单室空气阴极微生物燃料电池硝酸根去除系统的建立和性能研究

本文以单室空气阴极微生物燃料电池(Microbial Fuel Cell,MFC)处理含不同浓度硝酸根的模拟废水,研究了NO~-_3-N初始浓度和开闭路培养方式对单室MFC的启动、硝酸根去除性能和产电性能的影响.结果表明,随着NO~-_3-N初始浓度的提高,MFC的NO~-_3-N平均去除速率达到稳定值所需时间增加,NO~-_3-N平均去除速率提高.当NO~-_3-N初始浓度为200 mg·L~(-1)时,闭路组MFC的NO~-_3-N平均去除速率达到(3.52±0.28) kg·m~(-3)·d~(-1),高于相近条件下许多传统生物反应器的NO~-_3-N平均去除速率.硝酸根去除过程主要发生在MFC运行周期的前期.硝酸根对阳极生物膜中主要产电菌Geobacter的生物量没有影响.当基质充足时,所有闭路组MFC的最大功率密度相近(～27 W·m~(-3)).闭路组MFC比开路组MFC具有更高的NO~-_3-N去除速率,可能与其阳极生物膜具有电化学还原亚硝酸根能力和Thauera易在其阳极上富集有关.     

反硝化脱硫微生物燃料电池的可行性研究

微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)可在去除废水中污染物的同时回收电能.以S2-和NO-3-N分别作为阳极电子供体和阴极电子受体,研究了反硝化脱硫MFC的同步阳极除硫与阴极脱氮,分析了阳极进水S2-浓度对MFC产电性能及污染物去除情况的影响,探究了MFC阳极石墨纤维丝上的硫沉积情况及其对内阻的影响.结果表明,反硝化脱硫MFC在32 d内实现稳定的阳极除硫与阴极脱氮.外阻为100Ω时,电压稳定在(176.0±6.9)m V,相应的S2-和NO-3-N去除负荷分别为(0.94±0.04)kg·m-3NC·d-1和(11.1±0.6)g·m-3NC·d-1.MFC的产电能力随着阳极进水S2-浓度的增加逐渐增强,SO_2-4的生成率和NO-3-N去除负荷受S2-浓度影响较小.在试验S2-浓度下S2-的去除较彻底,SO_2-4的生成率均超过65%.NO-3-N去除负荷维持在12 g·m-3NC·d-1左右,出水NO-2-N浓度均低于0.01 mg·L-1.反硝化过程较完全.在运行过程中,MFC阳极的石墨纤维丝上会沉积颗粒硫,降低电极的有效面积,使MFC的内阻升高.     

石墨烯掺杂分子筛负载氧化铁芬顿催化降解苯酚影响因素的研究

通过水热晶化法制备了石墨烯掺杂介孔分子筛MCM-41复合载体,利用该载体浸渍负载氧化铁制备了非均相芬顿催化剂gh-MCM-41-Fe.以苯酚为模拟有机废水,考察了催化剂和H2O2投加量、水质因素(苯酚初始浓度、反应温度和水中腐殖酸和草酸)等对gh-MCM-41-Fe芬顿催化降解苯酚效能的影响.结果表明,当苯酚初始浓度为100 mg·L-1,催化剂在60 min催化降解苯酚去除率高达97.6%,COD去除率为65.9%,反应符合准一级反应动力学模型;苯酚降解速率随着催化剂和H2O2投加量的增加而增加,但投加过多会消耗·OH自由基从而不利苯酚降解过程;苯酚初始浓度从10 mg·L-1增至100 mg·L-1,苯酚降解速率相应降低,但体系中H2O2及·OH自由基的有效利用率反而增加;反应温度对于苯酚废水降解率和COD去除率影响不大,反应表观频率因子为105.68 min-1,表观活化能为18.43 k J·mol-1;腐殖酸和草酸对苯酚废水降解和COD去除均有抑制作用.     

