SO2和O3动态胁迫烟草致病的暴露试验

ＳＯ_２和Ｏ_３动态胁迫烟草致病的暴露试验陈锦云，兰志斌，苏珍山，曾军，王阳青（福建龙岩地区烟科所龙岩３６４０００）关键词Ｓ）_２和Ｏ_３；烟草；气候斑点病，动态胁迫暴露ＴＨＥＤＹＮＡＭＩＣＳＴＲＥＳＳＥＸＰＯＳＵＲＥＴＥＳＴＯＮＴＯＢＡＣＣＯＢＬＡＤＥ...     

红豆杉培养细胞紫杉醇的分离及鉴定

红豆杉培养细胞紫杉醇的分离及鉴定甘烦远，郑光植，彭丽萍，沈月毛（中国科学院昆明植物研究所昆明６５０２０４）关键词红豆杉；紫杉醇；细胞培养；分离鉴定ＩＳＯＬＡＴＩＯＮＡＮＤＩＤＥＮＴＩＦＩＣＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＴＡＸＯＬＦＲＯＭＣＵＬＴＵＲＥＤＣＥＬＬＳＯＦ...     

立柱无土栽培研究初报

立柱无土栽培研究初报龚颂福，李止正（中国科学院上海植物生理研究所上海２０００３２）关键词立柱无土栽培；蔬菜；花卉ＳＴＵＤＩＥＳＯＮＴＨＥＳＯＩＬＬＥＳＳＣＵＬＴＵＲＥＳＯＮＶＥＲＴＩＣＡＬＣＯＬＵＭＮＳ￥ＧｏｎｇＳｏｎｇｆｕａｎｄＬｉＺｈｉｓｈｅｎｇ...     

增加抑制型电导检测弱碱类阳离子的线性范围和灵敏度的新型抑制器--盐转换器

盐转换器阳离子自动再生抑制器 (ＳＣ ＣＳＲＳ)是柱后电解淋洗液抑制器 ,应用于阳离子的电导检测 .ＳＣ ＣＳＲＳ在阳离子交换的应用中取代ＣＳＲＳ ＵＬＴＲＡ抑制器 ,它用于测定铵盐和胺类化合物时能扩大线性范围 ,增加灵敏度 .ＳＣ ＣＳＲＳ将弱电离的铵盐和胺类化合物转化为强电离的ＭＳＡ形式 ,因此 ,增大了响应值 ,扩大线性范围到三个数量级 .盐转换器的特点　　◆扩大检测铵盐和胺类化合物的线性范围◆增大铵盐和胺类化合物的灵敏度◆化工厂中胺含量和杂质胺的测定　　◆半导体行业中工业用水和化工品的测定◆电厂中冷却水的测定◆…     

聚硅氯化铝（PASC）的形态分布及转化规律：Ⅱ.^27Al—NMR法研究PASC溶 …

采用＾２７Ａｌ－ＮＭＲ法比较研究了ＰＡＳＣ与ＰＡＣ中铝的形态分布。实验结果表明,在ＰＡＳＣ中,由于聚硅酸与铝水解聚合物产物间的相互作用,使得铝的水解聚合形态分布及转化情况发生了变化。在相同Ｂ值条件下,ＰＡＳＣ中Ａｌ单和Ａｌ１３的含量低于ＰＡＣ中相应Ａｌ单和Ａｌ１３的含量,而ＰＡＳＣ中Ａｌ其它的含量大于ＰＡＣ中Ａｌ其它的含量,其差值随着碱化度（Ｂ）和Ａｌ／Ｓｉ摩尔比的减小而增大。     

学苑信息

学苑信息（一）由国际水质协会（ＩＡＷＱ）和德国慕尼黑技术大学（ＴＵＭ）主办、欧洲水污染控制协会（ＥＷＰＣＡ）和美国国家环境保护局（ＵＳＥＰＡ）协办的第一届“连续间歇式反应器（ＳＢＲ）技术”专题学术讨论会将于１９９６年３月１８日至２０日在德国慕尼黑（Ｍ...     

