基于应力–强度干涉模型的分离螺母可靠性分析

目的 提出一种基于应力强度干涉模型的分离螺母的分离可靠性分析方法。方法 首先,建立分离螺母机构分离动力学模型和极限状态函数。然后,在考虑工作载荷、几何尺寸和药剂燃烧参数等参数不确定性的基础上,建立分离螺母不同分离阶段的基于应力–强度干涉模型的可靠性模型。最后,对分离螺母进行可靠性和灵敏度分析,量化工作载荷、几何尺寸和火药燃烧参数对分离螺母机构分离可靠性的重要性排序。结果 影响可靠性的主要参数依次为火药力、装药密度和预紧力。结论 该方法能够准确描述不确定性因素对分离螺母分离过程可靠性的影响,提升分离螺母机构分离可靠性定量分析的精度和效率,可为分离螺母的精细化设计提供支撑。     

新疆地区大气环境容量系数的气候特征及其在空气质量变化中的作用

新疆在我国属于冬半年大气环境容量系数(A值)显著偏低的区域.研究了1975—2019年新疆大气环境容量系数的时空变化特征.新疆的低A值区主要分布在塔里木盆地北部和新疆东部;研究期间新疆的大气环境容量系数在随机波动中整体呈下降趋势,这与新疆平均风速的变化较为一致,主要是由气候变化引起.新疆A值的季节差异大,春夏高、秋冬低;A值的冬季均值远小于年均值,说明新疆冬季的大气自净能力很弱.新疆4个地级市的月均A值与PM_2.5浓度具有显著的负相关,A值能够较好地反映当地空气污染的气象条件特征.南疆城市则由于沙尘天气的影响,大气颗粒物浓度很高,但A值与PM_2.5浓度的相关性较差.还基于A值,利用城市大气环境荷载指数对新疆4个地级市的大气污染排放变率进行了评估.     

残余应力对焊接角接头裂纹扩展性能的影响分析

目的 分析焊接残余应力对角接接头裂纹扩展特性的影响。方法 基于热弹塑性力学法,建立角接头的有限元模型,计算焊接温度场,并采用热机耦合方法计算焊接残余应力。采用断裂力学方法,分析计算焊趾部位的应力强度因子和裂纹扩展寿命,并对比分析残余应力对裂纹扩展的影响。结果 计算得到焊缝的残余应力达到了材料屈服极限,呈拉伸应力状态,其Von Mises应力值为345 MPa。在应力为200 MPa以内,考虑残余应力的前提下,分别使用文献试验得到的数据和IIW标准中的数据作为裂纹扩展参数,应力比R=–1时的裂纹扩展寿命分别为2.61×10⁶和6.84×10⁵次循环;在应力比R=0时的裂纹扩展寿命分别为1.16×10⁵和2.90×10⁴次循环。结论 残余应力会加速裂纹扩展。采用控制变量法,将应力范围设定为常值,当应力比R<0时,残余应力扩大了应力强度因子的范围;在应力比R>0时,残余应力一方面会增大最大应力强度因子,使其接近材料的断裂韧度,同时拉伸残余也提高了平均应力强度因子或者提高了应力比R,在这种情况下,残余应力均会加速裂纹的扩展速度。随着裂纹长度的增加,残余应力对裂纹扩展速率的影响会增大。外载荷和残余应力共同对裂纹扩展产生影响,应力比R和残余应力对裂纹扩展的影响机制相同,在焊接结构寿命评估时,需要综合考虑这2个影响因素。     

自生动态膜-生物反应器结构优化的研究

针对自生动态膜-生物反应器内部结构进行了动力学运行的理论分析,通过能量平衡机理对自生动态膜-生物反应器体系进行了讨论,基于体系总能耗最小的原理推导出液相循环流动方程.建立的混合液流速与清水流速之间的关系模型可以很好地反映混合液流速与清水流速之间的关系.通过建立的清水流速测定方法得出反应器结构与清水膜面错流流速之间的关系：调整降流区横截面积(A_d)与底部通道截面积(A_b)的比值为0.7以及升流区横截面积(A_r)与顶部通道截面积(A_u)的比值为0.9,调整降流区横截面积与升流区横截面积的比值在1.2～1.5范围内以及增加反应器的有效高度H_D都可以在不改变曝气强度的条件下增加膜面错流速度,此结果与推导出的循环流动方程可以很好地吻合.     

