典型农耕区黑土和沼泽土团聚体颗粒中重金属的分布特征解析

了解重金属在土壤中的富集特征是其风险评价和土壤修复的基础。分别以黑龙江省典型的农耕黑土和沼泽土为研究对象,采用干筛法获得〉4000、4000～2000、2000～1000、1000～250、250～53和〈53衄16个粒级的土壤团聚体颗粒组。利用等离子质谱（ICP-MS）测定了本土和各级团聚体颗粒中Cr、Cd、As和Pb的含量,并对其颗粒组分布特征及对有机碳的响应进行了解析。研究表明,2种土壤中的重金属Cr、Cd和Pb的富集因子均大于1,而As则存在明显的流失。除了黑土中的As和Pb外,其他重金属随着团聚体粒径的增加而呈现富集减弱的趋势。其中,cr和cd主要趋向分布在粉．黏团聚体（〈53wn）颗粒中;Pb在黑土中易赋存于1000～2000μm大团聚体中,在沼泽土中则富集于53～250μm的微团聚体中;As不但趋向被吸附在53～250μm的微团聚体中,而且在黑土中也容易被吸附在〉l000μm的大团聚体中。金属质量负载计算表明,大粒径颗粒组对土壤中重金属含量的总体贡献较大。土壤中有机碳含量均随着团聚体粒径减小而升高,cr和Cd分布与颗粒有机碳含量正相关,黑土中As的分布与颗粒中有机碳含量负相关而在沼泽土中呈弱正相关,Pb的分布则与有机碳含量均无明显的相关性。     

The influence of physicochemical parameters on bioaccessibility-adjusted hazard quotients for copper,lead and zinc in different grain size fractions of urban street dusts and soils

When the hazard quotient for ingestion (HQI) of a trace element in soil and dust particles is adjusted for the element’s bioaccessibility, the HQI is typically reduced as compared to its calculation using pseudo-total element concentration. However, those studies have mostly used bulk particles (<2 mm or <250 µm), and the reduction in HQI when expressed as bioaccessible metal may not be similar among particle size fractions, the possibility probed by the present study of street dusts and soils collected in Tehran. The highest Cu, Pb and Zn near-total concentrations occurred in the finest particles of dusts and soils. Bioaccessible concentrations of Cu, Pb and Zn in the particles (mg kg^?1) were obtained using simple bioaccessibility extraction test (SBET). The bioaccessibility (%) did not vary much among near-total concentrations. In the bulk (<250 µm) sample, the bioaccessible concentration of Cu and Pb increased as the pH of sample increased, while Zn bioaccessibility (%) in the bulk particles was influenced by organic matter and cation exchange capacity. X-ray diffraction identified sulfide and sulfate minerals in all of the size-fractionated particles, which are insoluble to slightly soluble in acidic conditions and included most of the Cu and Pb in the samples. The only Zn-bearing mineral identified was hemimorphite, which would be highly soluble in the SBET conditions. The calculated HQI suggested potential non-carcinogenic health risk to children and adults from ingestions of soils and dusts regardless of particle size consideration, in the order of Zn > Pb ≥ Cu. The HQI calculated from near-total metal was not much different for particle size classes relative to bulk particles; however, the bioaccessibility percent-adjusted HQI for Pb was higher for the smaller particles than the bulk. This work is novel in its approach to compare HQI for a bulk sample of particles with its composite particle size fractions.     

Lead distribution in rats following respiratory exposure to lead-contaminated soils

Two preliminary experiments were performed to explore the use of an intratracheal instillation technique as a cost-effective method of determining the biokinetics of lead (Pb) following respiratory exposure to Pb-contaminated soils. A novel intratracheal instillation procedure was refined and used to deliver a defined dose of Pb-contaminated soil or PbAc to the lower respiratory tract of rats. In the first experiment, rats were sacrificed at numerous time intervals post-dosing, and liver, kidney, blood, and bone tissues were collected for Pb analysis. In the second experiment, rats were dosed with Pb-contaminated soil or PbAc via intratracheal instillation or gastric gavage. All rats were sacrificed 96 h after dose administration and tissues were collected for lead analysis. Data from these experiments indicate Pb is well-absorbed following intratracheal instillation of Pb-contaminated soil, and the intratracheal instillation technique could be used as a cost effective method for exploring the biokinetics of Pb in Pb-contaminated soils following respiratory tract exposure.     

