Process conditions of preparing methanol from cornstalk gas

The low-heat-value cornstalk gas produced in the down-flow fixed bed gasifier was tentatively used for methanol synthesis. The cornstalk gas was purified and the technical procedures such as deoxygenation, desulfurization, catalytic cracking of tar, purification and hydrogenation were studied. The catalytic experiments of methanol synthesis with cornstalk syngas were carried out in a tubular-flow integral and isothermal reactor. The effect of reaction temperature, pressure, catalysttypes, catalyst particle size, syngas flow at entering end and composition of syngas was investigated. The optimum process conditions and yield of methanol from cornstalk syngas were obtained. The experimental results indicated that the proper catalyst of the synthetic reaction was C301 and the optimum catalyst size (φ) was 0.833 mm×0.351 mm. The optimum operating temperature and pressure were found to be 235℃ and 5 Mpa, respectively. The suitable syngas flow 0.9-1.10 mol/h at entering end was selected and the best composition of syngas were CO 10.49%, CO2 8.8%, N2 37.32%, CnHm 0.95% and H2 40.49%. The best methanol yield is 0.418 g/g cornstalk. The study provided the technical support for the industrial test of methanol production from biomass (cornstalk)gas.     

柴油/甲醇二元燃料发动机的非常规排放特性研究

在一台电控单体泵增压中冷柴油机上,利用FTIR研究柴油/甲醇二元燃料发动机不同甲醇替代率下的非常规排放特性.结果表明,柴油/甲醇二元燃料燃烧模式下的非常规排放物甲醛、未燃甲醇、1,3-丁二烯及N_2O的比排放与纯柴油模式相比均有不同程度的增加,且均随着甲醇替代率的增加而增加;甲醛、未燃甲醇及N_2O的比排放随着负荷的增加逐渐降低;随着转速的增加,未燃甲醇的比排放趋势相差不大,排放量也无明显差别;CO_2的比排放随着甲醇替代率的增加而下降.     

甲醇燃料汽车排气净化

在燃用纯甲醇(M100)的BJ492Q型四冲程发动机的台架试验中,用堇青石蜂窝金属钯催化剂进行了排气净化试验。在发动机的混合比调整和负荷特性试验条件下观察了排气中甲醇、甲醛和一氧化碳的净化效果,观察了发动机的怠速起动和暖机过程中催化剂的净化性能。结果表明,发动机排气经催化净化后,排气中甲醇、甲醛和一氧化碳的浓度分别降低到3—17ppm,1—13ppm和0.01—0.30%;净化率分别达到93—99%,92—98%和80—99%。在发动机怠速起动和暖机过程中催化剂可点燃发挥净化作用。制作了催化箱,在武汉213型越野客货车上初步考察了其实用性能。     

氧化催化转化器对甲醇压燃尾气中甲醛排放的影响

在一台经过改装的压燃式发动机上,采用柴油/甲醇组合燃烧(DMCC)模式进行了台架实验,利用气相色谱分析技术检测了1800r·min<'-1时发动机尾气中甲醛的排放特性,对比研究了负荷、甲醇掺烧比、排气温度.催化转化器对甲醛排放的影响.研究结果表明,在压燃式发动机上采用DMCC模式,低负荷运行时,尾气中甲醛含量随甲醇掺烧比的增加而增多,在甲醇掺烧比为46%时.甲醛排放量达到180 x 10<'-6(体积分数),催化后可以减少25%～45%;在中,高负荷运行时.甲醛排放量随甲醇掺烧比的变化基本不变,高负荷比中负荷运行时甲醛排放稍高.但尾气经催化处理后,甲醛排放反而增加,最高增加1倍.催化转化器的转化效果与排气温度密切相关,当排气温度在大约300°C以下时,催化转化器可以降低甲醛排放量;当温度为300°C～410°C时,催化后尾气中的甲醛排放较催化前有所增加;当排气温度高于425°C时.催化后尾气中甲醛排放显著减少.     

