting its management toolbox,
and may signal a broad range of applications for this versatile approach. 相似文献
4.
With 207 million ha of forest covering 22% of its land area, China ranks fifth in the world in forest area. Rapid economic
growth, climate change, and forest disturbances pose new, complex challenges for forest research and management. Progress
in meeting these challenges is relevant beyond China, because China’s forests represent 34% of Asia’s forests and 5% of the
worlds’ forests. To provide a broader understanding of these management challenges and of research and policies that address
them, we organized this special issue on contemporary forest research and management issues in China. At the national level,
papers review major forest types and the evolution of sustainable forestry, the development of China’s forest-certification
efforts, the establishment of a forest inventory system, and achievements and challenges in insect pest control in China.
Papers focused on Northern China address historical, social, and political factors that have shaped the region’s forests;
the use of forest landscape models to assess how forest management can achieve multiple objectives; and analysis and modeling
of fuels and fire behavior. Papers addressing Central and South China describe the “Grain for Green” program, which converts
low productivity cropland to grassland and woodland to address erosion and soil carbon sequestration; the potential effects
of climate change on CO2 efflux and soil respiration; and relationships between climate and net primary productivity. China shares many forest management
and research issues with other countries, but in other cases China’s capacity to respond to forest management challenges is
unique and bears watching by the rest of the world. 相似文献
5.
Diana Dogaru Jürg Zobrist Dan Balteanu Claudia Popescu Mihaela Sima Manouchehr Amini Hong Yang 《Environmental management》2009,43(6):1131-1145
Mining-contaminated sites and the affected communities at risk are important issues on the agenda of both researchers and
policy makers, particularly in the former communist block countries in Eastern Europe. Integrated analyses and expert based
assessments concerning mining affected areas are important in providing solid policy guidelines for environmental and social
risk management and mitigation. Based on a survey for 103 households conducted in a former mining site in the Certej Catchment
of the Apuseni Mountains, western Romania, this study assesses local communities’ perceptions on the quality of water in their
living area. Logistic regression was used to examine peoples’ perception on the quality of the main river water and of the
drinking water based on several predictors relating to social and economic conditions. The results from the perception analysis
were then compared with the measurements of heavy metal contamination of the main river and drinking water undertaken in the
same study area. The findings indicate that perception and measurement results for the water quality in the Certej Catchment
are convergent, suggesting an obvious risk that mining activities pose on the surface water. However, the perception on drinking
water quality was little predicted by the regression model and does not seem to be so much related to mining as to other explanatory
factors, such as special mineralogy of rock and soils or improper water treatment infrastructure, facts suggested by the measurements
of the contaminants. Discussion about the implications of these joint findings for risk mitigation policies completes this
article. 相似文献
6.
This article assesses the role of local institutions in managing irrigation water use. Fifty irrigation systems in each country
were studied in Nepal and Thailand to compare the influence of local institutions on performance of irrigation systems amid
changes in external policy and market pressures. Nepal’s new irrigation policy after the re-instatement of multiparty democracy
in 1990 emphasized participatory irrigation management transferring the management responsibility from state authorities to
water users. The water user associations of traditional farmer-managed irrigation systems were formally recognized by requiring
registration with related state authorities. In Thailand also government policies encouraged people’s participation in irrigation
management. Today water users are directly involved in management of even some large irrigation systems at the level of tertiary
canals. Traditional communal irrigation systems in northern Thailand received support for system infrastructure improvement
but have faced increased interference from government. In Thailand market development supported diversification in farming
practices resulting in increased areas under high water-demanding commercial crops in the dry season. In contrast, the command
areas of most irrigation systems in Nepal include cereal-based subsistence farming with only one-third having commercial farming.
Cropping intensities are higher in Nepal than in Thailand reflecting, in part, differences in availability of land and management.
In both countries local institutions play an important role in maintaining the performance of irrigation systems as external
drivers and local contexts change. Local institutions have provided alternative options for irrigation water use by mediating
external pressures. 相似文献
7.