不同来源重金属在土壤中的形态分布差异

试验表明：不同来源的Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ和Ｃｄ复合污染物在土壤中的形态分布有明显的差异，在废矿水和尾矿砂污染的土壤中，Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ和Ｃｄ主要以残渣态存在，而添加土壤中的Ｐｂ主要以弱专性吸附态和有机结合态存在，Ｚｎ和Ｃｄ主要以交换态存在，大豆苗对添加土壤中Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ和Ｃｄ的富集能力较强，而对废矿水污染和尾矿砂污染土壤中Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ和Ｃｄ的富集能力相对较弱。     

土壤中铅的吸附-解吸行为研究进展

铅是重要的土壤重金属污染元素之一，了解铅在土壤中的物理化学行为，有利于预防和修复土壤的铅污染。土壤中铅的吸附-解吸行为，依吸附机理的不同，分为专性吸附和非专性吸附。土壤铅吸附的机理还存在不同的观点，如水解吸附／非水解吸附机理，单分子吸附／双分子吸附机理等。影响土壤中铅吸附-解吸行为的主要因素，有土壤矿物组成、土壤有机质、pH、温度、竞争离子等。文章最后对描述土壤铅吸附过程的主要数学方程(Langmuir方程、Freundlich方程和Temkin方程)作了论述。     

Distribution of metals in mechanical fractions of soils from a lake catchment in Venezuela

Soil samples were collected from both the surface and at depth from the lowlands around Lake Valencia and from the adjacent mountains. This paper reports results for Al, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb and Zn in mechanical fractions of the soils. Lowland soils, developed on lacustrine sediments, show a predominance of medium- to fine-grain size fractions whereas the shallow mountain soils show the highest percentage of particles in the coarse to medium fractions. Concentrations of most of the elements investigated increased toward finer particle sizes. The generally higher metal concentrations in lowland soils compared with mountain soils are consistent with release by weathering in the uplands and accumulation in the lowlands. The presence of carbonates derived from ubiquitous shelly material in the lowland soils may explain increases of Ca and Mg in labile fractions. In the lowland area, there is little evidence for the translocation of metals in the soil profiles, despite the high rainfall of a tropical climate, and the calcareous nature of these soils could account for the immobility of metals.     

中国典型土壤中铅的生物可给性的影响因素分析与健康风险评估

土壤铅污染及其危害备受关注.作为评估其对人体健康风险的科学指标之一,土壤铅的生物可给性的影响因素仍不甚明确.采集中国5种典型土壤(红壤、褐土、黑土、棕壤和黄壤),根据国标中一类建设用地的管制值制备成800 mg·kg-1的铅污染土壤样品,利用先进的基于生理学的体外试验方法(改进的PBET模型)研究经口部摄入的土壤铅的生...     

天然沸石对番茄及土壤中铅的影响

为探索沸石对轻度铅污染土壤的修复效果及农业安全生产可行性,利用盆栽试验研究了不同沸石添加量及不同沸石粒级等因素对不同生长时期番茄（Solanum lycopersicum）植株铅质量分数、累积量和土壤铅质量分数的影响。结果表明,添加天然沸石可提高土壤有效铅质量分数,不同程度地增加番茄地上部生物量,具有提高番茄茎叶铅质量分数及积累量、果实产量的趋势,也具有降低收获期根部铅质量分数及积累量的趋势。18g·kg-1是提高地上部生物量,抑制土壤铅污染、茎叶和根部铅积累的最佳沸石添加量,但有促进果实铅积累的趋势;沸石添加量为10g·kg-1则在提高土壤有效铅质量分数的同时可抑制果实铅的积累。中粒级沸石可抑制果实铅积累,大粒级为削减根部铅积累量促进茎叶铅积累的最佳沸石粒级,小粒级沸石则可抑制收获期茎叶铅的积累。     

