微生物抗重金属毒性研究进展

不少重金属是微生物正常生长的必需元素 ,但是当重金属在菌体内浓度过高时 ,会对菌体产生毒性。微生物可通过细胞的表面富集与细胞膜成分的改变减小毒性的破坏 ,在重金属进一步的诱导下 ,菌体会产生由结构基因与调节基因组成的抗性基因 ,通过多途径的联合作用对重金属的毒性进行解毒     

微生物抗重金属毒性研究进展

不少重金属是微生物正常生长的必需元素，但是当重金属在菌体内浓度过高时，会对菌体产生毒性，微生物可通过细胞的表面富集与细胞膜成分的改变减小毒性的破坏，在重金属进一步的诱导下，菌体会产生由结构基因与调节基因组成的抗性基因，通过多作途径联合作用对重金属的毒性进行解毒。     

克劳氏芽孢杆菌(Bacillus clausii S-4)吸附Zn2+的研究

为了验证生物吸附剂去除废水中重金属离子Zn²⁺的可行性，筛选了一株高效吸附Zn²⁺的微生物菌株克劳氏芽孢杆菌Bacillus clausii S-4。采用火焰原子吸收、红外光谱和扫描电镜能谱分析，对这种新型生物吸附剂在水相中吸附Zn²⁺的性能和机理进行了研究。结果表明，B. clausii S-4菌体在20 ℃、30 ℃、40 ℃条件下，吸附Zn²⁺的最佳pH为4.5，吸附容量为57.5 mg/g，吸附容量随温度的升高而增加，吸附过程是吸热反应，吸附平衡时间约30 min。吸附前后，B. clausii S-4菌体表面上的化学官能团和金属离子发生了明显的变化，—OH、—NH⁺₄、—COOH、（—CO—NH—）、—C₆H₅等官能团可能参与了吸附过程。0.1 mol/L HNO₃、HCl和EDTA对锌的解吸附效果较好。在矿山废水中，B. clausii S-4菌体对Zn²⁺的吸附效果也比较理想，显示出其潜在的应用价值。     

人工湿地宽叶香蒲对重金属的累积与机理

宽叶香蒲(Typha latifolia L.)对环境胁迫具有较强的耐性。为了解宽叶香蒲对重金属的富集能力与耐性机理,通过野外调研,采集韶关凡口铅锌矿废水处理人工湿地中的宽叶香蒲与相应土壤样品,测定了土壤、植物的重金属总量与叶片亚细胞中重金属含量,分析了植物重金属含量与土壤重金属含量的相关性,并估算了宽叶香蒲地上部对重金属的提取量。土壤p H值在6.83~7.70之间,宽叶香蒲能有效降低土壤中的Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu和Mn的含量,对重金属的吸收主要受土壤重金属含量的影响,Pb和Cd的富集系数平均在0.5以上;除Fe外,叶片重金属主要分布在细胞壁和胞基质中。结果表明,宽叶香蒲是多种重金属的耐性植物,根系对重金属的富集与选择性向上运输、叶片细胞壁和胞基质对过量重金属的阻隔与结合作用是宽叶香蒲耐受重金属的重要机理。     

紫根水葫芦对重金属水体的净化作用

为了探讨紫根水葫芦对污水中重金属(镉、锌、铅)的净化效果,比较了普通水葫芦和紫根水葫芦的生物过滤能力和积累情况。实验结果显示,2种水葫芦均能显著降低3种重金属的含量,被吸收的重金属会在植物体内得到积累,且主要富集于根部,而不是茎叶部。此外,被吸收的重金属绝大多数不会重新释放到水体中。紫根水葫芦对重金属的净化效果优于普通水葫芦。因此,紫根水葫芦具有良好的水体修复和去除重金属的潜力。     