Jess McLean 《The Environmentalist》2007,27(1):25-38
This paper examines Indigenous water rights in rural and remote Australia and how water justice seems to be elusive in many
of these spaces. The purpose of this literature review is to link water justice theory and practices to the way different
water cultures are valued in Australia while simultaneously critiquing the water justice movement. This paper situates the
notion of water justice as a specific kind of environmental justice to cater for the unique qualities that define this resource.
In doing so, this paper draws on Schlosberg’s (2004) conception of environmental justice with its trivalent approach that
describes the following three ‘circles of concern’: recognition of difference, plurality of participation, and finally equitable
distribution of resources and costs and benefits. This framework provides that if the first two ‘circles of concern’ are not
in existence in a natural resource management process, then inequitable distribution of that resource is a likely outcome.
This paper presents two areas where water injustices exist in the context of Indigenous rural and remote Australia. The first
relates to how Indigenous rights to water have been inadequately recognized and the second presents empirical data on water
supply and sanitation in rural and remote Indigenous communities that demonstrates ongoing dilemmas around securing this basic
human right. The undervaluing of cultural differences relating to water is argued to be antecedent to the injustice manifest
in poor water supply and sanitation provision for Indigenous rural contexts. This paper does not attempt to survey the body
of ethnographic work on society-water relations in rural and remote Indigenous Australian contexts but reviews the gaps in
current mainstream acknowledgement of Indigenous water cultures. In exploring water justice in rural and remote Indigenous
Australia, this paper offers a novel approach to a dilemma more frequently analysed solely as a health development issue. 相似文献
8.
Chantal Gascuel-Odoux Florence Massa Patrick Durand Philippe Merot Olivier Troccaz Jacques Baudry Claudine Thenail 《Environmental management》2009,43(5):921-935
While many scientific studies show the influence of agricultural landscape patterns on water cycle and water quality, only
a few of these have proposed scientifically based and operational methods to improve water management. Territ’eau is a framework
developed to adapt agricultural landscapes to water quality protection, using components such as farmers’ fields, seminatural
areas, and human infrastructures, which can act as sources, sinks, or buffers on water quality. This framework allows us to
delimit active areas contributing to water quality, defined by the following three characteristics: (i) the dominant hydrological
processes and their flow pathways, (ii) the characteristics of each considered pollutant, and (iii) the main landscape features.
These areas are delineated by analyzing the flow connectivity from the stream to the croplands, by assessing the buffer functions
of seminatural areas according to their flow pathways. Hence, this framework allows us to identify functional seminatural
areas in terms of water quality and assess their limits and functions; it helps in proposing different approaches for changing
agricultural landscape, acting on agricultural practices or systems, and/or conserving or rebuilding seminatural areas in
controversial landscapes. Finally, it allows us to objectivize the functions of the landscape components, for adapting these
components to new environmental constraints. 相似文献
9.
California’s population increased 25% between 1980 and 1990, resulting in rapid and extensive urbanization. Of a total 123,000
ha urbanized in 42 of the state’s 58 counties between 1984 and 1990, an estimated 13% occurred on irrigated prime farmland,
and 48% on wildlands or fallow marginal farmlands. Sixty-six percent of all new irrigated farmland put into production between
1984 and 1990 was of lesser quality than the prime farmland taken out of production by urbanization. Factors dictating the
agricultural development of marginal farmlands include the availability and price of water and land, agricultural commodity
prices, and technical innovations such as drip irrigation systems that impact the feasibility and costs of production. The
increasing amount of marginal farmland being put into production could have significant water quality consequences because
marginal lands are generally steeper, have more erodible soils, poorer drainage, and require more fertilizer than prime farmlands.
Although no data exist to test our hypothesis, and numerous variables preclude definitive predictions, the evidence suggests
that new irrigated marginal lands can increase nonpoint source (NPS) pollution for a given size area by an order of magnitude
in some cases. 相似文献
10.
