Effect of dissolved oxygen concentration on nitrite accumulation in nitrifying sequencing batch reactor.

A mathematical model based on Activated Sludge Model No. 3 (International Water Association, London) and laboratory-scale experiments were used to investigate ammonia conversion by nitrification in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The purpose of the study was to assess the effect of dissolved oxygen concentration on nitrite accumulation in the SBR. As the dissolved oxygen concentration in the SBR depends on the balance between oxygen consumption and oxygen transfer rates, ammonium conversion was measured for different air flowrate values to obtain different dissolved oxygen concentration profiles during the cycle. The ammonia concentration in the feeding medium was 500 mg ammonium as nitrogen (N-NH4(+))/L, and the maximum nitrite concentration achieved during a cycle was approximately 50 mg nitrite as nitrogen (N-NO2)/L. The air flow supplied to the reactor was identified as a suitable parameter to control nitrite accumulation in the SBR. This identification was carried out based on experimental results and simulation with a calibrated model. At a low value of the volumetric mass-transfer coefficient (kLa), the maximum nitrite concentration achieved during a cycle depends strongly on k(L)a, whereas, at a high value of k(L)a, the maximum nitrite concentration was practically independent of kL(a).     

营养限制对厌氧序批操作反应器的影响及其恢复重建过程

研究了在厌氧条件下以葡萄糖为基质的序批操作反应器(ASBR)中营养物浓度限制对基质吸收和储存的影响及其恢复重建过程。结果表明,营养物限制条件下,发酵细菌表现为过量吸收基质并储存为糖原,形成隐性增殖以维持其细胞的正常结构和代谢功能;而甲烷菌由于无储存能力,其表现为活性逐渐降低。短期营养限制条件下(1个周期),基质中无磷时,储存量增加29%;基质中无氮时,储存量增加90%;基质中既无氮也无磷时,储存量增加26%。长期(31个周期)营养限制(基质中氮磷含量减小50%)下,胞内储存糖原量可高达正常状态下的4.8倍,但甲烷活性减少为正常状态下的17.78%。营养物限制对发酵细菌影响较小,对甲烷菌影响较大。将氮磷浓度恢复正常后,反应器的产甲烷能力恢复较快,出水COD经31周期后恢复正常,而胞内糖原在85周期后恢复正常。     

膜序批式反应器运行特性研究

膜生物反应器采取序批式运行方式,实验室人工配水,系统不排泥,运行220 d.结果表明,系统对COD、氨氮的去除率均在96%以上,细菌胞外多聚物(EPS)以蛋白质为主,污泥浓度达到10 g/L以上,污泥沉降性能得到改善时,跨膜压力(TMP)呈缓慢增长趋势,出现了相当数量的纤毛虫、轮虫等原后生动物.     

进水氨氮浓度对好氧/缺氧/延长闲置SBR脱氮除磷性能的影响

以合成废水为研究对象,考察了不同进水氨氮浓度(20,40和60 mg/L)条件下好氧/缺氧/延长闲置SBR的脱氮除磷效果,并通过分析典型周期内氮磷元素及微生物体内各储能物质的变化,探究了进水氨氮浓度对好氧/缺氧/延长闲置SBR脱氮除磷性能的影响机理.结果表明,进水氨氮浓度为20,40和60 mg/L时,系统总磷(TP)去除率分别为96.6%、90.1%和81.8%,总氮去除率分别为93.1%、74.9%和60.0%.研究表明,进水氨氮浓度可影响好氧释磷与吸磷、聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHAs)合成、缺氧反硝化以及闲置段释磷.进水氨氮浓度越高,用于微生物生长的碳源越多,PHAs的合成量越少,则好氧段吸磷减少;较高的进水氨氮浓度使缺氧段反硝化不彻底,较多的硝态氮将抑制下一周期好氧段释磷,系统脱氮除磷性能减弱.     

冲击负荷对厌氧序批式反应器的影响及其恢复重建过程

研究了在厌氧条件下以葡萄糖为基质的厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)中冲击负荷对基质吸收和储存的影响及其恢复重建过程.结果表明,正常状态下,反应器在进水COD为5 000.0 mg/L,出水COD为188.6 mg/L,当进水负荷提高至正常状态2倍后,反应器中COD大量累积,其中51.13％为挥发性有机酸(VFA),48.87％则被转化为糖原储存在细胞体内,出水COD最高为2 368.9 mg/L,污泥糖原储存量最高为273.55 mg/g(以挥发性固体计),是正常状态的4.2倍.在冲击负荷条件下,反应器的产甲烷能力恢复较快,胞内糖原储存恢复较慢,出水COD和胞内糖原分别经过20、41 d后恢复冲击负荷前水平.     