龙葵-镉抗性菌株修复镉污染土壤

为研究镉抗性菌株对龙葵修复镉污染土壤的效应,开展龙葵室外盆栽试验。从镉污染土壤、龙葵根际土壤和标准菌株中共筛选出3株抗镉产铁载体菌株,经16S rRNA基因序列对比分析,以上3株菌株分别被鉴定为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis)、苍黄假棍状杆菌(Pseudoclavibacter helvolus)和荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)。试验中,研究了此3株菌株单种及其复合接菌处理对龙葵生长和富集镉能力以及土壤修复效率的强化作用。结果表明,与空白对照相比,复合接种苍黄假棍状杆菌和荧光假单胞菌显著(P<0.05)提高龙葵地上部分干质量(提高31.07%)、地下部分干质量(提升75.59%)、龙葵镉总积累量(提高30.28%)、地上部分镉积累量(提高31.53%)、转运系数(提高39.47%)和土壤修复效率(提高67.83%)。此外,接种以上复合菌株后土壤镉去除量的86.16%随淋溶流失,13.84%由龙葵吸收。     

白腐真菌Ganoderma Sinense对镉和蒽的去除能力

重金属和有机物复合污染是水处理中的难题。本研究发现一株白腐真菌Ganoderma Sinensis不仅可以通过富集作用去除重金属镉(Cd),而且对蒽具有降解能力。当Cd的浓度为10~30 mg/L时,该菌株对Cd的去除率为6.78%~21.9%;当蒽的浓度为10~30 mg/L时,菌株对蒽的降解率为18.25%~33.3%;当Cd和蒽同时存在于培养基中时,随着Cd浓度的增加(10~30 mg/L),对菌株的生物量及蒽降解的抑制作用也在增大;而随着蒽浓度的增加(10~30 mg/L),菌株的生物量及Cd的富集能力并未受到显著的影响。实验结果表明,该菌株有望用于镉和蒽复合污染的水体处理。     

土壤重金属铅镉形态和有效态的提取方法研究

选择一步提取法(CaCl2法、NaNO3法、NH4NO3法、HCl法)提取土壤铅镉有效态含量,顺序提取法(BCR提取法、Tessier提取法)提取土壤中铅镉各形态含量。结果表明,4种一步提取法对供试土样有效态铅镉的提取效率为HCl法NH4NO3法CaCl2法NaNO3法。当镉质量浓度为0~20、40~90 mg/kg时,BCR法对土壤中镉的总提取率分别为104.9%、105.3%,Tessier法对土壤中镉的总提取率分别为101.7%、98.9%;当镉质量浓度为20~40mg/kg时,两种顺序提取法的提取效果均不佳。BCR法适合铅质量浓度为20 000~45 000 mg/kg时应用,此时BCR法对铅的总提取率为99.8%;Tessier法适合铅质量浓度为0~1 500、9 000~15 000mg/kg时应用,此时Tessier法对土壤铅的总提取率分别为100.7%、90.9%。土壤重金属铅镉各形态的含量受土壤自身pH影响不明显,但在遇到外界酸性环境影响时容易发生重金属铅镉迁移。     

拟康宁木霉活菌体处理含铜废水

以拟康宁木霉(Trichoderma koningiopsis)活菌体为吸附剂探讨了接触时间、初始铜浓度、投菌量、葡萄糖用量、碱浓度等因素对木霉活菌体处理含铜废水效果的影响.结果表明,在初始铜浓度100 mg/L,投菌量3 g/L,预处理碱浓度0.2mol/L的条件下,木霉活菌体吸附铜效果最佳,吸附量可达5.01 mg/g(湿).吸附Cu前后的拟康宁木霉菌降解四环素实验结果表明,吸附前后木霉对有机物均有降解效果,吸附过程属活菌体吸附.TEM结果显示,木霉去除铜的机制为表面吸附/络合和胞内富集,FTIR揭示了羟基是活性菌体吸附的主要基团,XRD分析结果证实了羟基与铜结合并以水蓝铜矾[Cu4(SO4)(OH)6H2O]形式络合于菌种细胞壁上,Langmuir吸附等温线较好地拟合了活菌对铜离子的吸附,表明菌体对铜离子主要为均质单层吸附.     

