Study on the effects of organic matter characteristics on the residual aluminum and flocs in coagulation processes

Characteristics of organic matter may affect the residual aluminum after the coagulation process. This study reported the results of a survey for one drinking water treatment plant and measured the concentration of residual aluminum species with different molecular weights. Survey results indicated that humic acid or organic matter whose molecular weight was smaller than 1500 Da had significant effects on residual aluminum. All the treatment processes were ineffective in removing dissolved organic matter whose molecular weight was smaller than 1500 Da. These results also indicated that the addition of sand or polyacrylamide in the coagulation process could greatly decrease the concentration of humic acid, and the concentration of residual aluminum also decreased. These results revealed that for all water samples after filtration, the majority of total residual aluminum existed in the form of total dissolved aluminum, accounting for 70%–90%. The concentration of residual aluminum produced in bovine serum albumin solutions indicated that when the DOC was larger than 4.0 mg/L, there were still significant differences when the solution pH value varied from 4.0 to 9.0.     

Study on the effects of organic matter characteristics on the residual aluminum and flocs in coagulation processes

Characteristics of organic matter may affect the residual aluminum after the coagulation process. This study reported the results of a survey for one drinking water treatment plant and measured the concentration of residual aluminum species with different molecular weights.Survey results indicated that humic acid or organic matter whose molecular weight was smaller than 1500 Da had significant effects on residual aluminum. All the treatment processes were ineffective in removing dissolved organic matter whose molecular weight was smaller than1500 Da. These results also indicated that the addition of sand or polyacrylamide in the coagulation process could greatly decrease the concentration of humic acid, and the concentration of residual aluminum also decreased. These results revealed that for all water samples after filtration, the majority of total residual aluminum existed in the form of total dissolved aluminum, accounting for 70%–90%. The concentration of residual aluminum produced in bovine serum albumin solutions indicated that when the DOC was larger than4.0 mg/L, there were still significant differences when the solution p H value varied from 4.0 to 9.0.     

阳离子型聚合物对低温低浊水的絮凝效果与形态学特性

采用微絮凝-深床直接过滤工艺,以西安市曲江水厂低温低浊水质为原水(水温低于10 ℃,初始浊度低于10NTU),投加阳离子型聚合物(简称CP)作主混凝剂或助凝剂,借助分形数学理论与图像分析技术,对滤料粒径、原水浊度、原水温度、药剂种类、聚合物分子量及投加量、混合强度等因素对处理效果的影响进行了研究,分析探讨了不同药剂处理低温低浊水的作用机理、絮凝形态学特征以及絮体结构的分形特性.结果表明,①当温度低于4 ℃、初始浊度小于4NTU时,不宜单独采用Al2(SO4)3或PAC作为絮凝剂;当温度为4～10 ℃、初始浊度小于10NTU时,如果只投加Al2(SO4)3或PAC作为絮凝剂,宜用细砂滤料过滤;低温低浊条件下,无机混凝剂形成的絮体粒径小、结构松散脆弱、有效质量密度低、沉速慢,但表征絮体分形特性的分维值较高.②CP作絮凝剂能显著改善低温低浊水的絮凝效果与过滤性能,但混合强度需增大,宜用粗砂滤料过滤;③单独用CP作絮凝剂时,宜投加分子量较低的弱阳性聚合物或投加低剂量较高分子量的强阳性聚合物;CP用作助凝剂时,能显著减少主混凝剂用量,但宜投加强阳性聚合物或增加弱阳性聚合物的剂量.④CP兼备电性中和与吸附架桥絮凝作用,能形成粒径较大、吸附性能与过滤性能良好的网状絮体构型,其有效质量密度高,产生的污泥量少,污泥沉降速度快,脱水效果好,但分维值低.⑤各种水处理药剂的处理效果为:Al2(SO4)3(或PAC) CP＞CP＞PAC＞Al2(SO4)3,这种差别由絮体的形态学特性与构型特征各异引起.     

