不同水处理工艺对地表水中AOC的去除效果

研究了以A江水、B河水为原水的常规处理工艺和以C湖水为原水的两种深度处理工艺对有机污染物的去除效果。对水样的AOC、TOC和UV254进行了分析，结果表明，4个工艺对AOC的去除率分别是63．6％、-97．9％、84．2％和94．7％；对TOC的去除率分别是61％、6．6％、66．7％和75％；对UV254的去除率分别是17．9％、25．6％、83．3％和95．1％，与深度处理工艺相比，常规处理工艺不能保证饮用水的生物稳定性。     

常规与深度处理工艺对长江下游浅库型原水的处理效果比较研究

基于长江下游浅库型原水,对比常规与深度处理工艺运行效果,探索溶解性有机物(DOM)分子量分布的变化及其与消毒副产物生成的联系,明确常规与深度处理工艺的工艺适应性。研究结果表明,长江下游浅库型原水经以臭氧-生物活性炭(O3-BAC)为核心的深度处理后,出水高锰酸盐指数(IMn)、溶解性有机碳(DOC)、254nm单位吸光度(UV254)、UV254与DOC比值(SUVA254)、三卤甲烷生成潜能(THMFP)和卤乙酸生成潜能(HAAFP)分别降低了33%～79%、41%～67%、60%～81%、24%～58%、37%～70%和35%～64%,且出水小分子DOM(分子量≤1ku)占比降至50%(质量分数)以下。常规处理工艺中,混凝、沉淀及砂滤是DOM的主要去除单元;而深度处理工艺中,DOM则主要靠O3-BAC去除。针对长江下游浅库型原水,以O3-BAC为核心的深度处理工艺具有更高的工艺适应性,并能实现对DOM的有效去除。     

活性炭-超滤深度处理工艺对三氯乙醛生成潜能的影响及其对饮用水中有机物的去除

以我国南方某活性炭-超滤深度处理工艺水厂为研究对象,对工艺过程中三氯乙醛生成潜能(CHFP)及相关有机物指标进行为期1年每月1次的监测,以明晰活性炭-超滤深度处理工艺对CHFP及有机物的去除能力。结果表明:原水CHFP均呈现一定的季节性变化趋势,高温季节(5—9月)相对较高,范围为15.50~64.00μg·L~(-1),活性炭-超滤深度处理工艺对CHFP、TOC、CODMn和UV254去除率范围分别为37.42%~69.12%、25.25%~66.71%、27.33%~61.25%和21.80%~72.46%,平均去除率分别为54.51%、39.21%、45.04%和42.91%;混凝沉淀单元在CHFP和有机物指标去除中均起主要作用,炭滤单元对TOC有较好的去除作用,超滤单元对CHFP和CODMn有较好的去除作用。建议水厂设计与运行中将臭氧与活性炭滤池联合使用,以协同去除CHFP和有机物,进一步提高供水水质。     

臭氧氧化深度处理某工业园的印染废水尾水

采用O_3氧化法深度处理印染废水尾水。单因素实验结果表明,提高O_3浓度有利于TOC与UV254的去除,提高至4 mg·L~(-1)后TOC与UV254去除率不再升高;TOC与UV254去除率随反应进程逐渐升高,前10 min为快速反应阶段,此后为慢速分解阶段;弱碱性环境有利于O_3的氧化作用。采用响应面法获得了O_3氧化在最佳条件(pH 8.76,O3浓度4.88mg·L~(-1),反应60 min)下印染废水尾水TOC和UV254去除率分别为22.85%和76.48%。TOC去除率远大于UV254去除率。该显著差异表明,O_3能有效破坏含C=C和C=O双键的简单芳香族化合物结构,但对有机物矿化能力较差。GC-MS分析结果表明,印染废水尾水中除含大量长链烷烃、卤代烷烃、环状烷烃外,还含有以甲苯,二甲苯为主以及少量难降解的萘、菲等苯系物;经O_3氧化后,水中仅存少量残留二甲苯,其余苯系物均未检出。     

臭氧/ 生物活性炭深度处理循环养殖废水

随着工厂化循环水养殖的不断发展,高浓度循环养殖废水对环境污染日益严重.为实现环境友好和资源节约,采用臭氧/生物活性炭对循环养殖废水进行深度处理中试研究.实验结果表明,臭氧化臭氧最佳投加量为4 mg/L,显著增强水体的可生化性,使TOC(总有机碳)/UV254(在波长为254 nm处的单位比色皿光程下的紫外吸光度)提高80%.臭氧/生物活性炭对循环养殖废水中的有机物和氨氮具有良好的去除效果.臭氧/生物活性炭对TOC、高锰酸盐指数和UV254的最终去除率比生物活性炭分别高11.9%、13.4%和6.5%.臭氧/生物活性炭和生物活性炭对氨氮的最终去除率分别为96.0%、90.7%.     