高浓度苯酚的MFC降解及产电性能

以铁氰化钾溶液作为电子受体,在阴阳两极室中分别填充石墨颗粒的基础上构建了填料型微生物燃料电池(Microbial Fuel cell,MFC),研究了苯酚为单一燃料和苯酚 葡萄糖为混合燃料条件下MFC的产电特性以及对苯酚和COD的去除效果.在1OOOΩ外电阻条件下,1000mg·L-1苯酚为单一燃料运行时,MFC在苯酚去除率达到约90%时输出电压达到最大值,最大输出电压为540mV,产电曲线存在单一极大值;以1000 mg·L-1苯酚 500 mg·L-1葡萄糖为混合燃料运行时,最大输出电压可达657mV,产电曲线存在2个峰值,第1峰值和第2峰值出现时对应的苯酚去除率分别约为20%和90%.混合燃料运行条件下,前后2个产电峰值出现时MFC的最大体积(面积)功率密度分别为28.3w·m-3(342.OmW·m-2)和12.6 w·m-3(152.2mW·m-2),内阻分别为194Ω和246Ω.在2种燃料情形下,MFC对苯酚和COD的去除率均可在60h之内分别达到95%和90%以上.试验结果表明,MFC能够利用高浓度苯酚作为燃料,在实现高效降解的同时稳定地向外输出电能,这为酚类难降解有机物的高效低耗处理提供了新的研究思路.     

高效复合菌群JHD降解苯酚的特性及其动力学研究

为了获得能降解苯酚的高效微生物菌群,研究了不同条件(温度、pH、接种量、振荡速率及初始苯酚浓度等)对复合菌群JHD降酚性能的影响.结果表明,32℃、pH=7.0、接种量为10%和振荡速率为150 r·min-1,初始苯酚浓度为1000 mg·L-1时降解苯酚16 h,降酚率高达99.97%,残余苯酚浓度低于0.28 mg-L-1,远低于国家一级排放标准.采用Andrews方程对复合菌群JHD降解苯酚的过程进行拟合,其动力学参数为qmax=0.41 h-1,K=55.44 mg·L-1,Ki=970.06 mg·L-1,复合菌群JHD降解苯酚的最佳初始苯酚浓度为231.90 mg·L-1,实验数据与该动力学方程拟合较好.     

移动床生物膜反应器用于苯酚废水处理的性能研究

实验应用移动床生物膜反应器处理人工配制的苯酚废水,研究了在不同的苯酚进水浓度和不同的水力停留时间时苯酚的去除效率,以及反应器对冲击负荷的承受能力.结果表明,在水力停留时间为24 h、苯酚进水浓度从200 mg·L-逐渐上升至1400 mg·L-1以及苯酚进水浓度1000 mg·L-1、水力停留时间从32 h逐渐降至16 h的条件下,苯酚均能够被完全去除.对冲击负荷,MBBR具有较强的承受能力.由荧光原位杂交技术分析可知,酵母菌和真细菌是反应器中降解苯酚的主要微生物.说明移动床生物膜工艺能够高效地用于苯酚废水处理之中.     

生物炭强化模拟废水中高浓度苯酚的微生物降解

采用花生壳生物质废物分别在350、550和750℃条件下限氧热解制备生物炭,之后加入到苯酚污染模拟废水中,验证其强化苯酚微生物降解的效果.结果表明,未加生物炭的系统中,苯酚浓度过低(≤110 mg·L~(-1))不能使菌体达到最大浓度,苯酚浓度过高(≥420 mg·L~(-1))则会抑制菌体生长,降解率仅为43.2%,且停滞期长.添加生物炭后,苯酚去除率大幅度提高,在6～16 h时微生物进入对数生长期,苯酚浓度快速降低.2、4和6 g·L~(-1)的生物炭添加量均可使苯酚在16 h内被完全去除,高添加量的生物炭能吸附39.3%的苯酚,降低其对微生物的毒性抑制.550℃热解温度制备的生物炭取得了最好的强化效果,其pH缓冲作用可中和苯酚降解产生的酸性物质,而750℃热解温度制备的生物炭由于pH过高而使菌体难以存活.生物炭在相对低苯酚浓度下(600、800 mg·L~(-1))可显著提高其去除率,分别从29.6%、24.5%升至46.9%、36.9%.而对于初始苯酚浓度高达1000 mg·L~(-1)以上的系统,则需要海藻酸钙凝胶固定菌体到生物炭才能获得较高的降解率.     