混燃甲醇和乙醇改善柴油机碳烟排放

以柴油机为基础，以乙醇或甲醇作为预混合燃料，与喷入的柴油组成部分预混的复合燃烧，大幅度降低了发动机排气烟度，同时使氮氧化物排放得到一定改善，发动机的燃油消耗率优于原柴油机，而HC排放，尤其是在低负荷时有所增加，甲醇比乙醇具有降低烟度效果更好、氮氧化物降低更多和HC及CO排入增加较少的优越性。     

湿污泥热解制取富氢燃气影响因素研究

采用管式炉热解装置,在700～1000℃温度范围内对不同含水率的生物污泥进行中高温常压热解实验,研究了加热模式、热解终温、物料含水率及升温速率对热解产物产率及气相产物组成的影响规律.结果表明:待温度达到设定温度后,迅速将物料送入反应区的加热模式有利于得到高品质燃气;高温能减少固体碳和焦油的生成,促进富氢气体产生;同时,随着物料含水率的增加,氢气体积分数从17%提高到36%,当含水率为84%时,H2+CO的含量(体积分数)达到最大值;提高热解升温速率能使气相产物产率得到相应增加.湿污泥在高温条件下进行的快速热解过程,一次性完成了污泥干燥、热解和气化,更有利于氢气组分和其他可燃气体的生成,所得气体热值高达12MJ.m-3以上.     

柴油/甲醇组合燃烧尾气中甲醛的检测

利用气相色谱分析技术检测了柴油/甲醇组合燃烧(DMCC)尾气中的非常规排放物--甲醛.通过对不同采样方法和采样条件的比较,设计了采样系统,确定了用吸收液吸收的方法采集尾气中的甲醛.利用尾气中的甲醛与2,4-二硝基苯肼(DNPH)酸性饱和溶液反应生成甲醛腙的特性,通过检测甲醛腙的浓度来检测尾气中的甲醛含量.应用本方法检测一台采用DMCC燃烧模式的发动机尾气,结果表明,该方法可准确测量其尾气中的甲醛浓度.检测数据显示,当发动机运行DMCC燃烧模式时,相同转速下同一负荷时喷醇量越大,尾气中甲醛浓度越多;在相同的甲醇对柴油的替代率条件下,负荷越低尾气中甲醛浓度越高.     

Biological removal of methanol from process condensate for the purpose of reclamation

The biological removal of methanol from condensate of ammonia manufacturing processes for the purpose of reclamation using contact type reactor was studied. Methanol of 60 mg/L was removed completely under an HRT of 1.12 h. Optimal inorganic nutrient dose was determined on evaluating methanol removal performance and dehydrogenase activities (DHA) under different nutrition doses. The optimal inorganic nutrient dose only gave an increase of conductivity of ca. 10μs/cm^2 in the effluent on treating synthetic condensate containing methanol of 30mg/L. The results demonstrated that biological removal of methanol was effective for the purpose of recovering the methanol-bearing condensate.     

铜锰基整体式催化剂对烧结烟气CO净化特性

基于改性铜锰氧化物作为CO催化活性组分,分别制备了催化剂原粉、以泡沫金属、堇青石为载体的两种整体式催化剂,在实验室配气条件下对比了3种样品的CO催化效率及稳定性,优选了堇青石整体式催化剂,并在某钢厂实际烧结烟气条件下测试了其在不同催化剂负载量、空速、温度下的CO催化效率、稳定性以及衰减后样品催化特性;最后批量制备了2m³优选整体式催化剂并开展了6000m³/h烧结烟气CO净化中试实验.结果表明,烟气高浓水蒸气显著抑制CO催化反应,经240h催化后T₉₀最大提升38℃;催化剂负载量越高,T₉₀越低,催化效率衰减时间越短,稳定后的效率越高,但随着空速增加,该优势减小;1440h(2个月)中试实验中,进气温度185~195℃下,CO催化效率大于85%(平均90%),出口CO浓度低于1000×10^-6,出口平均烟温达220℃,具有节能减排双重效益.     