荧光假单胞菌产铁载体对油麦菜吸收砂基和水基中镉的影响

选取荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescence)作为代表微生物菌种,考察了菌体产铁载体的规律,并研究了添加菌体对水培油麦菜吸收砂基和水基中Cd~(2+)的影响。在此基础上分析了根际微生物与重金属之间的相互作用机理,为典型微生物在重金属污染治理中的作用提供了可借鉴的理论基础。通过平板实验证实荧光假单胞菌菌体代谢能够产生铁载体,且产铁载体量随着菌体培养时间的增加而增大。铁载体能够与Cd~(2+)络合,将Cd~(2+)固定,使得油麦菜对Cd~(2+)的吸收减少。添加菌体后,采用砂基和水基方式培养的油麦菜中Cd的含量分别减少了27.23%~50.74%和10.57%~45.53%,表明菌体形成的根际微生物能抑制油麦菜对Cd的吸收。因此,微生物代谢产生的铁载体可在重金属污染的植物修复中起到重要作用。     

Variation in the development of cadmium resistance in Daphnia magna straus; effect of temperature, nutrition, age and genotype

The extent to which responses to toxicants can be modified by the environment and genotype of Daphnia magna is important for interpreting the results from ecotoxicity tests. Variation in the development of cadmium resistance and its relevance for survivorship has been investigated in two genetically distinct clones of D. magna. Cadmium resistance was induced by pre-exposing daphnids to a sublethal concentration of a Cd/Zn mixture and thereafter cadmium tolerance was assessed in standard acute tests. The results showed that the ability to develop cadmium resistance is affected by temperature, but there is no consistent pattern for maternal nutrition. The age of the daphnids had no apparent effect on the development of cadmium resistance. Differences in the induction of cadmium resistance between clones were seen only under resource depression.     

Cadmium as a possible cause of bladder cancer: a review of accumulated evidence

Bladder cancer is a significant disease, the rates of which have increased over the few last years. However, its etiology remains as yet undefined. Cadmium, a widespread environmental carcinogen that has received considerable interest, presents evidence as a possible cause of bladder cancer. A literature review was conducted from the years 1984–2013 to study the accumulated evidence for cadmium as a possible cause of bladder cancer, including routes of cadmium exposure, accumulation, toxicity, carcinogenicity, and evidence from epidemiological and experimental studies. Special reference is devoted to cadmium nephrotoxicity, which illustrates how cadmium exerts its effects on the transitional epithelium of the urinary tract. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis are discussed. The effects of cadmium on gene expression in urothelial cells exposed to cadmium are also addressed. Despite different methodologies, several epidemiologic and nephrotoxicity studies of cadmium indicate that occupational exposure to cadmium is associated with increased risk of bladder cancer and provide additional evidence that cadmium is a potential toxic element in urothelial cells. In vitro studies provide further evidence that cadmium is involved in urothelial carcinogenesis. Animal studies encounter several problems such as morphology differences between species. Among the complex mechanisms of cadmium carcinogenesis, gene expression deregulation is the subject of recent studies on bladder cadmium-induced carcinogenesis. Further research, however, will be required to promise a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying cadmium carcinogenesis and to establish the precise role of cadmium in this important malignancy.     

Susceptibility of different yeast species to environmental toxic metals

The purpose of the study reported here was to investigate the relative resistance of yeast species to various metallic and metalloid ions, with a view to gaining more knowledge on this subject, as resistant species may become dominant in habitats contaminated with the relevant metals. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis were grown in media containing different concentrations of mercury (as HgCl(2)), cadmium (as CdCl(2)), lead (as Pb(CH(3)COO)(2)), arsenic (as Na(2)HAsO(4)) and selenium (as Na(2)SeO(3)) for various intervals. Invariably, the two Candida species turned out to be more resistant to all the metals studied than S. cerevisiae. The metal showing the highest toxicity for these species was mercury, with cadmium being the second, lead, the third and arsenic and selenium being the least toxic elements. Strains showing resistance to mercury were isolated, even in the case of S. cerevisiae.     