部分取代苯类在江水中的生物降解与结构相关性研究

测定了２７种取代苯类化合物在松花江江水中的生物降解性．采用量子化学ＭＯＰＡＣ６．０－ＡＭ１法计算了化合物的分子量(ＭＷ)、生成热(Ｈｆ)、分子总表面积(ＴＳＡ)及最高占有轨道能(ＥＨＯＭＯ),结合辛醇/水分配系数ｌｇｐ及酸解离常数ｐＫａ对其中２２种化合物的ＢＯＤ值进行多元线性回归分析,得到如下模型:ＢＯＤ＝１０５．７３－０．４３９ＭＷ－０．０７６Ｈｆ－６．６６０ｌｇＰｎ＝２２,Ｒ２＝０．８２１,ＳＥ＝８．２５０,Ｆ＝２７．５６,Ｐ＝０．０００应用所得模型对其余５个化合物的生物降解性进行了预测．只有一个化合物的相对预测误差大于２０%,为２０．８%．平均预测误差为１２．４%．     

H2O2对抗旱性不同玉米品种愈伤组织抗氧化系统的影响

两个玉米品种愈伤组织经１０－４ｍｏｌＬ－１、１０－３ｍｏｌＬ－１和１０－２ｍｏｌＬ－１Ｈ２Ｏ２处理３ｈ后,电解质泄漏率加大;Ｈ２Ｏ２和ＭＤＡ含量增加;ＡｓＡ和ＣＡＲ含量的减少．１０－４ｍｏｌＬ－１的Ｈ２Ｏ２处理对愈伤组织产生的氧化伤害较小．抗旱性较强品种ＰＡＮ６０４３愈伤组织的抗氧化酶（ＳＯＤ、ＰＯＤ、ＡＰ和ＧＲ）活性高于抗旱性较弱品种ＳＣ７０１,ＡｓＡ和ＣＡＲ含量的下降程度低于ＳＣ７０１．ＰＡＮ６０４３愈伤组织具有较强的抗Ｈ２Ｏ２能力,与含高活力抗氧化系统密切相关     

水稻杂交后代表观直锭淀粉质量分数与蜡质基因（CT）n微卫？…

以来自２个水稻杂交组合的后代遗传群体为材料，研究了蜡质基因（ＷＸ）微卫星标记（ＣＴ）ｎ多态性与稻米表观直链淀粉质量分数ｗ（ＡＡ）之间的相关性。第１个群体是浙农８０１０与嘉育２９３的杂交Ｆ５６代育种品系，双亲均为灿稻，ｗ（ＡＡ（分别是８．７％和２５．６％，Ｗｘ基因型为分别为（ＣＴ）１８／（ＣＴ）１８和（ＣＴ）１１／（ＣＴ）１１，另一群体为ＣＭ１０１与ＩＧＲＡ４０９杂交Ｆ５家系，亲本ＣＭ１０１为一个粳     

二氧化硫对人体血淋巴细胞的遗传毒理效应

本文对某硫酸厂接触二氧化硫（ＳＯ＿２）４０名工人的外周血淋巴细胞染色体畸变（ＣＡ）、姊妹染色单体互换（ＳＣＥ）、及微核（ＭＮ）进行了分析。结果表明，接触ＳＯ＿２的工人其ＣＡ、ＳＣＥ及ＭＮ均显著高于对照组。本文也分析了ＳＯ＿２在体内的代谢产物──亚硫酸氢钠对淋巴细胞的遗传毒理效应。结果指出，亚硫酸氢钠可诱发人血淋巴细胞ＣＡ，ＳＣＥ及ＭＮ，且有明确的剂量效应关系。这些研究证明，ＳＯ＿２确是人血淋巴细胞染色体断裂剂和基因毒性因子；ＳＯ＿２与癌症的关系值得进一步研究。     