Moisture effects on eolian particle entrainment

In wind tunnel experiments, we study the effects of soil moisture on the threshold condition to entrain fine grain sand/silt into eolian flow and the near-bed concentration of airborne particles. To study the effect of particle shape on moisture bonding, we use two types of particles nearly equal in size: spherical glass beads $(d_{50} = 134\,\upmu \mathrm{m})$ and sieved quartz sand $(d_{50} = 139 \,\upmu \mathrm{m})$ . Both are poorly graded soils. We conducted these experiments at low moisture contents $({<}1\,\%)$ . We found that the spherical particles were more sensitive to changes in moisture than the sand, attributable to the large differences in specific surface area of the two particles. The larger specific surface area for sand is due to the surface roughness of the angular sand particle. Consequently, sand “stores” more moisture via surface adsorption, requiring higher soil moisture content to form liquid bridges between sand particles. Based on these findings, we extend the concept of a threshold moisture content, $w^{\prime }$ —originally proposed for clayey soils—to soils that lack any measureable clay content. This allows application of existing models developed for clayey soils that quantify the moisture effect on the threshold friction velocity to sand and silty soils (i.e., clay content $=$ 0). Additionally, we develop a model that quantifies the moisture effects on near-surface airborne particulate concentration, using experimental observations to determine the functional dependence on fluid and particle properties, including soil specific area. These models can be applied to numerical simulation of particulate plume formation and dispersion.     

Tracking the metal distribution in the tropical Valencia lake catchment: Soil, rivers and lake

In tropical areas, the relations between soil, rivers, and lakes are poorly understood as regard to the physicochemical transformation that occurs when solid materials are transferred among them. In order to ascertain the natural dynamics of Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, and Co, as well as the perturbations by human activity, soils and sediments from a tropical catchment were studied. To accomplish the above mentioned objective, the Valencia Lake catchment was subdivided into three systems, i.e. soils, rivers and lakes. Original data and those previously published by Mogolló;n and Bifano (1994), and Mogolló;n et al. (1995, 1996) were used to establish the numerical relation between the average concentration in the three systems. The percentage labile fraction and metal distribution in different particle size fractions were studied in selected samples. A total of 410 samples was analysed.Lithology and topography are the main factors that differentiate the physicochemical characteristics of soils and sediments. Processes coupled with solid material transport from the upland to lowland area cause the increase of the HNO₃ (1M) extractable metal concentration, and of the percentage labile fraction, metal redistribution towards fine particle fraction. In spite of the tropical climate, the pedogenesis of exposed sediments and the transport along the river courses, have very low influence. Most of the transformations seem to occur during the soils – river transfer of materials. The carbonate precipitation in the lake causes further increase of metal concentration and the percentage labile fraction. The pollutant input increases metal concentration, the percentage labile fraction and the trend of accumulation toward fine particles.     

铅-苯并[a]芘复合污染在土壤-植物体系的归宿规律研究

通过室内盆栽试验研究了中、低浓度铅（Pb）和苯并[a]芘（B[a]p）复合污染在土壤-植物系统中的归宿规律和相互影响,以考查Pb-B[a]p复合污染的相互作用.采用4因素6水平均匀设计试验方案,w（Pb）范围为0～1 120 mg·kg^-1,w（B[a]p）范围为0～6.4 mg·kg^-1.结果表明,在非根际环境中,Pb的不同结合态未受到B[a]p的影响,而土壤中B[a]p的自然降解过程也未受到Pb的影响;在黑麦草根际环境中,Pb的可交换态和碳酸盐结合态以及Fe/Mn氧化物结合态含量与非根际土壤相比明显降低,有机物和硫化物结合态含量明显升高,这与黑麦草根际分泌物和植物根际的吸收作用有关;玉米和黑麦草地上部和根部Pb含量均与土壤中Pb总量之间呈显著正相关关系,与B[a]p含量间不存在显著相关性;在玉米和黑麦草根际环境中,B[a]p的降解速率比非根际土壤有明显提高,其中黑麦草的促降解作用强于玉米;Pb对玉米和黑麦草根际土壤中B[a]p的降解过程具有一定的抑制作用,这与根际环境对Pb的活化作用进而增加Pb对微生物有效性有关;Pb对植物根部吸附B[a]p的过程也有一定影响.总体而言,在根际和非根际条件下B[a]p与Pb的共存均未影响Pb的归宿,在非根际环境中Pb也未影响B[a]p的归宿,但在根际环境中Pb抑制了B[a]p在土壤中的降解及植物根部对B[a]p的吸收.     