Phytoextraction of heavy metal polluted soils using Sedum plumbizincicola inoculated with metal mobilizing Phyllobacterium myrsinacearum RC6b

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of metal mobilizing plant-growth beneficial bacterium Phyllobacterium myrsinacearum RC6b on plant growth and Cd, Zn and Pb uptake by Sedum plumbizincicola under laboratory conditions. Among a collection of metal-resistant bacteria, P. myrsinacearum RC6b was specifically chosen as a most favorable metal mobilizer based on its capability of mobilizing high concentrations of Cd, Zn and Pb in soils. P. myrsinacearum RC6b exhibited a high degree of resistance to Cd (350 mg L⁻¹), Zn (1000 mg L⁻¹) and Pb (1200 mg L⁻¹). Furthermore, P. myrsinacearum RC6b showed multiple plant growth beneficial features including the production of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase, indole-3-acetic acid, siderophore and solubilization of insoluble phosphate. Inoculation of P. myrsinacearum RC6b significantly increased S. plumbizincicola growth and organ metal concentrations except Pb, which concentration was lower in root and stem of inoculated plants. The results suggest that the metal mobilizing P. myrsinacearum RC6b could be used as an effective inoculant for the improvement of phytoremediation in multi-metal polluted soils.     

一种新型环境矿物材料在废水治理中的应用研究 --磷矿石去除水溶液中铅离子和镉离子的对比研究

采用天然磷矿石及其改性产品对水溶液中铅离子和镉离子的去除进行了对比研究.天然磷矿石能够有效地去除水溶性铅离子和镉离子,在强酸介质条件下对铅离子的去除效果最好,而对于镉离子,在弱酸或中性的介质中去除效果达到最佳;改性后的磷矿石能够在广泛的pH值范围内对铅离子具有良好的去除作用,显著地提高了对铅离子的去除能力,但是对镉离子的去除没有明显的改善;最后指出,磷矿石对铅离子和镉离子去除差异的根本原因是其对铅离子和镉离子去除机理的不同.     

镉胁迫对向日葵幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

采用溶液培养方法,研究了不同浓度镉(0、0.05、0.1、0.5和1 mg/L)处理7 d对向日葵幼苗生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明：随着镉处理浓度的增加,向日葵幼苗对镉的吸收显著增加。1 mg/L镉浓度处理时,叶、茎和根中镉浓度分别为0.05 mg/L镉处理时的16.3、19.2和581倍;根中积累的镉含量明显高于叶和茎, 各浓度根部积累的镉分别为叶和茎的37.8～63倍和29.4～41倍。镉胁迫显著抑制向日葵幼苗生长和叶绿素合成,当镉浓度达1 mg/L时,整株植物生物量和总叶绿素含量分别为对照的55.9%和52.6%。镉胁迫下向日葵幼苗游离脯氨酸和丙二醛（MDA）含量显著增加,1 mg/L镉浓度时,根中含量分别为对照的4和5.8倍。向日葵幼苗可溶性蛋白含量和过氧化物酶(POD)活性变化与镉胁迫浓度呈明显的倒U字型关系,可溶性蛋白含量在0.05 mg/L镉浓度时达到最大值,叶、茎、根中的POD活性分别在0.1、0.1和0.05 mg/L镉浓度时达到最大值。     

Characterization and cadmium-resistant gene expression of biofilm-forming marine bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa JP-11