荔枝叶片与土壤常量元素质量分数年周期变化研究

从１９９７年开始,对荔枝叶片和土壤常量有效养分质量分数、ｐＨ值的年周期变化进行了研究。通过统计学分析,初步探明叶片各元素质量分数季节性变化的模式及其特点,以及土壤有效养分质量分数、ｐＨ值年周期变化的趋势;分析了年周期变化中叶片与土壤分析值之间的相关性。     

中国华南地区持续干期日数时空变化特征

利用华南地区46个地面气象站1960-2012年逐日降水数据,分析该地区各季节持续干期日数的时空分布特征。结果表明：1）近53年来,华南地区春季和夏季的持续干期日数呈波动下降趋势,下降速率分别为0.042和0.108 d·（10 a）-1;秋季和冬季的持续干期日数呈波动上升趋势,上升速率分别为1.911和0.118 d·（10 a）-1。广东省春季和夏季持续干期日数呈下降趋势,下降速率分别为0.171和0.243 d·（10 a）-1;秋季和冬季持续干期日数呈增加趋势,增加速率分别为1.737和0.32 d·（10 a）-1。广西省春、夏和秋季持续干期日数呈增加趋势,增加速率分别为0.109、0.046和2.117 d·（10 a）-1;冬季为减小趋势,减少速率为0.106 d·（10 a）-1。2）华南地区持续干期日数在春季呈从北向南逐渐增多的趋势,夏季呈自西南向东北逐渐增加的趋势,秋季呈自西向东逐渐增加的趋势,冬季呈从北向南逐渐增多的趋势。冬季的持续干期日数是4个季节中最长的,大致在20~44 d。3）华南地区春季持续干期日数变化倾向率在-1.20~1.00 d·（10 a）-1之间,增加趋势最明显的区域是广西省的南部地区,减少趋势最明显的区域是广东省的沿海地区;夏季在-1.00~0.60 d·（10 a）-1之间,呈增加趋势的区域主要位于广西省的中部和南部,呈减少趋势的区域位于广东省大部分地区和广西省的东部;秋季在0~3.50 d·（10 a）-1之间,整体呈现增加趋势,变化倾向率较大的区域主要位于广西省的中部和广东省的东北部沿海地区;冬季在-1.50~2.00 d·（10 a）-1之间,呈增加趋势的区域主要集中在广东省的中南部和东部地区,以及广西的东部边缘,呈减少趋势的区域主要集中在广东省的北部以及广西的中部和西北部地区。持续干期日数增加趋势最明显的季节是秋季。4）持续干期日数与降水量表现出负相关性,与气温和无降水日数表现为正相关性。降水量和无降水日数的变化对持续干期日数的变化起着重要的作用,而温度对持续干期日数的影响比较小。     

青岛近海生物体内多环芳烃、多氯联苯和有机氯农药的含量和分布特征(Concentrations and Distribution Characteristic of PAHs, PCBs and OCPs in the Marine Organisms of Qingdao Coastal Area)

为初步了解青岛近海生物体内多环芳烃、多氯联苯和有机氯农药的含量和组成特征,于2007年10～11月采集了青岛近海13个站位的鱼、虾和软体类动物,分析了其肌肉中的多环芳烃、多氯联苯和有机氯农药的含量和组成.结果表明,多环芳烃、多氯联苯和有机氯农药更易在鱼类体内富集,其含量远大于软体类和虾类.高氯代联苯和高环芳烃在同系物中的比例在鱼类体内最小,这可能是由鱼类和虾类、软体类不同的生活习性造成的.有机氯农药中,滴滴涕的含量显著高于六六六.     