我国典型土壤上重金属污染对番茄根伸长的抑制毒性效应

采用盆栽试验观测了我国3种典型土壤——黄泥土、褐土、红壤上不同重金属(铜、锌、铅)作用下敏感植物番茄的根伸长,其中黄泥土和褐土上重金属添加量范围为Cu(0～2000mg·kg-1)、Zn(0～4000mg·kg-1)和Pb(0～5000mg·kg-1),红壤上为Cu(0～400mg·kg-1)、Zn(0～750mg·kg-1)和Pb(0～2000mg·kg-1).对不同土壤上Cu、Zn、Pb对番茄的根伸长抑制率进行了比较,以阐明不同土壤上重金属种类及用量对蔬菜根生长的抑制及毒性效应.结果表明,相同Cu、Zn、Pb污染水平(添加量)下,土壤中重金属对番茄的根伸长抑制率大小顺序基本表现为:红壤>黄泥土>褐土.番茄对红壤中的重金属最敏感,其次是黄泥土,再次是褐土.番茄对不同重金属的毒性响应不同,对Cu最敏感,Zn和Pb次之.土壤中有效态重金属含量与番茄根伸长呈显著(p<0.05)或极显著(p<0.01)负相关,表明有效态重金属含量是影响蔬菜根伸长的重要因素.     

Effects of carbon nanotube and biochar on bioavailability of Pb,Cu and Sb in multi-metal contaminated soil

This study examined the effects of carbon nanotube and biochar on the bioavailability of Pb, Cu and Sb in the shooting range soils for developing low-cost remediation technology. Commercially available multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and biochar pyrolyzed from soybean stover at 300 °C (BC) at 0.5, 1 and 2.5% (w w^?1) were used to remediate the contaminated soil in an incubation experiment. Both DTPA (bioavailable) and TCLP (leaching) extraction procedures were used to compare the metal/loid availability and leaching by the amendments in soil. The addition of BC was more effective in immobilizing mobile Pb and Cu in the soil than that in MWCNT. The BC reduced the concentrations of Pb and Cu in the soil by 17.6 and 16.2%, respectively. However, both MWCNTs and BC increased Sb bioavailability by 1.4-fold and 1.6-fold, respectively, in DTPA extraction, compared to the control. The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) test showed that the leachability of Pb in the soil amended with 2.5% MWCNT was 1.3-fold higher than that the unamended soil, whereas the BC at 2.5% decreased the TCLP-extractable Pb by 19.2%. Precipitation and adsorption via electrostatic and π–π electron donor–acceptor interactions were postulated to be involved in the interactions of Pb and Cu with surfaces of the BC in the amended soils, whereas ion exchange mechanisms might be involved in the immobilization of Cu in the MWCNT-amended soils. The application of BC derived from soybean stover can be a low-cost technology for simultaneously immobilizing bioavailable Pb and Cu in the shooting range soils; however, neither of amendments was effective in Sb immobilization.     

