棉红褪色光度法测定废水中的微量铬Ⅵ

在pH=4.0的缓冲溶液中,磷酸和棉红在100℃下反应生成天蓝色物质(λmax=675nm),该物质在微量铬Ⅵ的催化下被溴酸钾氧化褪色,建立了测定痕量铬Ⅵ的催化动力学新方法,方法的检出限是0.76ng/ml,线性范围0～0.06μg/ml,用于测定电镀废水中铬Ⅵ,结果满意.     

测定电镀废水中铬(Ⅵ)的新光度法

在硝酸介质中,二甲基黄先显色而后在加热条件下褪色,铬( )能显著阻抑此褪色反应,且阻抑程度与铬( )含量相关,据此建立了测定痕量铬( )的新方法。方法检出限是1.55×10-10g/ml,线性范围0.1～1.2μg/10ml,用于电镀废水中铬( )的测定,结果满意。     

8-氨基喹啉-5-偶氮-对苯酚荧光光度法测定微量铬(Ⅵ)

在盐酸介质中,铬(Ⅵ)与AQAPOH形成可被氯仿萃取的荧光化合物,其λex/λem=295nm/400nm.线性范围为0-1.0μg Cr(Ⅵ)/25ml(水相),检测限为0.7μg/L.除Mn(Ⅶ)外,常见金属离子无干扰,可在数千倍Cr(Ⅲ)存在下测定废水中微量铬(Ⅵ).初步探讨了荧光反应的机理.     

环境水样中痕量砷(Ⅲ)的荧光动力学分析

基于酸性介质中As(Ⅲ)能催化碘酸钾氧化丁基罗丹明B使其荧光猝灭,建立了测定痕量As(Ⅲ)的新方法。在最佳实验条件下,测定As(Ⅲ)的线性范围为16~320ng/ml,方法的检出限为5·7ng/ml。平行测定浓度为80ng/ml和160ng/ml的As(Ⅲ)标准溶液的相对标准偏差分别为2·0%和0·92%。并考察了二十多种物质的干扰情况。该方法已用于自来水、地表水、地下水等环境水样中痕量As(Ⅲ)分析。     

水中钒的催化示波极谱测定法——钒—过硫酸铵—苯羟乙酸—硫酸新体系

本文基于在硫酸介质及100℃水浴加热条件下,痕量钒(V)对过硫酸铵氧化苯羟乙酸生成电活性物质苯甲醛这一慢反应的选择催化作用,建立了一个可测范围为0.04ng/ml-8.0ng/ ml,灵敏快速、选择性较佳的测定水中钒的催化示波极谱法。     

化学需氧量（CODcr）

化学需氧量（ＣＯＤｃｒ）（一）催化快速法ＢＢ１．原理：在强酸性溶液中,加人一定量重铬酸钾作氧化剂,在专用复合催化剂存在下,于１６５ｔ恒温加热消化水样１０ｍｉｎ,重铬酸钾被水中还原性物质（主要是有机物）还原为三价铬,在波长６１ｏｎｍ处,测定三价铬含量。...     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定空气中铬酸雾

采用石墨炉原子吸收法对空气中铬酸雾进行测定,方法在待测液中铬质量浓度为1~10μg/L范围内线性良好,r=0.999 6,检出限为0.001 mg/m~3,测定结果的相对标准差为1.64%~4.53%,样品加标回收率为91.0%~95.4%,且用该方法与《固定污染源排气中铬酸雾的测定二苯基碳酰二肼分光光度法》(HJ/T 29—1999)分别测定实际样品中铬的质量浓度,结果无明显差异。     

溴酸钾氧化氨基黑10B催化光度法测定痕量亚硝酸根

研究了在磷酸介质中 ,痕量亚硝酸根对溴酸钾氧化氨基黑 1 0 B的催化褪色作用 ,建立了催化动力学光度法测定痕量亚硝酸根的新方法 ,并探讨了动力学反应条件 ,方法的线性范围为 0～ 1μg/1 0 ml,检出限为 4.88× 1 0 - 9g/ml,用于地面水及雨水中亚硝酸根的测定 ,结果满意。     