天津市土壤风沙尘元素的分布特征和来源研究

通过与土壤标准和背景值的比较分析了天津市土壤风沙尘元素的质量分数分布特征，通过富集因子法分析了天津市风沙尘元素的富集特征，进而说明天津市风沙尘元素的来源及其变化。结果表明，（1）Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn和As质量分数均有超过土壤标准的现象。（2）Ni、Cu、Pb、Zn和Ag超过背景值10倍以上，受到了人为污染。（3）粗颗粒中西青区的Pb元素，津南区的Ni元素和Pb元素以及细颗粒中东丽区的Ca元素和Zn元素，西青区的Cu、Pb，津南区的Cr、Ni、Pb等元素达到显著污染级别；各区粗细颗粒中的Ag元素污染级别最高，有的为极强烈污染；这些元素是典型的人为污染元素。（4）粗颗粒中只有Ca和Ni污染级别有所增加，细颗粒中只有Na、Ni、As等3种元素的富集因子略有增加。所以，天津市土壤风沙尘的治理重在控制人为来源的Ni、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ag、Cr和Ca等高污染元素。     

Spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of the humidity index in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from 1961 to 2020北大核心CSCD

Using the daily observation data of meteorological stations from 1961 to 2020, the monthly, seasonal, and annual scales of the humidity indices in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau over the past 60 years were calculated, and the spatial distribution characteristics and temporal trends of the humidity indices were analyzed. The results showed that in the past 60 years, the humidity indices of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau have shown decreasing trends in most areas, and the most significant decreases were in the summer and autumn. The low-value areas of the humidity indices were mainly distributed in Xinjiang and western Tibet, and the high-value areas were mainly distributed in southeastern Tibet, western Yunnan, and the eastern edge of the western Sichuan Plateau. In terms of temporal trends, the average humidity index in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region has had a significant decreasing trend since the 1980s, and there were abrupt points in autumn and winter in the late 1980s and the early 1990s. The annual, spring, and summer humidity indices had abrupt points in 2005. The decreasing trend rate of humidity index in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was 0.008 a-1 from 1961 to 2020. Significant decreasing trends were mainly distributed in southern and eastern Qinghai, Gansu, northern Sichuan Plateau, southwestern Sichuan, Yunnan, and eastern Tibet. In summary, the humidity index of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau showed a distribution characteristic of high in the southeast and low in the northwest and showed a significant decreasing trend from 1961 to 2020. © 2022 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Toxicological effects of mouse diet contaminated with tributyltin on the immune and neurological systems of C57BL/6 mice

Organotin compounds, widely used as antifouling agents, are known to bioaccumulate in the food chain. Among organotin compounds, tributyltin (TBT), a toxic and widespread contaminant, has become a serious factor in environmental pollution and is suspected of being immunotoxic in animals. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of 80 µg of TBT per kilogram of body weight (kg bw), provided in food, on the immune and neurological systems of C57Bl/6 mice. Data showed that TBT increased the proliferation of T and B lymphocytes in both adult and juvenile female and juvenile male mice, but that it decreased the proliferation of both T and B lymphocytes in adult male mice. The macrophages activity in female and male juvenile mice was higher than in adults of both sexes. The natural killer cytotoxic activity was also increased in juvenile and adult males and females compared to the control groups. In the brain, we observed the presence of TBT in the hippocampus, the striatum, the cortex, and the cerebellum in both the male and female groups. The highest levels were observed in the cortex of females and males, while the lowest levels were found in the cerebellum. TBT also induced an increase in the levels of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) in the striatum, the hippocampus and in cortical structures but not in the cerebellum where the levels of TBT are lower. Our findings indicate that TBT modulated the immune and nervous systems causing endocrine and nervous perturbations.     

农药在环境中的水解机理及其影响因子研究进展

农药的水降解与其在环境中的持久性是密切相关的,它是影响农药在环境中的归宿机制的重要依据之一,也是评价农药在水体中残留特性的重要指标。近些年来,国内外不少学者对农药尤其是有机磷、氨基甲酸酯、拟除虫菊酯和磺酰脲类等的水解进行了大量研究,其内容涉及到农药水化学降解机理及其各种因子如pH值、温度和黏土矿物等对农药水解的影响等,并取得了很多新的进展。但是所有这些研究主要集中于实验室内,而对其自然环境中各因子的贡献及其水解机制的了解则相对较少。今后应加强农药在自然条件下的水解动力学与机理以及黏土矿物和腐殖酸对农药在水体中的催化水解研究,以更好地评价农药在环境中的行为与归宿,为农药的合理使用提高科学依据。     

