不同政策调控下的水泥行业CO2排放模拟与分析

从水泥行业CO2排放的响应行为入手,采用系统动力学方法,构建水泥行业CO2排放的系统动力学仿真模型,并进行验证;识别和分析水泥行业CO2排放的主要驱动力,并设置了基准情景、产业政策调控情景、环境政策强化调控情景进行预测与分析.结果表明,3种情景下水泥消费将在2008年达到饱和点后,转入缓慢增长时期.基准情景下CO2的直接排放量与水泥消费具有相同的规律,而产业政策情景及环境政策强化调控情景下水泥行业CO2的直接排放量将在2008年达到最高点后,出现缓慢下降并逐渐平稳的趋势.水泥消费达到饱和点之前,3种情景下CO2的直接排放都呈现快速增长的态势.政策变量中水泥熟料比重对CO2的直接排放影响最大.在产业结构调整的同时,应尽快降低新型干法水泥的电耗水平,避免CO2的直接排放由热能消耗转移到电能消耗上.     

山东省水泥行业CO2排放情景与减排效果分析

为了评估山东省水泥行业的CO2减排潜力,利用长期能源替代规划系统软件建立了LEAP-Shandong Cement模型,对山东省水泥行业的CO2排放量及相应的减排潜力进行了模拟评估.同时,在模型中运用情景分析方法,研究了基准情景、政策情景和技术情景下山东水泥行业2007～2020年的能源需求和CO2排放量以及相应的节能减排潜力.结果表明,到2020年,相对于基准情景,政策情景和技术情景下的减排潜力分别为8.5%和14.4%.因此,山东省水泥行业具有一定的减排潜力.实现减排主要依靠窑型的替代和相应技术的进步,其中,余热发电技术改进为近期的重点减排技术.总体而言,水泥行业减排兼具显著的环境、经济和社会效益.     

中国水泥行业二氧化碳排放达峰路径研究

水泥行业是主要的CO₂排放行业,2020年我国水泥行业CO₂排放占全国排放总量的12%,占全国工业过程排放的60%以上. 为开展水泥行业碳达峰路径研究,提出了基于社会、经济等影响因素的多因素拟合分析模型以及基于主要下游产业的需求预测方法,对2021—2035年我国水泥熟料及水泥产量进行预测;并通过对水泥行业碳排放特征的分析,考虑主要控制措施的可行性,构建我国水泥行业CO₂排放情景,对2021—2035年水泥行业CO₂排放趋势进行测算,在此基础上分析水泥行业碳达峰路径及相关政策建议. 结果表明:①中国水泥熟料消费量在“十四五”期间仍有一定上升空间,随着经济社会的绿色转型,水泥市场需求在“十五五”时期下降. ②在此基础上,通过全面加强产能控制、加大落后产能淘汰力度、推广高效节能技术、积极推进原燃料替代,可推动水泥行业碳排放于“十四五”中期达峰,峰值为13.8×108～14.2×108 t,经过2～3年的峰值平台期后呈持续下降趋势,2030年水泥行业碳排放量将较2020年下降15%~18%. ③2030年,水泥熟料及水泥产量的下降将带动水泥行业碳排放量较2020年减少1.4×108 t. 在各项技术措施中,节能改造是CO₂减排潜力最大的措施,2030年能效提升可带动水泥行业CO₂排放量较2020年减少0.38×108 t;其次是利用固体废物替代燃煤,可带动行业CO₂排放量较2020年减少0.17×108 t. 研究显示,推动我国水泥行业碳达峰及碳减排,需在加强产量控制避免水泥过度消费的基础上,聚焦节能改造和原燃料替代措施.      