Biofilm-forming marine bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa JP-11 was isolated from coastal marine sediment of Paradeep Port, Odisha, East Coast, India, which resisted up to 1,000 ppm of cadmium (Cd) as cadmium chloride in aerobic conditions with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 1,250 ppm. Biomass and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) secreted by the cells effectively removed 58.760?±?10.62 and 29.544?±?8.02 % of Cd, respectively. The integrated density of the biofilm-EPS observed under fluorescence microscope changed significantly (P?≤?0.05) in the presence of 50, 250, 450, 650 and 850 ppm Cd. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy showed a peak at 2,365.09/cm in the presence of 50, 250, 450 and 650 ppm Cd which depicts the presence of sulphydryl group (–SH) within the EPS, whereas, a peak shift to 2,314.837/cm in the presence of 850 ppm Cd suggested the major role of this functional group in the binding with cadmium. On exposure to Cd at 100, 500 and 1,000 ppm, the expression profiles of cadmium resistance gene (czcABC) in the isolate showed an up-regulation of 3.52-, 17- and 24-fold, respectively. On the other hand, down-regulation was observed with variation in the optimum pH (6) and salinity (20 g l^?1) level. Thus, the cadmium resistance gene expression increases on Cd stress up to the tolerance level, but an optimum pH and salinity are the crucial factors for proper functioning of cadmium resistance gene.     

The influence of humic acids on the phytoextraction of cadmium from soil

Cadmium poses a major environmental and human health threat because of its constant release through anthropogenic activities. A need, therefore, exists for cost-effective remediation procedures. Phytoremediation, the use of plants to extract contaminants from soils and groundwater, has revealed great potential. However, it is limited by the fact that plants need time, nutrient supply and, moreover, have a limited metal uptake capacity. Synthetic chelators have shown positive effects in enhancing heavy metal extraction through phytoremediation, but they have also revealed a vast number of negative side-effects. The objective of this research was to investigate the use of humic acids as an alternative to synthetic chelators. Humic acids were applied to a cadmium-contaminated soil at various dosages, and the uptake of cadmium into Nicotiana tabacum SR-1 was determined in relation to the amounts of total and bioavailable cadmium in the soil. It was found that the theoretical bioavailability of cadmium, as determined by diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) extraction, did not change, but its plant uptake was enhanced significantly, in some cases up to 65%. Humic acids added at a rate of 2 g kg(-1) soil increased the cadmium concentration in the shoots from 30.9 to 39.9 mg kg(-1). A possible reason for this enhancement is the decrease in pH, resulting in higher cadmium availability. Another possibility taken into account is that plants may take up cadmium complexes with humic acid fragments, which result from microbiological degradation or, self-dissociation.     

Effect of cadmium on germination, amylases and rate of respiration of germinating pea seeds

Growth of embryonic axis of germinating pea seeds (Pisum sativum cv. Bonneville) was significantly inhibited by as low as 0.25 mM cadmium and the elongation of the radicle was affected more severely than that of the plumule. Total amylolytic activity, as well as activities of alpha- and beta-amylases, diminished progressively with increasing concentrations of the metal in the media. The deleterious effect on alpha-amylase persisted throughout, whereas beta-amylase activity recovered with time. The rate of respiration of seeds, measured by oxygen uptake, was markedly impeded by cadmium and the phase of rapid and linear development of respiratory activity (after 3 days of imbibition) was almost completely, suppressed in the presence of higher concentrations (1 mM) of the metal. The observed impact of cadmium on starch mobilization and on respiratory activity are discussed in relation to its adverse effects on seed germination.     

Effects of cadmium on sediment processing on members of the Capitella species-complex

The effect of cadmium on sediment processing by laboratory-cultured specimens of Capitella sp I and Capitella sp B was investigated. Specimens were exposed to 0, 60, 90 and 140 microg Cd g(-1) dry weight sediment for a 10 day period (two census days) to observe effects of cadmium on their feeding activity. Under unstressed conditions, Capitella sp I specimens were larger, had higher biomass and produced more fecal pellets than Capitella sp B. Cadmium concentrations had no effect on pellet production and body mass of the studied populations. However, cadmium exposure time significantly affected Capitella sp B pellet production and body mass of both populations following different trends: after 10 days of exposure, the average processed sediment per unit worm mass decreased in Capitella sp I but increased in Capitella sp B. The latter population did not reduce its feeding activity in the presence of cadmium maybe related to the fact that it is derived from a highly polluted environment. This study has shown an unimpaired response of Capitella sp I and Capitella sp B to cadmium in their sediment processing activity, which indicates the potential importance of this species complex in the trophic transfer of metals from sediments to other marine organisms.