新型五孔超滤膜处理城市污水的研究

新型五孔中空纤维膜与传统的城市污水处理系统集成处理城市污水.结果表明:COD、NH3-N和TP的平均去除率分别为95.66%、99.02%和81.08%,出水UV254＜0.2 cm,BOD5＜2 mg/L,平均浊度为0.10 NTU,未检测出粪大肠杆菌和SS;出水水质可达到回用水要求,可省略后续的深度处理工艺,彻底消...     

沸石强化A/O生物脱氮工艺中有机污染物的降解作用研究

拉曼光谱、TOC和UV254测试结果显示,在沸石强化A/O生物脱氮-同步化学除磷工艺中,城市污水中的溶解性和非溶解性有机污染物易被含沸石活性污泥吸附,由于含沸石活性污泥的异养菌较常规A/O生物脱氮工艺污泥的异养菌高数倍至55倍,其有机污染物的生物降解能力得到改善,COD去除率维持在90%左右,0.22 μm膜过滤液TOC去除率接近97%,0.45 μm滤纸过滤液TOC去除率达到92%,并使包括一些难降解有机物在内的有机污染物得到进一步降解.     

臭氧光催化降解地下水中天然有机物的研究

在现场开展了中试规模的臭氧光催化降解天然有机物的研究.研究表明,对大分子天然有机物占很大比例且重碳酸盐含量较高的地下水,臭氧投加量10 mg/L和反应时间10 min条件下,TOC的去除率不到20%,但UV254和三卤甲烷生成潜力(THMFP)去除率分别达到近60%和33.5%.臭氧光催化与活性炭吸附相连,能显著提高UV254的THMFP的去除率,但TOC去除率并不明显高于单独活性炭吸附.臭氧光催化使大分子有机物转化为小分子有机物,后者在活性炭上的吸附性提高且生化性改善,可望在生物活性炭上更有效地去除.     

聚合氯化铝与粉末活性炭联合强化混凝处理垃圾渗滤液

研究了联合粉末活性炭与聚合氯化铝(PAC)强化混凝对垃圾渗滤液原水的处理效果。结果表明,在原水COD为4 100 mg/L、浊度为147 NTU、UV254为20的条件下,粉末活性炭的加入可以有效增加垃圾渗滤液中有机物的去除率,PAC投加量为0.6 g/L时,投加0.6 g/L粉末活性炭,COD的去除率由21.6%提高到29.1%,UV254去除率由29.8%提高到39.9%,剩余浊度由138 NTU降到133 NTU。该强化混凝过程使原水中溶解性小分子有机物的去除率提高显著,PAC投加量为0.6 g/L时,投加0.6 g/L粉末活性炭,在分子量小于1 kDa的范围内,UV254去除率由2.9%上升为10%。     

冬季密云水库水的预臭氧氧化处理研究

针对冬季北京密云水库水低温、低浊的水质特征,分别进行了实验室烧杯实验和现场中试研究,并对原水及处理后的水质进行了物理分级和化学分级研究.实验结果表明,预臭氧氧化能降低原水中消毒副产物的前体物(如三卤甲烷生成势),并能显著减少原水中颗粒物的含量;预臭氧氧化工艺与常规工艺相比,能提高砂滤出水的UV254和颗粒物的去除率,有效降低砂滤水头损失率.     