基于不同排放清单的长三角人为CO2排放模拟

目前基于排放清单估算的区域和城市尺度上的人为CO₂排放不确定性较大.为了我国实现碳达峰和碳中和的目标,亟需对我国的区域尺度,特别是大城市群的人为CO₂排放进行准确估算.分别利用两种先验人为CO₂排放数据(EDGAR v6.0清单和EDGAR v6.0联合GCG v1.0的改进清单)作为输入数据,采用WRF-STILT大气传输模型模拟长三角地区2017年12月至2018年2月大气CO₂摩尔分数,再以安徽全椒高塔观测的大气CO₂摩尔分数作为参考值,通过贝叶斯反演方法得到的比例因子改进了模拟结果,并实现了长三角人为CO₂排放通量的估算.结果表明：(1)在冬季,相对于基于EDGAR v6.0模拟的大气CO₂摩尔分数值而言,基于改进清单模拟的大气CO₂摩尔分数与观测值更为一致;(2)模拟的大气CO₂摩尔分数在夜间高于观测值,白天则相反,主要因为排放清单的CO₂排放数据不能表征人为...     

中国水泥工业CO2排放现状及减排对策

水泥工业是中国制造业中温室气体CO2的主要排放源,因此,根据水泥生产的基本原理和工艺特点,建立了CO2排放的数学模型并确定排放强度,计算了2001—2010年中国水泥工业CO2的排放量,分析了影响CO2排放量的主要因素及其发展趋势,并提出水泥工业CO2减排对策.结果表明,中国水泥工业CO2排放总量逐年增长,与水泥产量和单位产品原料、燃料消耗定额呈线性关系;在CO2排放总量中,原料煅烧和燃料燃烧阶段的排放量分别占49%和51%;"十一五"期间单位水泥产品CO2排放强度由0.69t.t-1下降到0.65t.t-1.万元GDPCO2排放量呈下降趋势,2008年达到最低值为0.3054t,平均每年万元GDPCO2排放量下降10.69%,说明水泥工业10年间实施节能降耗、资源循环利用、提高经济效益等措施对于减少CO2排放具有明显效果.     

乌鲁木齐市煤炭消费的CO2排放时空分析

通过计算乌鲁木齐市2001-2009年煤炭燃烧CO2排放量,对CO2排放现状及主要城区重点工业污染源企业煤炭消费的CO2排放进行时空分析。结果表明:(1)2001年以来,乌市煤炭在能源消费总量中所占的比重变化不大,占较高比例。(2)煤炭燃烧的CO2排放量逐年增加,年均增长率为10.84%;主要城区CO2的分布变化明显,天山区和头屯河区一直是CO2排放量高值区,乌鲁木齐县最低。结合乌市CO2排放现状及面临问题,提出减排对策,从而为健全乌市温室气体减排机制提供有力支撑。     

中国建筑领域CO2排放达峰路径研究

实施建筑领域CO₂排放控制是推动我国2030年前实现碳排放达峰的关键举措. 2020年我国建筑领域运行阶段CO₂排放量为21.7×108 t,约占全国能源活动碳排放量的20%,其中直接排放6.9×108 t,间接排放14.8×108 t. 随着城镇化发展水平和居民生活消费水平的不断提升,建筑领域CO₂排放仍呈刚性增长态势. 为明确建筑领域CO₂排放达峰路径,综合考虑建筑领域发展现状和用能情况,以建筑运行中供暖、炊事等活动所需一次能源(煤炭、石油和天然气)消耗直接排放以及热电联产供暖、空调、照明、电梯、电器等外购热力和电力间接排放为核算范围,在预测不同阶段建筑发展规模、建筑能源消费、用能结构的基础上,分析未来碳排放变化趋势和达峰时间,提出达峰路径和重要政策举措. 结果表明:①2010—2020年,我国建筑领域CO₂排放量从13.2×108 t增至21.7×108 t,其中直接排放已于2017年达峰,间接排放仍在持续增长. ②从建筑规模和节能降碳措施等角度分情景开展建筑领域碳排放达峰路径研究,预测建筑领域CO₂排放将在2029—2030年左右达峰,峰值排放量为28.1×108~29.2×108 t,达峰后有2~3年的平台期. ③低碳清洁取暖、可再生能源应用、建筑节能改造和合理控制建筑规模4项措施是建筑领域实现碳排放达峰的重要举措,4项措施的减排贡献率分别达到40.7%、27.1%、17.7%和14.5%. 研究显示,2030年前,发展建筑可再生能源、强化建筑节能、合力控制建筑规模是建筑领域降碳的核心举措,而推动低碳清洁取暖是实现我国建筑领域降碳最主要的控制途径.      