SBR法短程硝化-反硝化生物脱氮工艺的研究

针对目前传统生物脱氮工艺存在的问题 ,结合国内外在该方向的研究现状 ,以实际豆制品废水为研究对象 ,控制反应器内混合液温度在 31± 0 .5℃的条件下 ,实现了短程硝化 反硝化生物脱氮工艺 ,NO-2 N NOx N的比率始终维持在90 %以上。并在此试验基础上 ,考察了曝气时间对反应器内氮形态变化的影响及系统对进水COD和NH3 N浓度的抗冲击负荷能力。结果显示 ,曝气时间对硝化效果影响较大 ,同时 ,本工艺具有较强的抗冲击负荷能力。     

SBR处理模拟氯苯废水

在SBR中利用光合细菌球形红细菌污泥颗粒进行模拟氯苯废水处理的初步研究,结果表明,采用球形红细菌污泥颗粒处理模拟氯苯废水的SBR系统是可行的,其降解氯苯过程符合Monod一级反应动力学方程。当进水氯苯浓度在125～187.5 mg/L变化时,处理效率都能稳定在90.5%～95.6%之间;其最佳工艺条件为反应时间6 h、DO 4.75～5.0 mg/L、沉淀时间1.5 h、污泥颗粒浓度4 000～6 000 mg/L。在污泥颗粒浓度4 000 mg/L、DO 5.0 mg/L、反应时间6 h的最佳条件下,当进水COD为748.1 mg/L、氯苯浓度100 mg/L时,COD的去除率达90.9%,处理后出水COD满足国家一级排放标准要求。     

Applicability of the sequencing batch reactor for wastewater treatment

The sequencing batch reactor is a viable and flexible tool for the treatment of domestic and industrial wastewater. It removes not only carbonaceous matter, but also nitrogenous species and some biological nutrients. From the economic and operational points of view, it has advantages over the so-called conventional activated sludge system. Besides this, it can be used in various wastewater environments without any major problem. This paper explores the relative advantages of the reactor, its technical background, and its application in various fields. Some case studies in which it has been successfully adopted are described.     

Biodegradation of phenolic mixtures in a sequencing batch reactor

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: In this study, attention was focused on substituted phenols because of their widespread presence in industrial effluents originating from many different sources: they are major constituents of wastewater from coal conversion processes, coke ovens, petroleum refineries and petrochemical industries, resin and fibreglass manufacturing and herbicide production. Moreover, for their characteristics of toxicity to humans and aquatic life (1 mgl(-1) is enough to detect the effects), they are included in the USEPA list of priority pollutants. Toxicity is higher in substituted phenols and is dependent on the nature and numbers of substituent groups. Objective of the present paper is to give a contribution to the modelling of phenolic mixture biodegradation by kinetic studies in which the different compounds are followed separately: this can be easily attained with an experimental apparatus such as the Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR). Two substituted phenols, 4-nitrophenol (4NP) and 3,4-dimethylphenol (3,4DMP), were utilized as substrates and their degradation kinetics were investigated to evaluate the process parameters both in single compound and in mixture tests. METHODS: Single compound and mixture kinetic tests have been carried out during the reaction phase of the working cycle of the SBR reactor. The single substrates and their mixture were utilized as sole carbon and energy sources. Moreover, in order to verify data reproducibility, all kinetic tests have been carried out in at least two replicates under the same operating conditions. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Kinetic data showed the presence of substrate inhibition, to model this experimental evidence the Haldane equation, that is usually employed for substrate inhibited kinetics, was rearranged in a different form with parameters which have a precise meaning in relation to the process kinetics and, at the same time, make the integration procedure easier. The derivation of the equation is shown in an Appendix at the end of the paper. Kinetic parameters obtained are suitable for application. It was observed that the 4-nitrophenol removal rate in single compound tests is significantly higher than the 3,4-dimethylphenol removal rate in the whole range of investigated concentrations (up to 80 mg COD l(-1)). A faster 4-nitrophenol biodegradation was also observed in mixture tests. Moreover, it is worth noting that the two compounds were simultaneously degraded and no diauxic growth was observed. The comparison between single compound and mixture degradation kinetics showed that the 4-nitrophenol degradation rate was comparable in the two cases while a significantly beneficial effect (by increase by about 80% of the maximum removal rate) was detected for 3,4-dimethylphenol degradation in the mixture. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study showed that the biodegradation kinetics of substituted phenols in mixture can be significantly different from that observed in single compound tests: in fact, the presence of a faster degradable compound (the 4NP) seems to exert a positive effect on the removal of a slower degradable compound (the 3,4DMP). The higher removal rate detected for 4NP, both in single compound and mixture tests, confirmed the key role of the biomass acclimatization in determining the biodegradation kinetics of xenobiotic compounds. The experimental approach and the original method applied for data analysis are of general validity and can be extended to the investigation of different classes of compounds. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: A relevant aspect related to the process applicability is the demonstrated possibility of easily adapting an enriched culture grown on a specific xenobiotic (in our case the 4NP) for the removal of similar single compounds or in mixtures. When biological process are considered for xenobiotic removal, this suggests a possible strategy of developing enriched cultures on target compounds that can be efficiently utilized on more complex matrices with reduced start up and acclimatization periods.     

