粉煤灰基混凝剂制备及处理印钞废水研究

将粉煤灰经过超细球磨后再采用微波处理,用于制备粉煤灰基混凝剂。结果表明,超细和微波处理能明显增加混凝剂的产率和性能。通过正交实验确定了去除印钞废水中浊度的粉煤灰基混凝剂的最佳制备工艺条件：粉煤灰/酸比为1∶4（w/v）,粉煤灰/碱比为1∶3（w/v）,熟化温度为40℃。当投加量为5 mL/100 mL时,粉煤灰基混凝剂对印钞废水处理的浊度去除率为98.37％。对粉煤灰基混凝剂的混凝机理进行了分析。     

粉煤灰制备混凝剂及其砸黄河水的处理效果

以粉煤灰和铁泥为原料、加入一定量NaCl作助溶剂室温下制备粉煤灰混凝剂,考察酸灰比与酸浓度对Fe3＋、Al“溶出率及混凝剂对黄河水处理效果的影响。结果表明,Fe3＋、A13＋的最佳溶出条件为酸灰比3mL／g、HCl浓度4mol／L,此时Fe“溶出率为28．1％,浓度为11．81g／L;A13＋溶出率为5．2％,浓度为1．86g／L。粉煤灰混凝剂对黄河水的处理效果在投加量2．38mL／L、沉降时间30min、pH6．2～7．5时最佳,对浊度、ss和COD。。平均去除率分别为89．7％、83．6％和62．3％,优于传统市售混凝剂PAC和Fc,Fe3＋、AI3＋同时存在有利于各自优势的发挥从而提高混凝效果。     

用聚硅酸铁铝对垃圾渗沥液进行预处理的研究

采用一种新型高效的无机高分子混凝剂——聚硅酸铁铝(PSAF)用于垃圾渗沥液亚滤装置的预处理。结果表明，在PSAF的投加量为150mg/L，pH为5．0和沉降时间为60min的条件下，混凝效果最佳，浊度去除率可达92％左右，色废去除率可达91％左右，CODcr去除率可达70％左右。同时探讨了该混凝剂处理垃圾渗沥液的反应机理。     

强化混凝-吸附预处理生活污水

采用混凝/吸附复配的方式对生活污水进行了浓缩预处理。通过对有机物去除率和混合絮体沉降性能的考察,优选出最佳混凝剂聚合氯化铝和最佳吸附剂粉末活性炭,其最优投加量分别为60 mg/L和40 mg/L。在此复配条件下,COD去除率由单独投加混凝剂时的62%提高到73%,浊度去除率由88%提高到93%。同时利用分子量分级实验进一步阐述了混凝/吸附复配过程提升污水浓缩效果的机制。在机械加速澄清池连续实验中,在原水COD 300~500 mg/L、浊度130~360 NTU的水质条件下,出水COD稳定在70~86 mg/L之间,去除率达80%以上,出水浊度稳定在10 NTU以下。     

新型聚合铝硅混凝剂处理洗浴废水的试验研究

针对常规铝盐、铁盐去除洗浴废水中阴离子洗涤剂（LAS）效果不理想的状况，采用高碱化度钙型聚合铝硅混凝剂（CPASC）进行了试验研究，同时与聚合氯化铝（PAC）作了比较。结果表明，该混凝剂对洗浴废水中COD、LAS、SS及浊度都有较高的去除率，特别对LAS、COD的去除率分别比PAC高10％和8％以上。当投加量为60mg/L时，出水各项指标均达到生活杂用水水质标准（GJ25.1-89）。     

复合混凝剂处理染料废水的研究

分析酸性大红染料的结构与特点，进行各种混凝剂的筛选实验，配制FeSO4—MgSO4—Ca(OH)2—PAM复合混凝剂，并通过实验优化操作条件，实验结果表明，对COD=288．3mg／L、色度为25000倍的酸性大红GR实验废水，COD去除率可高达85．3％，最高脱色率可达97．4％，在脱色率达90％时，药剂费用为1．12元／t。     