山西省CO2排放影响因素研究及情景分析

山西作为我国的能源大省,其碳排放强度更是持续位于全国最高水平,分析山西省CO₂排放影响因素,探究其发展模式,对于山西省的低碳发展意义重大.基于STIRPAT模型,将山西省能源CO₂排放的影响因素确定为人口、城镇化率、人均GDP、第二产业占GDP比重、能源强度.在岭回归拟合分析的基础上,利用灰色GM（1,1）模型对山西省CO₂排放驱动因素值进行预测,以提高能源CO₂排放预测的准确性,并结合情景分析方法,为山西省的CO₂减排设计了10种不同的发展情景.结果表明:①人口对山西省CO₂排放影响最大,其次是城镇化率和第二产业占GDP比重.②在当前经济发展阶段,能源强度和人均GDP等因素对山西省的CO₂排放影响不大,但能源强度对CO₂排放的抑制作用不可忽略.③山西省CO₂减排最佳的情景方案为适当控制人口数量和城镇化进程、加快产业结构的转型和技术的革新、降低第二产业占GDP比重和能源强度,并且大力推广新能源和清洁可再生能源的开发使用以优化能源消费结构.在该情景下,山西省2020年的CO₂排放量可以控制在5.16×108 t.      

城市与山地森林地区夏秋季大气CO2浓度变化初探

城市与山地森林地区夏秋季大气ＣＯ２浓度变化初探蒋高明黄银晓韩兴国（中国科学院植物研究所，北京１０００９３）关键词ＣＯ２浓度；城市；森林；北京市．１引言ＣＯ２等温室气体的增加，引起了全球科学家与政治家的关注，温室效应及其带来的一系列生态环境改变即全球...     

CO2倍增对几种植物的生态生理影响

本研究结果表明：木本植物辽东栎、臭椿、丁香叶片气孔对ＣＯ２倍增反应不第三,表现出气孔阻抗不增大,蒸腾速率无明显变化,光合速率比对照增加１０％－２０％或无增加,水分利用效率可提高１０％－１００％不等,叶面积略有增加或接近对照。可以认为ＣＯ２倍增上述植物有不同程度的促进作用,草本植物水稻、大豆、谷子、稗草叶片气孔对ＣＯ２倍增反应敏感,尤其是Ｃ３植物的水稻、大豆、表现为气孔阻抗增大,腾速率减少,光合速率     

Iron-doped Mn-Ce/TiO2 catalyst for low temperature selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3

The catalysts of iron-doped Mn-Ce/TiO 2(Fe-Mn-Ce/TiO 2) prepared by sol-gel method were investigated for low temperature selective catalytic reduction(SCR) of NO with NH 3.It was found that the NO conversion over Fe-Mn-Ce/TiO 2 was obviously improved after iron doping compared with that over Mn-Ce/TiO 2.Fe-Mn-Ce/TiO 2 with the molar ratio of Fe/Ti = 0.1 exhibited the highest activity.The results showed that 96.8% NO conversion was obtained over Fe(0.1)-Mn-Ce/TiO 2 at 180°C at a space velocity of 50,000 hr 1.Fe-Mn-Ce/TiO 2 exhibited much higher resistance to H 2 O and SO 2 than that of Mn-Ce/TiO 2.The properties of the catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction(XRD),N 2 adsorption,temperature programmed desorption(NH 3-TPD and NOx-TPD),and Xray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) techniques.BET,NH3-TPD and NOx-TPD results showed that the specific surface area and NH3 and NOx adsorption capacity of the catalysts increased with iron doping.It was known from XPS analysis that iron valence state on the surface of the catalysts were in Fe3+ state.The doping of iron enhanced the dispersion and oxidation state of Mn and Ce on the surface of the catalysts.The oxygen concentrations on the surface of the catalysts were found to increase after iron doping.Fe-Mn-Ce/TiO2 represented a promising catalyst for low temperature SCR of NO with NH3 in the presence of H2 O and SO2.     