Coagulation efficiency and flocs characteristics of recycling sludge during treatment of low temperature and micro-polluted water

Drinking water treatment sludge, characterized as accumulated suspended solids and organic and inorganic matter, is produced in large quantities during the coagulation process. The proper disposal, regeneration or reuse of sludge is, therefore, a significant environmental issue. Reused sludge at low temperatures is an alternative method to enhance traditional coagulation efficiency. In the present study, the recycling mass of mixed sludge and properties of raw water (such as pH and turbidity) were systematically investigated to optimize coagulation efficiency. We determined that the appropriate dosage of mixed sludge was 60 mL/L, effective initial turbidity ranges were below 45.0 NTU, and optimal pH for DOMs and turbidity removal was 6.5--7.0 and 8.0, respectively. Furthermore, by comparing the flocs characteristics with and without recycling sludge, we found that floc structures with sludge were more irregular with average size growth to 64.7 μupm from 48.1 μupm. Recycling sludge was a feasible and successful method for enhancing pollutants removal, and the more irregular flocs structure after recycling might be caused by breakage of reused flocs and incorporation of powdered activated carbon into larger flocs structure. Applied during the coagulation process, recycling sludge could be significant for the treatment of low temperature and micro-polluted source water.     

铝氧化物-水界面化学及其在水处理中的应用

天然水体中,铝氧化物矿物表面上的吸附等各种反应在很大程度上影响着金属阳离子、无机阴离子和一些天然有机物的迁移转化和归趋.在水处理等工业领域中,铝氧化物由于其水合表面的吸附能力而被用做离子交换剂和催化剂载体.因此,对铝氧化物表面化学过程的研究具有重要意义.铝氧化物-水界面上的反应十分复杂,对各种无机、有机污染物的吸附结合能力取决于氧化物固相表面性质、溶液条件和吸附质的性质.从对铝氧化物表面荷电特性和吸附活性的认识出发,就各种铝氧化物的结构特征和表面反应活性及其在水处理技术中的应用进行了简要综述.     

混凝-PAC-超滤膜工艺处理微污染原水的试验研究

混凝、粉末活性炭(PAC)与超滤膜联用对微污染原水中的浊度、有机物等有很高的去除率.经过550 min的连续运行后,其组合工艺的出水浊度仍稳定在0.350 NTU,对UV254和TOC的去除率稳定在60%和40%.通过对膜过滤特性的研究可知,组合工艺中超滤膜过滤性能经过短暂的快速下降阶段后一直处于较稳定状态.膜污染由小分子有机物引起.     

近水面温湿度变化特征及水面蒸发量计算差异性分析

水面蒸发是水循环的主要途径之一,气象要素是影响水面蒸发的重要因素。为分析温度和湿度与水面蒸发量的关系,通过野外试验对水面上25 cm和35 cm处气温和相对湿度进行监测。同时,利用修正的Penman-Monteith方程计算了水面蒸发量,并与气象站数据计算结果进行比对。结果表明：近水面不同高度处相对湿度与气象站监测结果差异显著,差值均值在12%左右;近水面处气温和气象站监测气温的差异与距离水面高度有关,水面上25 cm和35 cm处气温和气象站气温的差值分别为(1.5±1.0)℃和(1.8±2.0)℃。水面蒸发量计算结果表明：气象站气象数据计算的水面蒸发量最大,而利用水面上25 cm和35 cm处气温和相对湿度计算的水面蒸发量近似。本研究为利用气象站数据计算水面蒸发量及结果修正提供了数据支撑。     