Effects of wavelength and water quality on photodegradation of N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)

N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is a potent carcinogen that yields a cancer risk of 10⁻⁶ at concentrations as low as 0.7 ng L⁻¹. Tentative guideline values are set at 3 ng L⁻¹ in California, USA; 9 ng L⁻¹ in Ontario, Canada; 40 ng L⁻¹ nationwide in Canada; and 100 ng L⁻¹ by the World Health Organization. NDMA is a great concern in treating reclaimed water as well as drinking water. UV degradation can be considered effective degradation method. A 1-log reduction of NDMA is achieved by 1000 mJ cm⁻² of a 254-nm low pressure (LP) mercury UV lamp. However, a higher degradation efficiency than that provided by LP lamps is desired in practical treatment. In this study, the effects of wavelength and water quality were investigated to achieve higher degradation efficiency. The effects of wavelength were examined by comparing three UV lamps: a 222-nm Kr Cl Excimer UV lamp, a 254-nm LP mercury UV lamp, and a 230- to 270-nm filtered medium pressure (FMP) mercury UV lamp. The 222-nm lamp and FMP lamp achieved 4 times and 2.8 times higher degradation efficiency, respectively, than the conventional 254-nm LP lamp. Effects on water quality were also simulated by using absorption spectrum data of nitrate solutions and process water from a drinking-water treatment plant. In the simulation, the 222-nm lamp was affected by UV-absorbing compounds in the water, whereas the FMP lamp showed more stable degradation efficiency. Appropriate use of these three types of lamps could enhance the efficiency of degradation of NDMA.     

不同消毒剂对饮用水中可同化有机碳的影响

以某地表水为原水（TOC为5．3mg／L），研究了氯、氯胺和臭氧3种消毒剂对可同化有机碳（AOC）的影响。结果表明，投加1mg／L氯氧化30min就会使AOC升高近3倍。投加3种剂量（1、2、3mg／L）的氯胺，氧化30min时AOC增加不到1倍；氧化24h时AOC浓度均比30min时的高，这说明氯胺的作用机理与氯不同。投加臭氧2．0mg／L氧化30min时可使AOC增加2．4倍；当臭氧质量浓度大于2．0mg／L时，AOC开始下降，这说明一部分中间产物进一步被氧化成了二氧化碳和水。     

UV-H2O2 based AOP and its integration with biological activated carbon treatment for DBP reduction in drinking water

The presence of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) such as trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) in drinking water is of great concern due to their adverse effects on human health. Emerging regulation limiting the concentration of DBPs in drinking water has increased demands for technologies and processes which reduce the formation of DBPs in drinking water. In this study, UV-H₂O₂ based advance oxidation process (AOP) was used to treat raw surface water. Experiments were conducted using low pressure mercury vapor UV lamps in collimated beam and flow-through annular photoreactors. The effect of UV fluence (0–3500 mJ cm⁻²) and hydrogen peroxide concentration (0–23 mg l⁻¹) in reducing the concentration of THMs and HAAs was examined. The UV-H₂O₂ AOP was then coupled with a downstream biological activated carbon (BAC) treatment to assess the synergetic benefits of combining the two treatments. It was observed that UV-H₂O₂ AOP was only effective at reducing DBPs at UV fluences of more than 1000 mJ cm⁻²and initial H₂O₂ concentrations of about or greater than 23 mg l⁻¹. However, the combined AOP–BAC treatment showed significant reductions of 43%, 52%, and 59% relative to untreated raw water for DBPs, TOC, and UV₂₅₄, respectively.     

四种净水工艺对水源水微量有机物去除的研究

以UV254和CODMn代表饮用水源水中有机物替代指标.对常规处理、生物陶粒预处理、生物滤池、生物活性炭(BAC)、颗粒活性炭(GAC)、纳滤和光催化氧化进行组合,形成不同的处理流程,研究各流程对UV254和CODMn的去除效果.结果表明,各工艺流程都有一定的处理效率,其中以生物滤池和纳滤为主的组合流程处理效果最佳.此流程对UV254的去除率接近100%,CODMn的去除率达到78.6%,大大提高了饮用水的安全性.     

Application of biofiltration system on AOC removal: column and field studies

The Cheng-Ching Lake Water Treatment Plant (CCLWTP) is the main supplier of domestic water for the Greater Kaohsiung area, the second largest metropolis in Taiwan. Biological activated carbon (BAC) filtration is one of the major treatment processes in CCLWTP. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effectiveness of BAC filtration on water treatment in the studied advanced water treatment plant and its capability on pollutants [e.g., AOC (assimilable organic carbon), bromide, bromate, iron] removal. In this study, water samples from each treatment process of CCLWTP were collected and analyzed periodically to assess the variations in concentrations of AOC and other water quality indicators after each treatment unit. Moreover, the efficiency of biofiltration process using granular activated carbon (GAC) and anthracite as the fillers was also evaluated through a column experiment. Results show that the removal efficiencies for AOC, bromide, bromate, and iron are 86% 100%, 17%, and 30% after the BAC filter bed, respectively. This indicates that BAC filtration plays an important role in pollutant removal. Results also show that AOC concentrations in raw water and effluent of the CCLWTP are approximately 143 and 16 microg acetate-Cl(-1), respectively. This reveals that the treatment processes applied in CCLWTP is able to remove AOC effectively. Results of column study show that the AOC removal efficiencies in the GAC and anthracite columns are 60% and 17%, respectively. Microbial colonization on GAC and anthracite were detected via the observation of scanning electron microscopic images. The observed microorganisms included bacteria (rods, cocci, and filamentous bacteria), fungi, and protozoa. Results from this study provide us insight into the mechanisms of AOC removal by advanced water treatment processes. These findings would be helpful in designing a modified water treatment system for AOC removal and water quality improvement.     