Investigation to meet China Ⅱ emission legislation for marine diesel engine with diesel methanol compound combustion technology

In order to reduce the pollutant emission and alleviate the pressure of petroleum resources shortage and greenhouse gas emission at the same time,the use of clean and renewable alternative fuel for marine engines is a promising option.In this study,a marine diesel engine,which was modified to run in diesel methanol compound combustion (DMCC) mode,was investigated.After the diesel injection parameters were calibrated,and combined with a sample after-treatment device DOC (diesel oxidation catalyst...     

中国核电能源链的生命周期温室气体排放研究

应用全能源链分析(PCA)和生命周期分析(LCA)方法,采用第一手调查数据和一些新的参数,对我国核电能源链的生命周期温室气体排放进行评价计算.结果表明,现阶段我国核电能源链(包括核燃料循环前段、核电站)的实际温室气体排放量为6.2g CO2,eq/(k W·h),若考虑核燃料循环后段(乏燃料后处理与废物处置)则总的温室气体排放量为11.9g CO2,eq/(k W·h).核电是低碳能源,发展核电代替一定规模的煤电提供一次能源,每1k W·h电力生产能够减排大约1kg二氧化碳.推进核电产业链的技术升级和持续节能降耗,鼓励材料再循环再利用,核电能源链的温室气体排放仍有进一步降低的空间.     

催化剂生产过程粉尘治理对策

粉尘已成为催化剂生产企业的主要职业病危害因素。通过点对点除尘,采用气力输送及新的密闭自动化工艺,现场无组织粉尘可控制在较好水平,8 h加权平均浓度均在1. 0 mg/m^3以下;通过采用旋风分离、袋式过滤、超重力湿法洗涤及云式除尘等技术,对催化剂生产过程尾气进行治理,可将粉尘浓度稳定降低至20 mg/m^3以下,实现达标排放。并提出应尽量设计连续流程,注重采用新设备、新工艺,从源头解决粉尘问题。     

Bioenergy recovery from landfill gas: A case study in China

Landfill gas (LFG) utilization which means a synergy between environmental protection and bioenergy recovery was investigated in this study. Pressure swing adsorption technology was used in LFG purification, and laboratory experiment, pilot-scale test, and on-site demonstration were carried out in Shenzhen, China. In the laboratory experiment, A-type carbon molecular sieve was selected as the adsorbent by comparison of several other adsorbents. The optimal adsorption pressure and adsorption time were 0.25 MPa and 2 min, respectively, under which the product generation rate was 4.5 m³/h and the methane concentration was above 90%. The process and optimization of the pilot-scale test were also reported in the paper. The product gas was of high quality compared with the National Standard of Compressed Natural Gas as Vehicle Fuel (GB18047-2000), when the air concentration in feed gas was under 10.96%. The demonstration project was composed of a collection system, production system, and utilization system. The drive performance, environmental protection performance, and economic feasibility of the product gas — as alternative fuel in passenger car, truck, and bulldozer—were tested, showing the feasibility technology for LFG utilization.     

制氨厂尾气中CO的变压吸附提纯

制氨厂尾气含有大量CO,若采用有效的分离、纯化工艺,可获得碳一化工(C1)所需的高纯度CO.本文研究了用PU1型吸附剂变压吸附提纯制氨厂尾气,同时比较了PU1型吸附剂和ZMS-5A型沸石的性能.试验采用一段法变压吸附工艺研究了不同操作条件下CO的纯化和回收,气体流速为0.2～0.8 m³/h,并对工艺条件进行了优化.结果表明PU1吸附性能较好,在吸附压力0.3 MPa、原料气CO浓度30%时,CO回收率为75%,CO产品气的纯度可大于98%.     