降解喹啉的微生物燃料电池的产电特性研究

通过构建双极室微生物燃料电池(Microbial fuel cell,MFC),对喹啉的降解及MFC的产电性能进行了研究.试验结果表明,当喹啉初始浓度为500 mg·L-1,葡萄糖与喹啉浓度之比为1:1,3:5,1:5时,MFC的最大输出电压分别为558 mV、469 mV、328 mV,运行周期分别为56.4 h、70h、82.5 h;最大功率密度分别为173 mW·m-2、122 mW·m-2、60 mW·m-2(按阳极截面积计算)或者35 W·m-3、24 W·m-3、12 W·m-3(按阳极室有效容积计算).MFC可实现对喹啉的高效降解,但葡萄糖的浓度对喹啉的降解速率有较大影响.当葡萄糖浓度分别为500 mg.L-1、300mg·L-1和100 mg·L-1时,使500 mg·L-1喹啉完全降解的时间分别为6 h、24 h和72 h.MFC闭路条件下对喹啉的降解速率高于开路厌氧条件下的喹啉降解速率约10%.MFC对喹啉的降解与产电速率之间存在差距,喹啉被快速降解至较低浓度(<5rag·L-1)后,MFC的产电性能才达到最优.MFC以用喹啉和葡萄糖作为混合燃料时,可以在实现高效降解喹啉的同时可稳定地向外输出电能,这为杂环芳烃类难降解有机物的高效低耗处理提供了新的途径.     

活性污泥低温氨氧化功能的驯化与潜力研究

以强化低温污水生物处理系统的氨氮(NH4+-N)氧化功能为目标,采用序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR),通过逐步提高进水NH4+-N浓度的方式,在(15±1)℃的条件下对城镇污水处理厂的好氧活性污泥进行了驯化培育,并就其对生活污水和高氨氮废水的NH4+-N去除潜力进行了测试.结果表明,在(15±1)℃下,好氧活性污泥经适当驯化可获得良好的氨氧化能力.在初始NH4+-N浓度为46mg·L-1左右时,其NH4+-N去除速率和亚硝态氮(NO2--N)生成速率分别可达54.26g·kg-·1d-1(以MLSS计,下同)和29.07g·kg-·1d-1(以MLSS计,下同)左右.对NH4+-N浓度为47.19mg·L-1左右的城镇污水,其NH4+-N去除率可高达85%以上.初始NH4+-N浓度分别为91.01mg·L-1和163.37mg·L-1左右时,其最高NH4+-N去除速率分别可达52.54g·kg-·1d-1和111.97g·kg-·1d-1,具有处理高氨氮废水的潜力.     

喹啉和吡啶共存条件下的MFC产电特性研究

喹啉和吡啶往往共存于实际废水中,本文通过构双极室MFC,以铁氰化钾为电子受体,对喹啉和吡啶在MFC中的降解以及产电性进行研究.结果表明,MFC的最大输出电压随着葡萄糖浓度的降低而降低,当喹啉和吡啶初始浓度均为500mg·L-1,葡萄糖浓度分别为1000、500、100mg·L-1时,最高输出电压逐渐降低,分别为606、537、354mV;最大体积功率密度为18.4、14.4和6.3W.m-3.当以等浓度500mg·L-1的喹啉和吡啶作混合燃料时,MFC的内阻超过1250Ω,最大体积功率密度为2.9W.m-3.周期结束时,COD的去除率达79%以上,喹啉和吡啶均可以完全去除,喹啉的降解速率明显高于吡啶.MFC可以利用喹啉和吡啶作为混合燃料,这为含喹啉和吡啶共存类实际废水的MFC处理提供了理论依据.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.