响应曲面法优化聚硅酸铁混凝剂处理腈纶废水

为了提高聚硅酸铁(PSF)混凝剂处理腈纶废水处理效果,采用响应曲面法对实验反应条件进行优化。实验选取原水pH值、混凝剂投加量、沉降时间为自变量,COD去除率和浊度去除率为响应值,采用Box-Behnken实验设计方法,分别建立了二次多项式响应曲面模型。方差分析结果表明,该模型方程显著,模型与实际情况拟合良好,实验误差较小,可以用此模型来分析和预测聚硅酸铁混凝剂处理腈纶生化出水的最佳反应条件。模型优化结果显示,在pH值为7.44,投加量为1.74 g·L~(-1),沉降时间为17.26 min的条件下,响应曲面模型预测最大COD去除率为57.88%,浊度去除率为95%。     

新型鼓风炉铁泥基混凝剂的制备及应用研究

研究在鼓风炉铁泥中加入适量的粉煤灰和助溶剂HS,在90℃温度下搅拌浸取2．5h后,制得集物理吸附和化学混凝为一体的混凝剂。这种混凝剂与PSA絮凝剂配合用于制革和纺织印染废水的处理,与传统混凝剂相比,COD和色度的去除率均提高30％左右。其显著特点是混凝沉降速度快,污泥体积小,处理废水费用低,并结合显微照片探讨了混凝剂对废水的混凝沉降机理。     

混凝沉淀法深度处理酒精废水

采用混凝沉淀法对酒精废水进行深度处理实验及放大应用研究。结果表明,混凝剂种类、投加量、pH值及沉降时间对处理效果都起着重要作用。通过正交实验确定最优化组合,即聚合硫酸铝投加量为60mg／L,pH为8．0左右,沉降时间为90min条件下,废水COD去除率达41．91％;浊度去除率达46．15％;NH3-N去除率达49．61％。混凝沉淀法处理酒精废水可有效减轻后续膜处理工艺负荷,有助于提高回用水质。     

陶瓷印花废水处理的混凝剂及工艺条件

采用混凝剂聚合氯化铝（PAC）、聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）、聚合硫酸铁（PFS）对陶瓷印花废水进行混凝沉降处理,监测水样的吸光度、浊度、悬浮物,以脱色率、浊度去除率、悬浮物去除率评价混凝处理的效果。结果表明：PAC是陶瓷印花废水沉降处理的理想混凝剂;水样的吸光度、浊度、悬浮物随混凝剂用量增大和沉降时间延长而呈降低趋势,而脱色率、浊度去除率、悬浮物去除率随混凝剂和沉降时间的增大呈增大的趋势;PAC投加量为20mg／L,沉降时间约为24h,水样脱色率达到90．0％,而当PAC投加量达到100mg／L,沉降时间约为4h,陶瓷印花水的脱色率可达到96．0％。证明了药剂用量的增加与沉降时间的延长对混凝过程具有增效作用。     

Modeling the spill in the Songhua River after the explosion in the petrochemical plant in Jilin

An explosion in a petrochemical plant in Jilin in the northeast of China on 13 November 2005 was responsible for the discharge of large quantities of benzene and nitrobenzene into Songhua River. This endangered the water supply of Harbin city and influenced the daily life for millions of people. The dispersion-advection equation was solved analytically and numerically and used to simulate the concentration of benzene and nitrobenzene in the Songhua River after the accident. Both solutions gave practically identical results. The main elimination process for both compounds was volatilization. The model results are quite close to the results obtained by measurements at monitoring stations. Arrival time of the pollutant wave, peak concentrations and end of the pollutant wave at Harbin and along the river were predicted successfully. The peak concentrations of nitrobenzene at Harbin were more than 30 times above the permissible limits for drinking water.     