低温条件下絮体破碎再絮凝去除水中颗粒的研究

为了了解低温条件下絮体的形成/破碎/再絮凝过程在适当条件下对絮凝去除水中颗粒物的强化效果,采用PDA2000透光率脉动检测仪对絮凝破碎再絮凝过程进行了在线监测.研究结果表明,当电中和机理占主导作用时(混凝剂投加量小于0.1 mmol·L-1),絮体破碎后能重新絮凝,絮体大小能恢复到破碎之前;而当网捕卷扫机理占主导作用时(混凝剂投加量大于0.2 mmol·L-1),絮体的恢复情况不如电中和条件,再絮凝能力降低.投加适量的腐殖酸会增加絮体破碎前后的分形维数,但过量的腐殖酸则会降低破碎前后絮体的分形维数.絮体破碎再絮凝后其分形维数比破碎前高.腐殖酸的投加量并不会明显影响絮凝和破碎后再絮凝的FI指数.电中和絮体破碎前初始絮凝时间越长破碎后沉后水浊度越低,破碎后其浊度会比破碎前显著减小.较低投量的铝盐就能使得沉后水浊度降到很低,因此可以降低混凝剂投量而达到更好的水处理效果.     

Effects of C/N ratio on nitrate removal and floc morphology of autohydrogenotrophic bacteria in a nitrate-containing wastewater treatment process

The effects of C/N ratio of a nitrate-containing wastewater on nitrate removal performed by autohydrogenotrophic bacteria as well as on the morphological parameters of floc such as floc morphology, floc number distribution, mean particle size(MPS), aspect ratio and transparency were examined in this study. The results showed that the nitrate reduction rate increased with increasing C/N ratio from 0.5 to 10 and that the nitrogen removal of up to 95% was found at the C/N ratios of higher than 5(between 0.5–10). Besides, high C/N ratio values reflected a corresponding high nitrite accumulation after 12-hr operation, and a fast decreasing rate of nitrite in the rest of operational time. The final p H values increased with the C/N ratio increasing from 0.5 to 2.5, but decreased with the C/N ratio increasing from2.5 to 10. There were no significant changes in floc morphology with the MPSs ranging from35 to 40 μm. Small and medium-sized flocs were dominant in the sludge suspension, and the number of flocs increased with the increasing C/N ratios. Furthermore, the highest apparent frequency of 10% was observed at aspect ratios of 0.5 and 0.6, while the transparency of flocs changed from 0.1 to 0.7.     

Deposition behavior of residual aluminum in drinking water distribution system: Effect of aluminum speciation

Finished drinking water usually contains some residual aluminum.The deposition of residual aluminum in distribution systems and potential release back to the drinking water could significantly influence the water quality at consumer taps.A preliminary analysis of aluminum content in cast iron pipe corrosion scales and loose deposits demonstrated that aluminum deposition on distribution pipe surfaces could be excessive for water treated by aluminum coagulants including polyaluminum chloride（PACl）.In this work,the deposition features of different aluminum species in PACl were investigated by simulated coil-pipe test,batch reactor test and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring.The deposition amount of non-polymeric aluminum species was the least,and its deposition layer was soft and hydrated,which indicated the possible formation of amorphous Al（OH）₃.Al₁₃ had the highest deposition tendency,and the deposition layer was rigid and much less hydrated,which indicated that the deposited aluminum might possess regular structure and self-aggregation of Al₁₃could be the main deposition mechanism.While for Al₃₀,its deposition was relatively slower and deposited aluminum amount was relatively less compared with Al₁₃.However,the total deposited mass of Al₃₀ was much higher than that of Al₁₃,which was attributed to the deposition of particulate aluminum matters with much higher hydration state.Compared with stationary condition,stirring could significantly enhance the deposition process,while the effect of pH on deposition was relatively weak in the near neutral range of 6.7 to 8.7.     

微絮凝强化过滤工艺处理低温低浊水的实验研究

以北京市某水厂冬季沉后水为研究对象,分别采用常规过滤工艺和强化过滤工艺对其进行处理.通过改变聚合氯化铝(PACl)投加量、滤料粒径d和微絮凝时间,并结合水头损失、颗粒数、总有机碳(TOC)、化学需氧量(COD)等实验数据,对低温低浊水体强化过滤工艺条件进行了研究.结果表明,强化过滤工艺与常规过滤工艺相比具有较强的除浊、去除有机物和颗粒物的能力,当微絮凝时间为2min时可以得到较好的过滤效果;PACl投药量为1.5mg·L-1时,浊度可降到0.04NTU,而常规过滤工艺最多只能将浊度降到0.2NTU.在滤料选用方面,当滤料粒径d=0.6～1.2mm时滤后水中颗粒数(2～5μm)、浊度、COD等指标均达到最优值.同时,电感耦合等离子体光谱(ICP-OES)检测结果表明,滤后水中Al3+含量小于0.2mg·L-1,并未因二次投加PACl而升高,因此,不会对水的饮用产生任何健康和安全风险.     