Pd/activated carbon sorbents for mid-temperature capture of mercury from coal-derived fuel gas

Higher concentrations of Hg can be emitted from coal pyrolysis or gasification than from coal combustion, especially elemental Hg. Highly efficient Hg removal technology from coal-derived fuel gas is thus of great importance. Based on the very excellent Hg removal ability of Pd and the high adsorption abilities of activated carbon（AC） for H2 S and Hg, a series of Pd/AC sorbents was prepared by using pore volume impregnation, and their performance in capturing Hg and H2 S from coal-derived fuel gas was investigated using a laboratory-scale fixed-bed reactor. The effects of loading amount, reaction temperature and reaction atmosphere on Hg removal from coal-derived fuel gas were studied. The sorbents were characterized by N2 adsorption, X-ray diffraction（XRD） and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）. The results indicated that the efficiency of Hg removal increased with the increasing of Pd loading amount, but the effective utilization rate of the active component Pd decreased significantly at the same time. High temperature had a negative influence on the Hg removal. The efficiency of Hg removal in the N2-H2S-H2-CO-Hg atmosphere（simulated coal gas） was higher than that in N2-H2S-Hg and N2-Hg atmospheres, which showed that H2 and CO, with their reducing capacity, could benefit promote the removal of Hg. The XPS results suggested that there were two different ways of capturing Hg over sorbents in N2-H2S-Hg and N2-Hg atmospheres.     

生物滴滤床降解有机废气净化效率的理论模型

将生物膜滴滤塔内的多孔填料简化为壁面覆盖有生物膜的平行平板通道,建立了一个净化低浓度有机废气的理论模型.该模型首先运用两相流理论获得了通道内液膜厚度,然后通过污染物在气相、液相的质量组分方程,结合生物膜内的传质与不考虑氧限制的生化反应动力学方程,获得了污染物在液相和生物膜中浓度分布的近似分析解,最终得到污染物在气相中沿塔高的浓度分布及废气净化效率.模型的理论预测值与生物膜滴滤塔净化低浓度甲苯废气的实验结果基本吻合.     

苎麻脱胶废水喷淋锅炉烟气除尘脱硫降碱的实验研究

利用苎麻脱胶碱性废水喷淋锅炉烟气,可降低烟气中的粉尘、SO₂;采用中和碱性废水可节省原水膜除尘所耗的自来水。结果表明,碱性废水喷淋烟气对SO₂的脱除率是自来水喷淋效果的40倍,粉尘去除率高于自来水喷淋的33％,COD下降18％。为造纸、制药、印染等企业提供了碱性废水前处理新工艺。     

生物法净化挥发性有机废气的吸附-生物膜理论模型与模拟研究

针对挥发性有机废气的生物法净化过程,进行了吸附-生物膜新型理论的相关动力学模型研究.经采用实验室数据和工业应用试验结果的对比验证表明,该模型对描述实际过程有很好的适用性.应用该模型对人口气体甲苯浓度、气体流量及生物膜填料层高度等主要因素的影响进行模拟研究,模拟计算值与实验值之间有较好的相关性,相关系数r为0.80～0.97.     

燃气发动机瞬态工况下NOx排放特征

NO_x排放控制是发展燃气汽车的核心问题.为获得增压中冷燃气发动机瞬态工况NO_x的排放特征,实验选取了6MK375N-50增压中冷燃气发动机,研究了不同转速、转矩、进气流量、进气温度及湿度对NO_x排放的影响.试验结果表明NO_x的排放随着转速的增加先升高后减缓,转速为1400 r·min-1时NO_x排放最高,转矩的增加也会使NO_x排放增加,随着进气流量的增加,NO_x排放量先增加后稳定,进气流量为180 kg·h~(-1)时NO_x排放最高,进气温度对NO_x排放也有直接影响,进气温度为31℃时NO_x排放最高,随着进气湿度的增加,NO_x排放水平降低,对试验结果的双因素方差分析得到,各影响因素对NO_x的排放影响均非常显著.对1400 r·min-1下各个工况对应NO_x进行拟合,变化规律符合公式y=a-b×ln(x+c).     

Greenhouse gas emissions from a constructed wetland for municipal sewage treatment

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