壳聚糖辅助下玉米修复铅污染土壤能力的研究

为了研究壳聚糖辅助下玉米(ZeamaysL.)对铅污染土壤的修复能力,采用L9(34)正交试验进行研究,考虑了4因素3水平,4因素为土壤铅含量、壳聚糖含量、壳聚糖溶液pH值以及加入壳聚糖后的提取时间.研究结果表明,加入壳聚糖会造成玉米生长停滞,甚至死苗,原因在于壳聚糖属于天然高分子有机物,会造成土壤板结,阻碍植物吸收水分,同时壳聚糖将土壤中的大量重金属溶出,造成玉米重金属中毒.加入壳聚糖后,玉米对铅的吸收较对照结果有很大提高,壳聚糖能够促进铅元素从土壤向植物体内转移,但壳聚糖促进铅元素从玉米地下部分向地上部分转移的能力较弱;综合壳聚糖的促进效果,在土壤铅含量为1.8g·kg-1,壳聚糖含量为5mmol·kg-1(土),壳聚糖溶液pH值为4.5,提取时间为7天的条件下,有利于促进铅在玉米地上部分的吸收.     

Soil Quality: A Review of the Science and Experiences in the USA

An increasing human population is placing greater demand on soil resources, and as a result degradation is taking place in many regions of the world. This is critical because soils perform a number of essential processes including supporting food and fiber production, influencing air quality through interaction with the atmosphere, and serving as a medium for storage and purification of water. The soil quality concept was introduced to complement soil science research by making our understanding of soils more complete and helping guide the use and allocation of labor, energy, fiscal, and other inputs as agriculture intensifies and expands to meet increasing world demands. Soil quality thus provides a unifying concept for educating professionals, producers, and the public about the important processes that soils perform. It also provides an assessment tool for evaluating current management practices and comparing alternative management practices. Soil attributes comprising a minimum data set have been identified, and both laboratory and field methods have been developed for measuring them. A soil quality index is being developed to normalize measured soil quality indicator data and generate a numeric value that can be used to compare various management practices or to assess management-induced changes over time. Using previously published data, we evaluated the soil quality index as a tool to assess a wide range of management practices in the Northern Great Plains. The index ranked the treatments: grazed fertilized tame pasture > moderately grazed > ungrazed> heavily grazed > annual cropping with no-tillage > conventionally tilled crop-fallow which agrees with the way they were subjectively ranked in the publications. The soil quality index shows potential for use as a management assessment tool.     

铅锌矿区农田土壤重金属有效态空间分布及其影响因子分析

利用地统计学方法,研究了广西岩溶地区某铅锌矿区农田土壤中Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu四种重金属有效态含量的空间分布特征及其影响因子.结果表明:研究区域不同程度地受到Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu的污染,且水田污染较旱地严重;与广西土壤背景值相比,污染程度最严重的是Cd,在水田和旱地中超标率均为100%,平均超标倍数分别为312.94和33.67;其次是Zn,在水田和早地中超标率分别为100%和34%,平均超标倍数分别为38.34和2.11;污染最轻的为Cu,超标率仅为7%.空间分析表明,有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu的块金系数分别为2.7%、0.2%、6.5%、0.13%,体现了强烈的空间自相关性,且四种重金属空间分布特征相似,在离原铅锌选矿厂较近的西北偏西面有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu含量最高,沿着西北偏西至东南偏东的灌溉渠流向,有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu的含量呈递减趋势,东部旱地有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu含量相对较低.土壤有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu在污染区的空间分布与土壤基本理化性质关系密切,有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu与pH、阳离子交换量、粘粒都呈极显著负相关,与有机质含量则呈极显著正相关.     

Soil quality: a review of the science and experiences in the USA

An increasing human population is placing greater demand on soil resources, and as a result degradation is taking place in many regions of the world. This is critical because soils perform a number of essential processes including supporting food and fiber production, influencing air quality through interaction with the atmosphere, and serving as a medium for storage and purification of water. The soil quality concept was introduced to complement soil science research by making our understanding of soils more complete and helping guide the use and allocation of labor, energy, fiscal, and other inputs as agriculture intensifies and expands to meet increasing world demands. Soil quality thus provides a unifying concept for educating professionals, producers, and the public about the important processes that soils perform. It also provides an assessment tool for evaluating current management practices and comparing alternative management practices. Soil attributes comprising a minimum data set have been identified, and both laboratory and field methods have been developed for measuring them. A soil quality index is being developed to normalize measured soil quality indicator data and generate a numeric value that can be used to compare various management practices or to assess management-induced changes over time. Using previously published data, we evaluated the soil quality index as a tool to assess a wide range of management practices in the Northern Great Plains. The index ranked the treatments: grazed fertilized tame pasture > moderately grazed > ungrazed > heavily grazed > annual cropping with no-tillage > conventionally tilled crop-fallow which agrees with the way they were subjectively ranked in the publications. The soil quality index shows potential for use as a management assessment tool.     