焦化废水中细菌质粒的研究

细菌质粒中常带有一些可编码降解特殊有毒物质酶的基因,为了研究质粒对有毒物质CN^-的降解的意义,主要调查了焦化废水中好氧异养菌的质粒分布特点。从山西省焦化企业公司生化站、太原煤气公司焦化厂生化站中筛选出53株细菌,利用琼脂糖凝胶电泳法,采用GDS-8000型凝胶电泳分析仪进行拍照,同时测定各菌株降氰、降酚能力,CN^-采用异烟酸-毗唑啉酮法,酚采用4-氨基安替比林法测定。结果表明,质粒的存在与降氰力有一定的关系,但对降酚力的影响差异不显著。同时,通过对其中11^*号菌株进行了质粒转化和消除实验,证明质粒稳定,不可用十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)消除掉,用E．cbli DHI作受体菌,用11^#菌株作供体菌。作转化实验,但由于种种原因,没有筛洗到转化子。     

Managing the relationship with the environment

This article describes the results of a survey carried out by the author's company on behalf of Rank Xerox. The objective was to assess attitudes towards environmental issues in both the public and private sector. Although there were some differences over priorities, both sectors agreed that development of environmental policies was essential to their future.     

水处理中含铁废料综合利用的研究进展

回顾了２０余年来我国在水处理中综合利用含铁废料的研究进展，分别评述了副产品硫酸亚铁制备絮凝剂ＰＦＳ的各种方法，废铁屑运用于内电解法水处理和其他含铁泥渣，废酸在水处理中的研究和应用现状，指出含铁废料综合利用中有待于进一步研究的若干问题。     

How the loss of forest fauna undermines the achievement of the SDGs

The human-driven loss of biodiversity has numerous ecological, social, and economic impacts at the local and global levels, threatening important ecological functions and jeopardizing human well-being. In this perspective, we present an overview of how tropical defaunation—defined as the disappearance of fauna as a result of anthropogenic drivers such as hunting and habitat alteration in tropical forest ecosystems—is interlinked with four selected Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We discuss tropical defaunation related to nutrition and zero hunger (SDG 2), good health and well-being (SDG 3), climate action (SDG 13), and life on land (SDG 15). We propose a range of options on how to study defaunation in future research and how to address the ongoing tropical defaunation crisis, including but not limited to recent insights from policy, conservation management, and development practice.     

底泥修复中温度对微生物活性和污染物释放的影响

通过分析底泥中微生物的酶活性以及污染物的释放规律,探讨了温度对河道底泥生物修复的影响.结果表明,底泥中微生物的脱氢酶、脲酶和磷酸酶的活性随着温度的升高而显著增大,但温度对纤维素酶的活性影响较小.4 ℃和10 ℃时底泥中污染物的释放量和微生物的酶活性均较低,水质较稳定;20～37 ℃时底泥中污染物的释放量明显增加,微生物的新陈代谢能力有较大提高,水体的自净能力较强.在各种因素的综合作用下,20～30 ℃是进行底泥生物修复的适宜环境温度.此外,当pH为9.0以及添加葡萄糖时,底泥中微生物均表现出较高的脱氢酶活性.     

Attempts to probe the ozone layer and the ultraviolet-B levels of the past

To get a proper perspective on the current status of atmospheric ozone, which protects the biosphere from ultraviolet-B (UV-B; 280-315 nm) radiation, it would be of value to know how ozone and UV-B radiation have varied in the past. The record of worldwide ozone monitoring goes back only a few decades, and the record of reliable UV-B measurements is even shorter. Here we review indirect methods to assess their status further back in time. These include variations in the Sun's emission and how these affect the atmosphere, changes in the Earth's orbit, geologic imprints of atmospheric ozone, effects of catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions, biological proxies of UV-B radiation, the spectral signature of terrestrial ozone in old recordings of star spectra, and the modeling of UV-B irradiance from ozone data and meteorological recordings. Although reliable reconstructions do not yet extend far into the past, there is some hope for future progress.