Selective catalytic reduction of NOx from exhaust of lean-burn engine over Ag-Al2O3/cordierite catalyst

A highly effective Ag-Al₂O₃ catalyst was prepared using the in-situ sol-gel method, and characterized by surface area using nitrogen adsorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The catalyst performance was tested on a real lean-burn gasoline engine. Only unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide in the exhaust were directly used as reductant (without any external reductant), the maximum NO _x conversion could only reach 40% at 450°C. When an external reductant, ethanol was added, the average NO _x conversion was greater than 60%. At exhaust gas temperature range of 350–500°C, the maximum NO _x conversion reached about 90%. CO and HC could be efficiently oxidized with Pt-Al₂O₃ oxidation catalyst placed at the end of SCR converter. However, NO _x conversion drastically decreased because of the oxidation of some intermediates to NO _x again. The possible reaction mechanism was proposed as two typical processes, nitration, and reduction in HC-SCR over Ag-Al₂O₃.     

蜂窝状筛网催化剂上NH_3催化还原NO

 采用蜂窝状筛网载体担载V₂O_5-WO₃-TiO₂研究NH₃选择性催化还原气体中的氧化氮.在催化剂中加入2%的磷酸具有良好的黏结性能.2%(wt.)～4%(wt.)磷酸的加入有助于提高催化剂的催化活性.磷酸的添加量大于4%(wt.)时导致NO转化率降低.同时,磷酸的加入有助于抑制高温下氨氧化反应的发生.壳型法制备的催化剂较体型法具有更高的传质性能,但前者的稳定性和使用寿命不如后者.     

NH3的低温复相选择性催化氧化

采用Cu-Ag/Al2O3复合催化剂在低温下选择性催化氧化NH3.实验结果表明,Ag/Al2O3 和Cu/Al2O3分别具有高氧化活性和高N2选择性的优点;一定负载量范围内,Cu-Ag/Al2O3复合催化剂既具有高氧化活性(介于Ag/Al2O3和Cu/Al2O3之间),又具有Cu/Al2O3的高N2选择性,当反应温度为280℃时,Cu5%-Ag5%/Al2O3对NH3的氧化率大于96%,N2选择性大于95%.催化剂表面上形成的Ag2O颗粒及其大小是影响催化剂选择性的一个重要因素.     

Effect of manufacturing methods of AgCl/Al2O3 catalyst on selective catalytic reduction of NOx

The AgCl/Al2O3 catalyst has potential for use in the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx. A compound hydrocarbon, following oxygenation is used as a type of reducing agent. In this experiment, the AgCl/Al2O3 catalyst was produced by four different methods, and the differences among their reduction catalysis of NOx were compared. Ethanol was used as a type of reducing agent. X-ray diffraction analysis was performed to study the crystalline structure and scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were applied to determine the microindentation. The results indicated that, in the range of 350–400°C, there was no significant difference on the NOx reduction rate; however, there was dispersion at high and low temperature ranges. The size of the AgCl particles was about 20–100 nm.     

Ag/Al2O3催化剂用于碳氢化合物选择性还原NO

比较了富氧条件下CH4、C3H8、C3H6和C2H5OH分别用作还原剂时,NO在Ag/Al2O3催化剂上的还原活性.结果表明, CH4和C3H8还原NO的活性很低,而C3H6和C2H5OH能有效地还原NO.在此基础上,研究了H2O和SO2对C3H6和C2H5OH在Ag/Al2O3催化剂上还原NO活性的影响.结果表明,H2O的存在会降低低温区的NO还原活性,而且这种影响是可逆的.将H2O 和SO2同时加入反应混合气,引起NO还原活性较大幅度降低,结合程序升温脱附实验结果,认为可能是由于存在SO2时,Ag/Al2O3催化剂吸附NO的能力降低.     