SBR处理模拟氯苯废水

在SBR中利用光合细菌球形红细菌污泥颗粒进行模拟氯苯废水处理的初步研究,结果表明,采用球形红细菌污泥颗粒处理模拟氯苯废水的SBR系统是可行的,其降解氯苯过程符合Monod一级反应动力学方程。当进水氯苯浓度在125～187.5 mg/L变化时,处理效率都能稳定在90.5%～95.6%之间;其最佳工艺条件为反应时间6 h、DO 4.75～5.0 mg/L、沉淀时间1.5 h、污泥颗粒浓度4 000～6 000 mg/L。在污泥颗粒浓度4 000 mg/L、DO 5.0 mg/L、反应时间6 h的最佳条件下,当进水COD为748.1 mg/L、氯苯浓度100 mg/L时,COD的去除率达90.9%,处理后出水COD满足国家一级排放标准要求。     

温度、基质对SBR去除氨氮与总氮的影响

序批式反应器(SBR)培养普通好氧污泥后,分别以淀粉、葡萄糖、乙醇、乙酸和甲醇为基质,在20、28和36℃3个不同温度条件下探讨NH4+-N与TN的去除规律。实验结果表明,随着温度的升高一般均可以提高系统对NH4+-N和TN的去除效果;但在其他条件相同时,不同的基质对系统脱NH4+-N和TN的效率不同,一般以乙醇和葡萄糖的效率为最高,在28℃时NH4+-N分别去除率达到88.4%和92.2%,最后出水TN去除率达到91.2%和93.5%。微生物在转化氮素时,不同基质以及在不同温度对脱氮过程的调控机制则存在显著的差异。     

序批式反应器用于牛场污水的处理

对序批式反应器 (SBR)用于牛场污水的处理进行了试验研究 ,主要研究了三个水力停留时间 (HRT)和有机负荷率对污染物去除率、出水水质和污泥特性的影响。试验结果表明 ,对 10 0 0 0mg/LCOD牛场污水 ,使用 1dHRT ,相应有机负荷率为 10gCOD/L·d时 ,混合出水COD、TS、VS、TKN和TN的去除率分别为 45 %、2 1.4%、34 .2 %、5 3.2 %和 2 2 .2 % ,上清液出水的分别为 80 .2 %、6 3.4%、6 6 .2 %、75 %和 38.3% ;两种出水的SCOD和NH3 N去除率相同 ,分别为 5 0 .0 %和 76 .5 %。经SBR处理后 ,污泥的沉降浓缩性能也有了比较明显的改善。     

序批式好氧发酵一体化反应器的研制与验证

好氧堆肥是农村有机废弃物资源化利用、减少农村面源污染的有效途径之一,为解决农村固废堆肥的设备短缺的问题,设计了一种序批式好氧发酵一体化反应器,并开展了反应器堆肥验证实验。设备主要包括5个发酵单元、除臭系统、密闭箱体和自动控制系统,发酵仓采用“U”型结构,有效容积100 L,可提供最大25 L?min-1空气量,曝气精度0.1 L?min-1,翻抛轴转速7.2 r?min-1,采用离子除臭装置在密闭箱体内完成除臭过程。自控系统可实现5组发酵装置的自动控制和数据管理,通过不同含水率的物料进行好氧堆肥实验,进行物理、化学指标的综合评价,结果表明,该反应器一体化程度高,堆肥效果符合有机肥无害化标准,可实现序批式堆肥。该设备解决了传统堆肥连续性差、自动化程度低的问题,可为农业废弃物资源化利用提供技术支撑。     