Severe drinking water shortage affects all resident of the Kabul river basin. Two and a half decades of civil war in Afghanistan
(it began in late 1978) have resulted in widespread environmental degradation and water resource development throughout the
country. The war has already finished and, therefore, water resource management for supplying water is one of the most important
tasks for Afghanistan’s government. The Kabul river basin which is the most populated area in the country is located in the
eastern part of Afghanistan. This article deals with the water resource properties of the Kabul river basin and also water
demand in the important cities of the basin, such as Kabul, the capital and the largest city in the country. Also a few suggestions
for providing water for domestic and agriculture purposes in short term, medium time and long term have been discussed. 相似文献
11.
Application of an Environmental Decision Support System to a Water Quality Trading Program Affected by Surface Water Diversions 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Environmental decision support systems (EDSSs) are an emerging tool used to integrate the evaluation of highly complex and
interrelated physicochemical, biological, hydrological, social, and economic aspects of environmental problems. An EDSS approach
is developed to address hot-spot concerns for a water quality trading program intended to implement the total maximum daily
load (TMDL) for phosphorus in the Non-Tidal Passaic River Basin of New Jersey. Twenty-two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs)
spread throughout the watershed are considered the major sources of phosphorus loading to the river system. Periodic surface
water diversions to a major reservoir from the confluence of two key tributaries alter the natural hydrology of the watershed
and must be considered in the development of a trading framework that ensures protection of water quality. An EDSS is applied
that enables the selection of a water quality trading framework that protects the watershed from phosphorus-induced hot spots.
The EDSS employs Simon’s (1960) three stages of the decision-making process: intelligence, design, and choice. The identification of two potential hot spots
and three diversion scenarios enables the delineation of three management areas for buying and selling of phosphorus credits
among WWTPs. The result shows that the most conservative option entails consideration of two possible diversion scenarios,
and trading between management areas is restricted accordingly. The method described here is believed to be the first application
of an EDSS to a water quality trading program that explicitly accounts for surface water diversions. 相似文献
12.
In a context of increasing urban sprawl and water scarcity common to other Mediterranean cities, this article focuses on the
urban parks in the Region of Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain) to examine how these parks are distributed in this region and to
assess whether their design and management follow criteria adapted to Mediterranean environmental conditions, especially in
what concerns water use. In order to evaluate the environmental performance of these parks, we selected four factors possibly
influencing the adoption of park management practices at the local scale: urban density, population size of the municipality,
municipal income per capita, and political orientation of the city council. After determining the location and area of urban
parks in the region, we correlated these four explanatory factors with several management tasks extracted from two different
samples of parks (one of 315 parks and another of 125 parks) and a survey of 86 city councils. Results show that, in general,
urban parks were more frequent in large, dense, and left/green municipalities but that environmentally sound practices were
more common in small and low-density municipalities. We conclude that changes in certain practices (especially the substitution
of high water demanding species) could improve significantly the environmental performance of public spaces in large urban
areas with Mediterranean climates. Our observations may be pertinent for other cities interested in the provision of environmental
public goods such as parks that necessitate water for irrigation. 相似文献
13.
Applying Gap Analysis and a Comparison Index to Evaluate Protected Areas in Thailand 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Trisurat Y 《Environmental management》2007,39(2):235-245
Protected areas in Thailand were first established 40 years ago. The total area of existing protected areas covers 18.2% of
the country’s land area and the Class 1 Watershed, another form of protection, encompasses 18.1%. The government of Thailand
intends to increase protected area systems to 25% of the country in 2006 and 30% in 2016. There are always questions arising
about how much is enough protected areas to effectively protect biodiversity. The objective of this article is to assess the
representation of ecosystems in the protected area network. This article also recommends which underrepresented ecosystems
should be added to fill the gaps in representativeness. The research applies a gap analysis and a comparison index to assess
the representation of ecosystems within the protected area network. The spatial analyses were applied to measure three aspects
of representativeness, namely forest type, altitude, and natural land system. The analyses indicate that the existing protected
area system covers 24.4% of the country’s land area, nearly meeting the 25% target proposed by the National Forest Policy;
and 83.8% of these areas are under forest cover. Most protected areas are situated in high altitudes, where biological diversity
is less than in lowlands. Mangrove forest and riparian floodplain are extremely underrepresented in the existing system. Peat
swamp forest, dry dipterocarp forest, and beach forest are relatively well represented. In addition, these five ecosystems
are threatened by human pressures and natural disasters; therefore, they should be targeted as high priorities for the selection
of new reserves. Future research should incorporate aquatic and marine ecosystems, as well as animal distributions, which
were not included in this research due to data unavailabilities. 相似文献
14.