Effect of leachates from municipal solid wastes in the surface characteristics of calcareous soils located in Central Mexico

Anthropogenic activities induce changes in a series of soil features. For example, continuous contact between soil and municipal solid waste leachates can encourage weathering processes as well as other mineral transformation reactions; consequently, the soil loses the function of environmental protection. Pollution-induced changes in the surface properties and morphology of soils have been rarely studied. In this work, the surface characteristics of calcareous soil located at a municipal solid waste disposal site in central Mexico were studied. Soil characterisation was carried out to determine the mesoporous size, particle surface area and crystallinity of collected samples. Comparison of these characteristics was made between soil in continuous contact with leachate flow and soil not in contact with leachate. The characterisation was carried out using X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis and nitrogen adsorption at 77 K. The presence of Pb, Cd, Zn, Ni and Cr was examined in both soils. Leachates in contact with this soil showed characteristics typical of liquid produced by the decomposition of municipal solid waste (pH, dissolved oxygen, redox potential and alkalinity).     

珠江三角洲地区典型菜地土壤与蔬菜重金属分布特征研究

通过对珠江三角洲地区的广州市、佛山市、江门市和惠州市典型菜地土壤和蔬菜中重金属（Pb、Cr、Cd、As和Hg）含量及其土壤中有效态（Pb、Cr、Cd）含量的调查,分析蔬菜重金属污染状况与土壤重金属含量的相关性,探讨了土壤重金属含量、有效态含量与土壤理化性质的相关性。结果表明,菜地土壤主要受Pb、Cd、Hg污染。Pb、Cd主要以轻度污染为主;而Hg污染在广州市菜地土壤以轻度污染和重度污染为主,佛山市菜地土壤以中度污染和重度污染为主,江门市和惠州市菜地土壤以轻度污染为主。蔬菜主要受Pb、Cd、Hg污染,少数蔬菜受到Cr污染,但并未检测出蔬菜受As污染。蔬菜中重金属含量与土壤中Pb、Cr、Cd的总量、有效态含量之间呈显著正相关关系,与土壤中As、Hg的总量无显著相关性。土壤中Pb、Cr含量与土壤有机质含量、黏粒含量、粉粒含量均达到显著相关。土壤中有效Pb与有效锰含量呈显著负相关关系,土壤中有效Cr含量与土壤粘粒含量、有效铁含量呈极显著正相关关系。     

洛阳市不同功能区地表灰尘重金属的粒径分布特征

以洛阳市为例,分析了工业区、商业区、居民区、城乡结合处、城市绿地和城市主干道等不同功能区地表灰尘颗粒组成及重金属（Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd）粒级效应。结果表明：洛阳市不同功能区地表灰尘粒径分布具多峰性,分别在850~250、150~96及〈75μm出现分布峰值。不同功能区地表灰尘粒径差异显著,居民区和城市绿地细颗粒比重较大,工业区和城市主干道粗颗粒相对较多。各金属元素的质量分数粒级效应不一,Pb在工业区各粒级中质量分数最高,具粒级效应,其它功能区粒级效应不明显,Cd、Cu粒级效应明显,Cd富集更趋向于细粒（96~75和〈75μm）,Cu在180~150μm粒径质量分数迅速升高,并随着粒径减小,基本呈上升趋势,除工业区和城乡结合部外,其它功能区均在〈75μm粒径达到峰值。除居民区和城乡结合部各粒径Zn分布较平均外,Zn主要富集于180~150μm粒径颗粒,且质量分数明显高于其它各粒级,粒级效应基本呈现正态分布。