混凝-超滤短流程工艺处理北方水库原水

采用混凝-超滤膜短流程工艺对大伙房水库原水进行处理,考察其除污染性能和膜污染情况,并对该短流程工艺参数进行优化。结果表明,当利用超滤膜直接过滤原水时,膜污染较重,并且对污染物质的去除率较低;而采用混凝．超滤短流程工艺时,膜污染得到一定程度上的缓解;当絮凝剂投加量为7mg／L、膜清洗周期为30min时,对浊度、CODMn和UV254的去除率分别为95．61％、40．42％和37．12％,出水水质能够满足生活饮用水卫生标准。     

An overview of the methods used in the characterisation of natural organic matter (NOM) in relation to drinking water treatment

Natural organic matter (NOM) is found in all surface, ground and soil waters. During recent decades, reports worldwide show a continuing increase in the color and NOM of the surface water, which has an adverse affect on drinking water purification. For several practical and hygienic reasons, the presence of NOM is undesirable in drinking water. Various technologies have been proposed for NOM removal with varying degrees of success. The properties and amount of NOM, however, can significantly affect the process efficiency. In order to improve and optimise these processes, the characterisation and quantification of NOM at different purification and treatment processes stages is important. It is also important to be able to understand and predict the reactivity of NOM or its fractions in different steps of the treatment. Methods used in the characterisation of NOM include resin adsorption, size exclusion chromatography (SEC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The amount of NOM in water has been predicted with parameters including UV-Vis, total organic carbon (TOC), and specific UV-absorbance (SUVA). Recently, methods by which NOM structures can be more precisely determined have been developed; pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS), multidimensional NMR techniques, and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS). The present review focuses on the methods used for characterisation and quantification of NOM in relation to drinking water treatment.     

O_3-BAC组合工艺深度净化MBR出水的中试研究

采用臭氧-生物活性炭（O3-BAC）组合工艺对某工业园区再生水厂MBR出水进行了深度净化的中试研究,主要考察了组合工艺各节点对常规指标的处理效果。结果表明,臭氧投加量约3 mg/L（H2O）、臭氧接触塔接触时间为30min、活性炭滤池空床接触时间（BECT）为15 min时,O3-BAC组合工艺能有效去除水中色度、浊度,平均色度和浊度分别从21度和7.8 NTU降至3度和2.0 NTU以下;组合工艺对UV254、高锰酸盐指数的平均去除率分别约为39%和35%;对NH4＋-N有一定的去除,去除率为58%～77%;组合工艺对粪大肠菌群去除效果显著,平均去除率在95%以上。O3-BAC组合工艺是一种有效工业园区再生水深度净化技术。     

O3／GAC-常规处理珠江水系不同原水

以东江、西江和北江3种原水为研究对象,采用臭氧预处理-常规处理-臭氧活性炭系列处理,研究原水中有机物的去除及臭氧化副产物的产生和转化。结果表明,东江、西江和北江水中CODMn、UV254、甲醛和溴酸盐沿各处理单元过程变化规律基本一致;CODMn总去除率分别为60％、51％和39％,uV。总去除率分别为74％、96％和97％,最终出水甲醛浓度分别为0．004mg／L、0mg／L和0mg／L,B-O3-分别为3．1μg／L、8．7μg/L和35．5μg／L;CODMn的去除主要在预臭氧和活性炭过滤2个处理单元,预臭氧对UV254总去除率贡献最大,甲醛和溴酸盐浓度在主臭氧处理单元达到其峰值（西江甲醛除外）;氨氮和有机物浓度较低、pH值较高的北江原水,出水溴酸盐浓度最高。