Key aspects of environmental management exist within a legislative framework. The Rivers and Foreshores Improvement Act 1948 (NSW) and several Regional Environmental Plans created under the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (NSW) make reference to ‘the top of the bank’ for defining areas of protected land adjacent to rivers, within which development
consent may be required. It is an arbitrary term and its use within the Rivers and Foreshores Improvement Act 1948 (NSW) leads to confusion. This paper examines the range of definitions of ‘the top of the bank’ in respect of natural watercourses
and aims to provide a more lucid and effective definition that will clarify existing ambiguities in legal interpretation.
The paper examines the historical origins of the phrase ‘top of the bank’, finding that stereotyped Eurocentric views of what
a river ‘should look like’ have impaired the legal definition for Australian rivers, thereby influencing common law and the
development of statutory definitions. Judicial applications of the phrase ‘top of the bank’ are examined from a geomorphological
perspective, demonstrating the misconceptions of the term in a legal context. The paper identifies the existence of widespread
support for the need to protect land adjacent to rivers in the interests of environmental, economic and social sustainability.
It concludes by calling for legislative reform that is both tailored to the individual site and consistent with overarching
goals at the catchment scale. 相似文献
15.
Mapping and Modeling the Biogeochemical Cycling of Turf Grasses in the United States 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Milesi C Running SW Elvidge CD Dietz JB Tuttle BT Nemani RR 《Environmental management》2005,36(3):426-438
Turf grasses are ubiquitous in the urban landscape of the United States and are often associated with various types of environmental
impacts, especially on water resources, yet there have been limited efforts to quantify their total surface and ecosystem
functioning, such as their total impact on the continental water budget and potential net ecosystem exchange (NEE). In this
study, relating turf grass area to an estimate of fractional impervious surface area, it was calculated that potentially 163,800
km2 (± 35,850 km2) of land are cultivated with turf grasses in the continental United States, an area three times larger than that of any irrigated
crop. Using the Biome-BGC ecosystem process model, the growth of warm-season and cool-season turf grasses was modeled at a
number of sites across the 48 conterminous states under different management scenarios, simulating potential carbon and water
fluxes as if the entire turf surface was to be managed like a well-maintained lawn. The results indicate that well-watered
and fertilized turf grasses act as a carbon sink. The potential NEE that could derive from the total surface potentially under
turf (up to 17 Tg C/yr with the simulated scenarios) would require up to 695 to 900 liters of water per person per day, depending
on the modeled water irrigation practices, suggesting that outdoor water conservation practices such as xeriscaping and irrigation
with recycled waste-water may need to be extended as many municipalities continue to face increasing pressures on freshwater. 相似文献
16.
Toby N. Carlson 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2004,40(4):1087-1098
ABSTRACT: This paper demonstrates how satellite image data [e.g., from Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM)], in conjunction with an urban growth model and simple runoff calculations, can be used to estimate future surface runoff and, by implication, water quality within a watershed. To illustrate the method, predictions of land use change and surface runoff are shown for Spring Creek Watershed, a medium sized urbanizing watershed in Central Pennsylvania. Land cover classifications for this watershed were created from images for summertime 1986 and 1996 and subsequently used as input to the Clarke urban growth model, called SLEUTH, to predict land use changes to the year 2025. Simulations with this model show a progressive growth in the percentage of urban pixels and in impervious surface area in the watershed but also an increase in woodland, primarily in previously clear‐cut areas. Given that woodland area will continue to increase in area, surface runoff into Spring Creek is predicted to remain only slightly above present level. However, should the woodland amount fail to increase, surface runoff is then predicted to increase more significantly during the next 25 years. Finally, the concept of urban sprawl is addressed within the context of predicted increases in urbanization by relating the implied increase in impervious surface area to population density within the watershed. 相似文献
17.