碘酸钾-三溴偶氮氯膦催化光度法测定水样中的痕量锰

研究了以氨三乙酸（NTA）作活化剂,在pH=4.74的HAc—NaAc缓冲溶液介质中,Mn（Ⅱ）催化碘酸钾氧化三溴偶氮氯膦的褪色反应。通过实验,确定了该反应体系的最佳条件,由此建立了一个测定痕量锰的新方法。本方法的检出限是2.3×10^-9g/ml,测定范围为0.0-100.0 mg/L。该法具有较好的选择性,用于环境水体试样中痕量锰的测定,结果令人满意。     

催化光度法测定地下水中超痕量锰

本文基于氨三乙酸为活化剂,Mn(Ⅱ)对KIO_4氧化次甲基氯的催化效应,建立了一个测定超痕量Mn(Ⅱ)的新方法.本法的检出限为1×10~(-10)g/ml,测定范围为0～40ng/25ml,用于地下水中痕量Mn(Ⅱ)的测定,结果令人满意.     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Hydrologic–Economic Model for Managing Irrigation Intensity in Irrigation Areas under Watertable and Soil Salinity Targets

This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定苏州开发区26种蔬菜中铜锌铁锰镍

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了苏州开发区26种蔬菜中的铜、锌、铁、锰和镍的含量。蔬菜样品用硝酸高氯酸混合酸进行消解。4次测定值的相对标准差<5%,加标回收率在92%～107%之间。26种蔬菜中铜、锌、铁、锰、镍的含量基本均在世贸组织规定的范围内。     

Using Multiple Taxonomic Groups to Index the Ecological Condition of Lakes

Biological indicators of communitiestypically reflect a common environmental signalreflecting the general condition of the ecosystem, as well asindividual signals by indicators differentiallysensitive to particular environmental conditions. Wedescribe here a method of integrating and interpretingsuch indicators from 19 New England lakes for fivetaxonomic groups (diatoms, benthos, zooplankton, fish,and birds). Our approach provides a systematicstandardized way to integrate multiple metrics fromdifferent taxonomic groups by addressing four elementscrucial to analyzing data from multiple indicators: covariate control, re-scaling of data, standardizing the sign of responses, and dimensional reduction. We evaluated the biologicalmetrics against individual environmental stressors andagainst multivariate physicochemical metricscharacterizing general anthropogenic stress among thelakes. The method detected a response to variationin the gross environmental condition of the lakes thatwas correlated across taxa and metrics. In addition,a differential response to near shore conditions wasdemonstrated for fish. The success of the approach inthis study lends support to its general application toecological monitoring involving complex data sets.     

Concentrations of Cadmium, Mercury and Selenium in Blood, Liver and Kidney of Common Eider Ducks from the Canadian Arctic

We determined concentrations of selected trace elements inlivers, kidneys and blood samples from common eiders (Somateria mollissima borealis) from the eastern Canadianarctic during 1997 and 1998. Concentrations of totalmercury and organic mercury were generally low in the liversof these birds (less than 6 and 4 g g^–1 dry wt,respectively). Selenium ranged between 11–47 g g^–1 inlivers. Renal cadmium concentrations were among the highestever published for this species (range: 47–281 g g^–1). The regressions of log-transformed concentrations ofthese trace elements in blood samples on those in liver orkidney were significant (all P-values < 0.05) andpositive. However, except for organic mercury (RM ² = 0.83), the co-efficients of determination were low tomoderate (range of R ²: 0.26–0.52), suggesting poorto moderate predictive capability. Furthermore, therelationships between total mercury in blood and liverchanged between 1997 and 1998, suggesting that it would notbe possible to predict consistently, concentrations ofmercury in blood from those in liver based on samples takenin one year. Blood samples can be used to determineconcentrations of these trace elements in common eiders (andprobably other sea duck species as well). The use of bloodsamples is especially warranted when it is undesirable tokill the animal such as when working with rare or endangeredsea duck species or when the objective is to relate traceelement exposure to annual survival rates. However, thepredictive equations developed here should not be used topredict expected concentrations in one type of tissue fromthose in the other.