序批式工艺制备生物聚合硫酸铁混凝剂

本实验研究了序批式工艺(SBR)制备生物聚合铁混凝剂过程中主要影响因素(接种微生物浓度、起始亚铁离子浓度)对亚铁离子氧化速率的影响。研究结果显示,在受试实验条件内,较高的接种微生物浓度和较低的起始Fe2+浓度有利于Fe2+氧化,Fe2+浓度变化与反应时间呈线性关系;当起始Fe2+浓度为20 g/L,接种细菌浓度约为8×108个/mL时,Fe2+氧化速率最大,最大值可达到0.375 g/(L.h)。在反应过程中生成了少量黄色沉淀,经傅里叶变换红外光谱分析后确定其主要成分为黄钾铁矾。合成的生物聚合硫酸铁经过干化后各项指标均符合《水处理剂聚合硫酸铁》(GB 14591-2006)之规定。对比实验表明,自制生物聚合硫酸铁海水混凝时性能优于实验所选品牌的商业产品。     

基于SBR反应器的ANAMMOX工艺的启动运行

采用SBR反应器,接种好氧硝化污泥,在142 d内于较高负荷下成功启动了厌氧氨氧化反应器.反应器总氮容积负荷(以N计)为0.43 kg/m3·d,总氮去除率最高达到93.3%,平均为80.5%;氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的去除率最高达到93.9%和99.8%,平均去除率为81.2%和85.7%.在稳定运行阶段,氨氮去除量、亚硝酸盐氮去除量、硝酸盐氮生成量三者之间的比值为1:1.38:0.18.反应器启动过程中,出水、进水pH差值的变化趋势由负到正,然后稳定在一定范围内;且污泥性状有较大变化,污泥中微生物所占比率有所提高,整个反应器中适应厌氧氨氧化运行方式的菌种增殖较快.     

厌氧／缺氧SBR反硝化除磷效能的研究

采用厌氧 缺氧SBR反应器对以硝酸盐作为电子受体的反硝化除磷过程进行了研究。结果表明 ,反硝化聚磷菌完全可以在厌氧 缺氧交替运行条件下得到富集。稳定运行的厌氧 缺氧SBR反应器的反硝化除磷效率 >90 % ,出水磷浓度 <1mg L。进水COD浓度对反硝化除磷的效率影响很大 ,在COD浓度 <180mg L时 ,进水COD浓度越高 ,除磷效率也就越高。较高浓度的进水COD浓度将导致有剩余的COD进入缺氧段 ,对反硝化吸磷构成不利影响。污泥龄为 16d时 ,厌氧 缺氧SBR反应器取得稳定和理想的反硝化除磷效果。污泥龄减少到 8d ,由于反硝化聚磷菌的流失导致反硝化除磷效率的下降。当污泥龄恢复到 16d时 ,经过一段时间的运行 ,反硝化聚磷菌重新得到富集 ,除磷效率恢复到 90 %以上。     

A full-scale sequencing batch reactor system for swine wastewater treatment

A full-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system was evaluated for its ability to remove carbon and nitrogen from swine wastewater. The SBR was operated on four, six-hour cycles each day, with each cycle consisting of 4.5 hours of "React," 0.75 hours of "Settling", 0.75 hours for "Draw" and "Fill." Within each cycle, an amount of wastewater equivalent to about 5% of the reactor volume (5,500 litres) was removed and added. The SBR system was able to remove 82% of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and more than 75% of nitrogen. Even though the SBR effluent, with an average effluent BOD5 of about 588 mg L(-1), did not meet the discharge criteria, it enabled a reduction of the land base required for land application of swine wastewater by about 75%. Results indicated that the SBR system was a viable method for the treatment of swine wastewater.     

A full-scale sequencing batch reactor system for swine wastewater treatment

A full-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system was evaluated for its ability to remove carbon and nitrogen from swine wastewater. The SBR was operated on four, six-hour cycles each day, with each cycle consisting of 4.5 hours of “React,” 0.75 hours of “Settling”, 0.75 hours for “Draw” and “Fill.” Within each cycle, an amount of wastewater equivalent to about 5% of the reactor volume (5,500 litres) was removed and added. The SBR system was able to remove 82% of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and more than 75% of nitrogen. Even though the SBR effluent, with an average effluent BOD₅ of about 588 mg L^{? 1}, did not meet the discharge criteria, it enabled a reduction of the land base required for land application of swine wastewater by about 75%. Results indicated that the SBR system was a viable method for the treatment of swine wastewater.