Brazil’s Cuiabá- Santarém (BR-163) Highway: The Environmental Cost of Paving a Soybean Corridor Through the Amazon 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Fearnside PM 《Environmental management》2007,39(5):601-614
Brazil’s Cuiabá-Santarém (BR-163) Highway provides a valuable example of ways in which decision-making procedures for infrastructure
projects in tropical forest areas need to be reformulated in order to guarantee that environmental concerns are properly weighed.
BR-163, which is slated to be paved as an export corridor for soybeans via the Amazon River, traverses an area that is largely
outside of Brazilian government control. A climate of generalized lawlessness and impunity prevails, and matters related to
environment and to land tenure are especially unregulated. Deforestation and illegal logging have accelerated in anticipation
of highway paving. Paving would further speed forest loss in the area, as well as stimulate migration of land thieves (grileiros) to other frontiers. An argument is made that the highway should not be reconstructed and paved until after a state of law
has been established and it has been independently certified that sufficient governance prevails to secure protected areas
and enforce environmental legislation. A waiting period is needed after this is achieved before proceeding with the highway
paving. Above all, the logical sequence of steps must be followed, whereby environmental costs are assessed, reported, and
weighed prior to making de facto decisions on implementation of infrastructure projects. Deviation from this logical sequence is a common occurrence in many
parts of the world, especially in tropical areas. 相似文献
18.
During the past decades, the traditional state monopoly in urban water management has been debated heavily, resulting in different
forms and degrees of private sector involvement across the globe. Since the 1990s, China has also started experiments with
new modes of urban water service management and governance in which the private sector is involved. It is premature to conclude
whether the various forms of private sector involvement will successfully overcome the major problems (capital shortage, inefficient
operation, and service quality) in China’s water sector. But at the same time, private sector involvement in water provisioning
and waste water treatments seems to have become mainstream in transitional China. 相似文献
19.
Prakash Basnyat Lawrence Teeter B. Graeme Lockaby Kathryn M. Flynn 《Environmental management》2000,26(2):153-161
In this study, water quality and basin characteristics data from different basins of the Fish River basin, Baldwin County,
Alabama, were used to develop a valuation model. This valuation model is based on the effectiveness of “contributing zones”
identified and delineated using methods described by Basnyat and others (Environmental Management]1999] 23(4):539–549). The “contributing zone” delineation model suggests that depending on soil permeability, soil moisture,
depth to water table, slope, and vegetation, buffer widths varying from 16 m to 104 m must be maintained to assimilate or
detain more than 90% of the nitrate passing through the buffers. The economic model suggests the value of retiring lands (to
create the buffers) varies from $0 to $3067 per ha, depending on the types of crops currently grown. The total value of retiring
all areas identified by the contributing zone model is $1,125,639 for the study area. This land value will then form the basis
for estimates of the costs of land management options for improving (or maintaining) water quality throughout the study area. 相似文献
20.
Douglas G. Boyer Gary C. Pasquarell 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1996,32(3):565-573
ABSTRACT: The impact on water quality by agricultural activity in karst terrain is an important consideration for resource management within the Appalachian Region. Karst areas comprise about 18 percent of the Region's land area. An estimated one-third of the Region's farms, cattle, and agricultural market value are on karst terrain. Nitrate concentrations were measured in cave streams draining two primary land management areas. The first area was pasture serving a beef cow-calf operation. The second area was a dairy. Nitrate-N concentrations were highest in cave streams draining the dairy and a cave stream draining an area of pasture where cattle congregate for shade and water. The dairy contributed about 60 to 70 percent of the nitrogen load increase in the study section of the cave system. It was concluded that agriculture was significantly affecting nitrate concentrations in the karst aquifer. Best management practices may be one way to protect the ground water resource. 相似文献