Geochemical baselines of heavy metals in the sediments of two large freshwater lakes in China: implications for contamination character and history

The aim of this study was to estimate the geochemical baseline concentrations of various heavy metals in the surface sediments of two large freshwater lakes in Taihu and Dianchi, China, and to assess the character and history of heavy metal contamination around the two lakes. Heavy metal concentrations in the sediments were obtained by field surveys and were supplemented with published data. The statistical methods of cumulative frequency and normalization were employed to obtain the baselines. The respective baseline concentrations for As, Sb, Hg, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were 9.92, 1.67, 0.14, 22.62, 100.56, 31.63, 31.97, 33.05 and 97.01?mg/kg, respectively, in Taihu, and 24.60, 4.29, 0.25, 36.78, 135.68, 90.05, 50.76, 73.56 and 208.76?mg/kg, respectively, in Dianchi. The baseline concentrations of these heavy metals in Lake Taihu were equivalent to the pre-industrial concentrations determined from lakes in Sweden and Europe. Conversely, those in Lake Dianchi were much higher than the pre-industrial values. Li, Fe, Sc, Ti, V and Al were found to be the suitable reference elements for normalization, and one of these elements could be used to predict the baseline concentrations of heavy metals except Hg. Most of the heavy metals had one inflexion, and only Cu and Pb in Taihu, Sb, Pb and Zn in Dianchi, were found to have two inflexions in the cumulative curves, suggesting remarkable anthropogenic inputs of Cu and Pb in Taihu, Sb, Pb and Zn in Dianchi, which are generally consistent with the respective industrial structure around Taihu and Dianchi.     

农业生态系统中同位素示踪技术及发展趋势

在土壤侵蚀研究中，^137Cs、^210Pb和^7Be示踪技术已得到广泛应用，^210Pb主要用在沉积速率的测定及沉积年代的示踪研究上，^137Cs特别适用于大面积的水土流失普查和土壤侵蚀普查，^7Be用于短期内土壤侵蚀研究。在土壤肥效和植物营养元素研究中，常用^13C、^32P和^15N及其化合物示踪定量评价土壤养分，追踪植物对养分的吸收、运转、分配和代谢过程。在环境污染方面，用重金属如Pb、Hg、Cd、Zn等元素的同位素判别污染物质来源，研究污染历史和污染元素在土-水-气-植物中的迁移转化以及在动物有机体内的迁移累积。文章综述了同位素示踪技术在上述方面的应用现状和发展趋势。     

污水灌溉区土壤肥力及酶活性特征研究

通过野外调查和采样分析,研究了石家庄栾城县不同污水灌溉时间（0-52a）和不同层位（0-100cm）耕地土壤肥力及酶活性的分布特征。研究结果表明：与清灌对照点相比,污水灌溉区表层（0-20cm）土壤有机质含量、全氮含量、全磷含量、蔗糖酶活性、脲酶活性和磷酸酶活性、亚表层（20-40cm）蔗糖酶活性、磷酸酶活性和下层（40-60cm）蔗糖酶活性均相对较高,而下层有机质含量、全氮含量和底层（60-100cm）全氮含量均相对较低。4层土壤阳离子交换量和过氧化氢酶活性较对照点均无明显的变化规律。表层土壤全氮含量、蔗糖酶活性和磷酸酶活性、亚表层有机质含量、蔗糖酶活性和磷酸酶活性、下层蔗糖酶活性与污灌时间之间均存在显著相关性沪〈0．05）。上述特征反映了土壤肥力及酶活性对污灌的响应具有明显的层位效应和非同步性,而这些响应是由于污水中的营养物质输入土壤后引发微生物活性提高的“激发效应”所致。