三环唑粉尘爆炸特性研究

利用激光粒度仪对三环唑粉尘的粒径分布进行分析,并用20 L爆炸球测试装置、哈特曼管装置探讨了粉尘质量浓度、点火延迟时间、点火能量、粒径分布对粉尘爆炸的影响并总结了相关规律。实验结果表明:粉尘粒度是影响粉尘最小点火能和爆炸下限的单调因素,粉尘质量浓度是影响粉尘爆炸压力的极值因素,点火延迟时间是影响粉尘最小点火能的极值因素。     

湿法粉碎制备纳米RDX安全性分析与性能表征

从热传导理论分析入手,以回收的RDX为原料,选择易获取的水为导热介质,湿法粉碎制备了纳米级RDX样品。利用纳米激光粒度仪、场发射扫描电镜和卡斯特型落锤仪对样品粒径大小、外观特征、感度大小进行了观察和测试。实验结果表明,湿法制备的纳米级RDX感度明显降低,安全性提高。由于本方法成本低廉,使得大规模回收的RDX再次利用成为可能,解决了RDX不方便储存运输使用等难题,扩大了其使用范围。     

阜山金矿进回风巷粉尘孔粒径分布及其分形特征

为探究金属矿井下粉尘孔粒径特征,以阜山金矿为例,系统研究其进风巷粉尘(IAD)、回风巷粉尘(RAD)的孔粒径分布(PSD)情况.首先,利用激光粒度分析仪与扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、低温液氮吸附仪分别测试粉尘粒径与孔参数,然后利用分形理论计算并分析其粒度分形维数与孔分形维数.结果 表明:RAD粒径比IAD粒径小,两者最可...     

基于正交试验法的黄铁矿自燃倾向性影响因素分析

利用X衍射仪、X荧光分析仪对黄铁矿进行了成分分析,运用激光粒度仪对黄铁矿进行了粒径分析。以粒度、空气流量、质量为正交试验的3个因子,运用正交试验法设计实验。利用热分析仪对黄铁矿进行了升温氧化试验,得到5、10、15 K/min升温速率下的TG-DSC曲线。运用FWO等转化率法计算黄铁矿的活化能,并将其作为黄铁矿自燃倾向性评价指标。结果表明,三因素对黄铁矿自燃倾向性影响程度为:粒径空气流量质量,且粒径的大小与活化能的大小成比例关系;当粒径为131.10μm,质量为10 mg,空气流量为30 m L/min时,黄铁矿自燃倾向性最小。     

手持砂轮打磨金属粉尘微观特征研究

粉尘微观特征对职业健康危害及粉尘的宏观运动存在一定影响。以轨道交通工具生产企业手持砂轮打磨产生的碳钢、不锈钢、铝粉尘为研究对象,利用激光粒度仪、电子显微镜(SEM)对粉尘颗粒大小、颗粒分布特征及形貌特征进行分析,初步探讨了打磨对象的材料和打磨工艺对粉尘颗粒及微观形貌的影响、打磨产生的沉降性粉尘与空气中粉尘粒度及形貌的区别。结果表明,手持砂轮打磨的金属粉尘颗粒以粗颗粒为主;金属材料物理机械性能是影响粉尘颗粒及形貌的主要因素;同一打磨岗位上产生的沉降性粉尘与空气中漂浮粉尘的形貌特征一致,只在颗粒尺度上有差别。     

锻铸车间焊接区与切割区金属粉尘的微观特征

工业车间粉尘易诱发工人多种职业病.以锻铸车间产生的金属粉尘为研究对象,利用电子显微镜(SEM)、激光粒度仪、X射线能谱仪(EDS)分别对车间内焊接区和切割区金属粉尘的形貌、粒度特征及元素组成进行了表征和分析.结果表明,车间内不同工艺区域产生粉尘的表面形态、粒度特征、成分组成都存在较大差异.与切割区粉尘相比,焊接区粉尘比表面积大,因而表面形貌更为粗糙且更易吸附有害物质;焊接粉尘粒径范围在0.4～2.3 μm,切割粉尘粒径更细,在0.4 μm以下;焊接区粉尘所含元素种类多于切割区粉尘,且含有致癌风险的金属元素.研究结果可为锻铸车间不同作业场所工人的个人防护及通风除尘系统设计提供理论支撑.     

煤基胶体特征及其在多孔介质中的运移行为

采集了长焰煤粉并提取其中的胶体,用激光粒度仪、红外光谱仪、扫描电镜和Zeta电位仪对煤基胶体的特征进行了定性和定量表征,研究了煤基胶体在石英砂的多孔介质柱中的运移特征及p H值、阳离子等环境因子的影响。结果表明,该方法提取煤基胶体的实测粒径与理论计算粒径基本吻合,煤基胶体表面具有丰富的褶皱和极其丰富的孔隙结构并呈片状,煤基胶体的化学组成以芳香烃为主,在试验范围内,煤基胶体的Zeta电位在-34.0~-21.2 e V,随p H值升高而下降。溶液p H=7时,煤基胶体在多孔介质中的运移能力最强,c/c0为0.664,增加p H值或降低p H值,运移能力下降。Ca离子对煤基在多孔介质中的运移具有明显的抑制作用,当离子强度IS(Ca Cl2)由0.001 mmol/L增加到0.1 mmol/L时,胶体悬液c/c0从0.569降至0.129。     

中国安全生产科学研究院"十三·五"系列科研成果展

手持激光拉曼未知物识别仪 危化品事故救援场景复杂、要求高、挑战大,快速响应、精准决策、正确处置越来越重 要,如何协助救援人员快速了解事故现场危险化学品特性,实现事故处置的快速、精准、正确 已成为亟待解决的问题.基于激光拉曼光谱技术的专用于危化品物质检测的手持式未知物识别 仪,可快速解析混合物,给出全部物质的化学品特性、...     

细水雾扑灭食用油火的有效性及影响因素研究

为研究细水雾抑制熄灭厨房火灾的性能,按照家庭、酒店或快餐店小规模厨房的场景,开展封闭空间细水雾灭火技术缩小比例火灾试验。基于自行设计的细水雾灭火试验系统,采用分体式激光粒度仪测定细水雾粒径,改变喷嘴类型和工作压力,进行多工况灭火有效性试验。结果表明:细水雾扑灭食用油火的有效性随压力和细水雾流量的增大而提高,并且增加流量比增大压力有效;细水雾抑制熄灭食用油火的主要机理为冷却燃料表面,当液滴粒径大于200岬且工作压力大于0.2 MPa时,细水雾能够穿过火羽到达食用油表面进行冷却,同时,细水雾动量和雾锥角也影响细水雾的灭火有效性。     

微乳化柴油雾化及燃爆特性实验研究

采用马尔文Spraytec型激光粒度仪和液体燃料爆炸性能评定装置,分别测定微乳化柴油在不同喷雾压力下的雾化特性和燃爆特性,采用液体燃料持续燃烧性能测定装置测定微乳化柴油在无约束条件下的燃烧特性,并与-10号军柴进行对比评估。结果表明,随着喷雾压力的升高,微乳化柴油的雾化粒径逐渐减小,最大爆炸压力呈上升趋势;相同喷雾条件下,微乳化柴油相比-10号军柴雾化性能和爆炸猛烈程度均有所下降;无约束条件下微乳化柴油相比-10号军柴持续燃烧时间有所减少。在一定程度上,微乳化柴油的防火防爆安全性优于-10号军柴。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。