Comparison of the effects of aluminum and iron(III) salts on ultrafiltration membrane biofouling in drinking water treatment

Coagulation plays an important role in alleviating membrane fouling, and a noticeable problem is the development of microorganisms after long-time operation, which gradually secrete extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). To date, few studies have paid attention to the behavior of microorganisms in drinking water treatment with ultrafiltration (UF) membranes. Herein, the membrane biofouling was investigated with different aluminum and iron salts. We found that Al₂(SO₄)₃·18H₂O performed better in reducing membrane fouling due to the slower growth rate of microorganisms. In comparison to Al₂(SO₄)₃·18H₂O, more EPS were induced with Fe₂(SO₄)₃·xH₂O, both in the membrane tank and the sludge on the cake layer. We also found that bacteria were the major microorganisms, of which the concentration was much higher than those of fungi and archaea. Further analyses showed that Proteobacteria was dominant in bacterial communities, which caused severe membrane fouling by forming a biofilm, especially for Fe₂(SO₄)₃·xH₂O. Additionally, the abundances of Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia were relatively higher in the presence of Al₂(SO₄)₃·18H₂O, resulting in less severe biofouling by effectively degrading the protein and polysaccharide in EPS. As a result, in terms of microorganism behaviors, Al-based salts should be given preference as coagulants during actual operations.     

Distribution of various aluminum fractions in surface water of the Le An River

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Chemical behavior and risk assessment of four pesticidesin soil and water

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Siting restrictions and proximity of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations to surface water

Proximity and connections to surface waters may play significant roles in determining impacts of manure spills. As occurred in many U.S. states, Minnesota adopted in 2000 more stringent regulations on Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) including restrictions on siting new facilities near surface waters. The objectives of this study were to determine whether CAFO proximity to surface waters decreased following the siting restrictions and to evaluate implications of siting restrictions. Permit dates, locations, and distances to nearest surface water bodies for 111 west central Minnesota CAFOs were determined based on satellite imagery, historical records, and correspondence with regulatory officials. Average distance between surface waters and facilities permitted after 2000 was greater than for facilities permitted before 2000. The increase in average distance between CAFOs and public surface waters was significant for open water (1790 m, p = 0.03), but not for streams (280 m, p = 0.47). Decreased CAFO proximity to surface waters should benefit water quality, but after 2000 facilities continued to be permitted close to hydraulic connections not covered by the siting restriction. Comprehensive manure spill tracking and long term targeted water quality monitoring are needed to evaluate effectiveness of siting restrictions and other strategies for protecting surface waters from manure spills.     

水中聚乙烯微塑料风化行为对混凝过程的影响

以地表水中丰度较高的聚乙烯（PE）微塑料作为研究对象,开展吸附和混凝试验,在解析PE微塑料对水中有机物吸附能力的基础上,用氙灯对PE微塑料进行光老化以模拟微塑料在自然条件下的风化行为,深入研究PE微塑料风化行为对混凝过程的影响。结果表明：粒度为50~200目的PE微塑料对有机物的吸附量为310~350 mg/g（以碳计）,不存在显著的吸附性能差异。在混凝过程中,相较于未添加PE微塑料的情况,添加未风化的PE微塑料会降低有机物去除率,而添加风化PE微塑料则能明显提升有机物去除率。同时,混凝过程对风化PE微塑料的去除率高于未风化PE微塑料,表明PE微塑料的风化行为有利于其在混凝过程中被去除。根据混凝过程中絮体特征可知,PE微塑料的风化行为对形成絮体的尺寸影响极小,但能显著提高絮体的生长速度。