Highly selective catalytic reduction of NOxby MnOx–CeO2–Al2O3 catalysts prepared by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis

We first present preparation of MnOx–CeO_2–Al_2O_3 catalysts with varying Mn contents through a self-propagating high-temperature synthesis(SHS) method, and studied the application of these catalysts to the selective catalytic reduction of NOxwith NH3(NH_3-SCR).Using the catalyst with 18 wt.% Mn(18 MnCe1Al2), 100% NO conversion was achieved at 200°C and a gas hourly space velocity of 15384 hr-1, and the high-efficiency SCR temperature window, where NO conversion is greater than 90%, was widened to a temperature range of 150–300°C. 18 MnCe1Al2 showed great resistance to SO_2(100 ppm)and H_2O(5%) at 200°C. The catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller(BET) analysis, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and H_2 temperature programmed reduction. The characterization results showed that the surface atomic concentration of Mn increased with increasing Mn content, which led to synergism between Mn and Ce and improved the activity in the SCR reaction. 18 MnCe1Al2 has an extensive pore structure,with a BET surface area of approximately 135.4 m~2/g, a pore volume of approximately 0.16 cm~3/g, and an average pore diameter of approximately 4.6 nm. The SCR reaction on 18 MnCe1Al2 mainly followed the Eley-Rideal mechanism. The performances of the MnOx–CeO_2–Al_2O_3 catalysts were good, and because of the simplicity of the preparation process,the SHS method is applicable to their industrial-scale manufacture.     

Mn2NiO4 spinel catalyst for high-efficiency selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides with good resistance to H2O and SO2 at low temperature

Mn-Ni oxides with different compositions were prepared using standard co-precipitation(CP) and urea hydrolysis-precipitation(UH) methods and optimized for the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides(NO_x) by NH₃ at low temperature.Mn((2))Ni₍(1))O_x-CP and Mn₍(2))Ni₍(1))O_x-UH(with Mn:Ni molar ratio of 2:1) catalysts showed almost identical selective catalytic reduction(SCR) catalytic activity,with about 96% NO     

Effect of preparation methods on the performance of CuFe-SSZ-13 catalysts for selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3

CuFe-SSZ-13 catalyst showed excellent performance in the selective catalytic reduction of NO_x with NH₃ (NH₃-SCR) for diesel engine exhaust purification. To investigate the effect of preparation methods on NH₃-SCR performance, Fe was loaded into one-pot synthesized Cu-SSZ-13 catalysts through solid-state ion-exchange (SSIE), homogeneous deposition precipitation (HDP) and liquid ion-exchange (IE), respectively. Three CuFe-SSZ-13 catalysts showed similar SO₂ resistance, which was better than that of Cu-SSZ-13. The improvement was attributed to the protection of Fe species. Hydrothermal stability of three CuFe-SSZ-13 catalysts was significantly different, which was attributed to the state of active species caused by different preparation methods. Compared with the other two catalysts, more active species existed inside the zeolite pores of CuFe-SSZ-13_SSIE. During hydrothermal aging, the aggregation of these active species in the pores caused the collapse of catalyst structure, ultimately leading to the deactivation of CuFe-SSZ-13_SSIE. In contrast, Fe species was dispersed better on the surface over CuFe-SSZ-13_IE, enhancing the hydrothermal stability of catalysts. Consequently, Fe loading effectively improved the resistance of SO₂ and H₂O over Cu-SSZ-13. For CuFe-SSZ-13, large amounts of active species located inside the zeolite pores are not beneficial for the hydrothermal stability.