北京地区2019年2~3月供暖结束前后两次污染过程特征分析

以2019年2~3月北京两次污染过程为例,针对气象要素及污染物浓度进行特征分析,利用后向轨迹及WRF-CAMx模式,分析供暖结束前后的污染物演变规律,并探讨气象条件、区域输送及二次转化等对污染过程的影响.结果表明,2月21~24日（过程1）和3月18~20日（过程2）平均ρ（PM_2.5）差异不大,分别为100.1 μg·m^-3和97.2 μg·m^-3,但过程1平均峰值偏高、日变化明显、过程发展迅速和有两个峰值阶段,且为区域性污染,而过程2更倾向于北京局地污染.两次过程逐时ρ（SO₂）均不超16 μg·m^-3,供暖燃煤治理效果显著,但过程1的SO₂存在夜间次峰值,体现供暖排放影响.过程1的ρ（CO）较高,尤其是2月21~22日前后ρ（CO）/ρ（SO₂）升高,且区域中南部城市及北京南部背景站污染高于城区,表明过程1扩散条件不利,且第一个峰值主要受区域输送影响.过程2的ρ（PM_2.5）/ρ（CO）偏高,表明二次生成PM_2.5占比略大;ρ（NO₂）/ρ（CO）、ρ（SO₂）/ρ（CO）和ρ（SO₄^2-）/ρ（PM_2.5）偏大,SOR与过程1持平,表明过程1更有利于气体相态转化,过程2受工业燃煤影响更大.但将过程1分阶段分析显示,过程1第二阶段与过程2的PM_2.5二次生成指征相似,均高于过程1第一阶段,即过程1第二个峰值与过程2主要与本地排放和化学转化相关.WRF-CMAx对污染物演变趋势有较好的再现能力.同化试验对PM_2.5趋势模拟显著提升,提高了与观测的相关性,但模拟值偏低;对NO₂的模拟2月偏低、3月偏高,对SO₂模拟明显偏高有一定纠正;此外,过程2中北京污染物浓度对河北的敏感性相对过程1偏低,即过程1受区域输送影响更大.模式对污染暴发性增长的模拟亟待提升,污染物种类对减排的响应及大气氧化剂和气溶胶性质相关的反馈等可能是影响模拟效果的重要原因,需进一步研究.     

三亚城区PM2.5中水溶性离子特征与来源分析

基于2019年三亚城区站点PM_2.5中水溶性离子在线观测数据,分析了水溶性离子的质量浓度水平、不同时间尺度和不同PM_2.5浓度下的特征,探讨了气象因子对离子组分的影响,通过主成分分析（PCA）解析来源.结果表明：2019年三亚城区总水溶性离子（TWSI）质量浓度为8.173 μg·m^-3,占ρ（PM_2.5）的58.4%,各离子质量浓度大小依次为：ρ（SO₄^2-） > ρ（NO₃^-） > ρ（K⁺） > ρ（NH₄⁺） > ρ（Na⁺） > ρ（Cl^-） > ρ（Ca²⁺） > ρ（F^-） > ρ（Mg²⁺） > ρ（NO₂^-）,其中二次离子SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NH₄⁺（SNA）和K⁺为主要离子组分,占总水溶性离子的80.0%,海盐粒子Na⁺及Cl^-之和占比为14.7%,且与风速呈显著正相关;TWSI季节浓度变化特征明显,秋季最高,春冬季次之,夏季最低,主要与秋冬季风速较大、主导风向转为东北风,易受外来传输有关;SO₄^2-在各个季节均是浓度及占比最高的离子,硫氧化率（SOR）的日均值均大于0.1,存在显著的SO₂向SO₄^2-转化的过程;PCA分析结果表明三亚城区水溶性离子主要受海洋源、二次源及生物质燃烧源的影响.     

基于边界观测的长三角某工业区O3来源特征

为研究上海某石化工业区臭氧来源特征,采用在线监测系统对该工业区O₃及其前体物和气象参数展开了为期3个月（2020年6~8月）的同步连续观测.采用TCEQ（Texas Commission on Environmental Quality）区域背景臭氧估算法和主成分分析两种方法研究工业区区域背景和本地生成O₃浓度贡献,并将两种方法进行对比分析.结果表明：①观测期间园区主导风向为东南风和东风,平均温度为27.12℃.ρ（VOCs-36）日均值为32.05~240.51μg·m^-3,烷烃浓度占比最大;ρ（NO_x）日均值为10.15~47.51μg·m^-3;ρ（O₃）为31.81~144.43μg·m^-3.②TCEQ法得出的区域背景O₃浓度[ρ_R（O₃）]为32.63~191.13μg·m^-3,本地生成O₃浓度[ρ_L（O₃）]为16.08~134.25μg·m^-3,区域背景占比ω（TCEQ）为32.6%~87.7%.主成分分析计算得出的区域背景[ρ_PCA-R（O₃）]为66.38~219.83μg·m^-3;③TCEQ法计算得出的本地生成O₃浓度变化基本能够与该园区内臭氧生成潜势的变化对应,两种方法具有良好的吻合效果,经验证结果具有可靠性;④剔除由于站点浓度异常情况带来的计算误差,观测期间区域背景O₃占比基本处于75%~95%范围内.综上,园区内O₃浓度组成以区域输送为主,应重点关注工业区周边城市的O₃污染治理,落实长三角区域联防联控措施.     

邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物正辛醇-水分配系数的QSPR研究

采用PM3算法计算邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物(PAEs)的量子化学参数,应用偏最小二乘(PLS)算法建立了PAEs的正辛醇-水分配系数(K_OW)的定量结构-性质相关(QSPR)模型.模型的结果表明,用量子化学参数建立的QSPR模型相关性显著,具有较好的稳健性和预测能力,因此,利用该模型可对其他PAEs分子的lgK_OW值进行初步预测.模型的结果表明,影响lgK_OW的主要量子化学参数是分子总能量TE、相对分子质量M_r、平均分子极化率α和分子生成热ΔH_f.lgK_OW随着M_r和α的增大而增大,随着TE和ΔH_f的增大而减小.     

基于UV-vis和EEMs解析白洋淀冬季冰封期间隙水DOM的光谱特征及来源

基于三维荧光光谱（EEMs）技术结合平行因子分析法（PARAFAC）以及紫外-可见光谱技术（UV-vis）,对雄安新区-白洋淀冬季冰封期不同特征区域间隙水溶解性有机物（DOM）的光谱特征以及来源进行解析.结果表明：冬季冰封期白洋淀不同特征淀区间隙水DOM的相对浓度差异显著,养殖区的最高、旅游区的最低;冰封期白洋淀大部分区域间隙水DOM的E₃/E₄均大于3.5,说明DOM以低腐殖质成分为主;三维荧光通过PARAFAC解析出3种组分,分别为类酪氨酸（C1）、类色氨酸（C2）和陆源腐殖质（C3）;对3个组分进行相关性分析,结果显示C1与C2之间的相关系数达到0.99（p<0.001）;白洋淀各个特征区域间的DOM总荧光强度和各荧光组分相对丰度呈现显著的差异（p<0.05）;DOM的总荧光强度以及各组分的荧光强度均呈现出唐河入淀口高的特征,C1+C2是DOM的主要成分呈现养殖区多、自然区少的特点,养殖区达到79.30%~92.04%,自然区达到26.60%~38.55%;冰封期白洋淀间隙水水体的DOM荧光指数FI为（2.58±0.23）>1.8,生物源指数（BIX）为1.20±0.25,表明白洋淀DOM来源于生物活动并且以自生源为主,与腐殖程度指标（HIX）的结果相吻合;a₂₅₄与硝氮、溶解性总磷和A₂₅₄/A₂₀₄,a₃₅₅与S_350~400;a₄₄₀与S_275~295、S_350~400、E₂/E₄、E₂/E₆和E₄/E₆,C1以及C2与Fn₂₈₀,C3与硝氮和Fn₃₅₅相关性很好（p<0.05）.综上,通过对冬季冰封期白洋淀各个典型淀区间隙水水体DOM光谱特征进行研究,可以为分析白洋淀水体有机物污染特征和白洋淀的水质管理提供技术支持.     

近10年华北背景大气PM2.5中重金属健康风险及污染来源的变化

为探究近10年华北背景大气PM_2.5中重金属的变化特征,分别于2011年12月至2013年1月（Ⅰ期）和2019年9月至2021年11月（Ⅱ期）,在位于渤海中部的砣矶岛国家大气背景监测站各采集71个和160个PM_2.5样品,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）测定样品中重金属浓度,对比Ⅰ期与Ⅱ期重金属浓度、来源及健康风险.结果表明,Ⅱ期砣矶岛ρ（PM_2.5）均值为（54.06±39.71）μg ·m^-3,比Ⅰ期浓度低3.53μg ·m^-3.Ⅱ期PM_2.5中ρ（Zn）、ρ（Mn）、ρ（As）、ρ（Pb）和ρ（V）比Ⅰ期分别降低了54.53、172.63、0.8、79.06和3.81 ng ·m^-3,而ρ（Cr）、ρ（Cu）、ρ（Cd）和ρ（Ni）分别升高了2.01、5.42、3.03和3.55 ng ·m^-3.PMF结果表明,Ⅱ期污染源贡献率大小为：工业排放源（32.32%）>燃煤源（27.47%）>机动车排放（23.70%）>船舶排放（9.69%）>扬尘源（6.83%）,与Ⅰ期相比,扬尘源和船舶排放源对砣矶岛PM_2.5中金属的贡献率分别降低20.73%和8.83%,燃煤源和工业排放的贡献率分别增加2.50%和13.52%.Ⅱ期重金属总致癌风险增加,主要以Cr和Cd的贡献为主,总非致癌风险降低,以Mn贡献为主.因此,在大气污染治理进程中要进一步加强对Cr、Cd和Mn等重金属的污染源的管控.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.