     

Characterization of dissolved organic matter and membrane fouling in coagulation-ultrafiltration process treating micro-polluted surface water

Coagulation–ultrafiltration(C–UF) is widely used for surface water treatment. With the removal of pollutants, the characteristics of organic matter change and affect the final treatment efficiency and the development of membrane fouling. In this study, we built a dynamic C–UF set-up to carry out the treatment of micro-polluted surface water, to investigate the characteristics of dissolved organic matter from different units. The influences of poly aluminum chloride and poly dimethyldiallylammonium chloride(PDMDAAC) on removal efficiency and membrane fouling were also investigated. Results showed that the dosage of PDMDAAC evidently increased the UV254 and dissolved organic carbon removal efficiencies,and thereby alleviated membrane fouling in the C–UF process. Most hydrophobic bases(HoB)and hydrophobic neutral fractions could be removed by coagulation. Similarly, UF was good at removing HoB compared to hydrophilic substances(HiS) and hydrophobic acid(HoA)fractions. HiS and HoA fractions with low molecule weight accumulated on the surface of the membrane, causing the increase of transmembrane pressure(TMP). Membrane fouling was mainly caused by a removable cake layer, and mechanical cleaning was an efficient way to decrease the TMP.     

低温下表面流人工湿地中氨氮型富营养化水体净化研究

以氨氮为主要氮组分的富营养化水体为研究对象,采用批量培养方式对比研究了6.8～7.2℃水温下浮水植物系统(2种水葫芦Eichhornia crassipes、浮萍Lemna minor)、泡沫板系统(无生命覆盖物系统)及空白系统(无覆盖物系统)的脱氮效果,并探讨了6.4～11.2℃水温下不同起始COD浓度(27～105 mg/L)对各污染物去除的影响.结果表明,溶解氧(DO)是影响NH₄⁺-N去除的关键因子之一,好氧时期各系统NH₄⁺-N去除率占整个时期NH₄⁺-N去除率的61%～88%.3种植物系统中NH₄⁺-N的去除率(45%～56%)普遍高于泡沫板系统(38%)与空白系统(38%),而TN和COD去除效果差异则与植物类型有关;随着水体中起始COD浓度的升高,系统中DO逐渐由好氧状态降至0,该结果对NO₃^--N去除率影响最大(去除率由67%上升至95%),而对其它水质指标(COD,TN,NH₄⁺-N)的影响相对较小.     

庐山三级分档雾水化学特征的对比分析

为研究庐山冬季不同粒径雾滴化学成分特征,于2015年和2016年在庐山开展冬季云雾物理化学特征的很高综合观测实验,利用主动式分档雾水采集器（three-stage CASCC）共采集44组3级粒径雾滴的雾水样品,其分档空气动力学直径为4~16μm（S3级）,16~22μm（S2级）和>22μm（S1级）.用850professional IC型色谱仪（瑞士万通）分析雾水中的水溶性离子浓度,讨论3级分档雾水化学特征和不同粒径雾水中各离子组分的来源及相关性.结果表明,2015年和2016年庐山冬季3级雾水多呈酸性,2016年酸性更强,pH值与雾滴的粒径大小有依赖性关系,4~16μm的小雾滴酸性更强.雾水中主要离子有Ca²⁺,NH₄⁺,SO₄^2-,NO₃^-和Cl^-.NH₄⁺,SO₄^2-,NO₃^-主要集中在4~16μm的小雾滴中,受海洋和土壤源的影响比较小,主要是人为活动所导致,2015年雾水Cl^-主要受人为源的影响,2016年人为输入显著降低,主要受海洋源影响.Mg²⁺,Ca²⁺主要集中在>22μm的大雾滴中.SO₂、NO_x排放逐年降低导致2016年雾水中SO₄^2-和NO₃^-浓度明显小于2015年.