燃气-蒸汽联合循环机组供热期调峰能力研究进展

近年来,受到节能减排、空气污染控制等环保要求的影响,燃气-蒸汽联合循环机组在我国电力装机中所占的比例逐年增加。燃气-蒸汽联合循环机组具有热效率高、三废排放少、占地面积小、水资源消耗少、运行维护方便和启动快等优点。本文首先总结了燃气-蒸汽联合循环机组调峰能力的研究现状,针对机组供热运行模式多样和启动速度快两方面进行了详细的介绍。然后,基于国内燃气-蒸汽联合循环机组的应用现状,提出联合循环机组在供热期电网调峰的研究方向,对联合循环机组的供热调峰性能进行优化。     

低氮燃烧技术在燃气-蒸汽联合循环机组中的处理效果

以某燃气-蒸汽联合循环电厂为例,介绍了燃气-蒸汽联合循环发电系统和氮氧化物的生产机理,并结合电厂实际运行情况,重点分析低氮燃烧器在燃气-蒸汽联合循环机组的处理效果,表明其废气能够达到GB 13223—2011《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》中的标准限值,可以达标排放。     

燃气—蒸汽联合循环供热机组能耗分摊的方法分析

在对燃气—蒸汽联合循环供热机组能耗火用分摊方法探讨的基础上,给出了上游、下游等四种方法分摊能耗的计算实例,并对六种方法的分摊结果进行分析比较,提出上游火用方法分摊燃气—蒸汽联合循环供热机组能耗相对更能兼顾供需双方的利益。     

东莞中电新能源热电有限公司：建设绿色电力企业，实现效益与节能双赢

东莞中电新能源热电有限公司（以下简称东莞热电）地处东莞市东城区科技工业园．其控股股东是中电国际新能源发展有限公司。公司现有两套GE公司生产的PG9171E重型燃气轮发电机组，与国产余热锅炉和汽轮发电机组匹配，构成两套1＋1＋1配置的燃气-蒸汽联合循环发电机组，装机容量为2×180MW。东莞热电机组燃料为液化天然气，     

燃气-蒸汽联合循环发电CO2排放量量化方法比较

为探究排放因子法与监测法两类量化方法对燃气-蒸汽联合循环发电CO₂排放源排放量量化的差异和影响因素,采用《温室气体排放核算与报告要求第1部分:发电企业》(下称《核算报告要求》)和《2006年IPCC国家温室气体清单指南》(下称《IPCC指南》)两种排放因子法,以及一种基于红外吸收光谱原理的排放源监测法,对某燃气-蒸汽联合循环发电CO₂排放源排放量进行4次量化,分别得出监测法、《核算报告要求》以及《IPCC指南》下限值、缺省值和上限值5组量化值.结果表明:① 采用监测法得出的CO₂排放源排放量量化值明显小于两种指南排放因子法量化结果;② 采用《核算报告要求》得出的CO₂排放源排放量量化值介于《IPCC指南》缺省值和下限值的量化值之间;③《核算报告要求》和《IPCC指南》中的天然气排放因子值分别超出此次监测法量化值折算出的天然气排放因子值的22%、19%、23%和28%,证明存在因高估排放因子导致高估CO₂排放量的可能;④ 装置运行负荷率越高,采用排放因子法得出的量化值越趋近于监测法量化值.研究显示,在监测条件良好的情况下,宜采用监测法对燃气-蒸汽联合循环发电CO₂排放源排放量进行量化,可避免燃料燃烧特性值和装置负荷率对排放因子法量化准确性的干扰,能更好地支撑企业和管理部门的统计量化工作.      

马钢热能综合利用的技术进步与展望

随着钢铁工业生产流程的逐步优化和工序能耗的不断降低,回收利用各工序产生的余热,余能资源,越来越受到钢铁联合企业的普遍关注。近几年来,马钢在转炉煤气回收燃烧发电、干熄焦余热发电、烧结机余热发电、燃气—蒸汽联合发电等方面快速发展,经济效益与效益极其显著。     

华电福源热电燃气分布式能源站全面竣工

<正>2014年11月12日,华电武清燃气分布式能源站第二套燃气蒸汽联合循环机组成功通过了168小时满负荷试运,标志着华电福源热电公司燃气分布式能源站基建工程全面告竣,转入商业运营。华电武清燃气分布式能源站自2013年1月6日开工建设以来,秉承"科技、人文、自然、健康"的发展理念,致力于打造华电系统在天津区域"绿色环保、低碳经济、循环发展"的新能源窗口企业,以超前的市场竞争意识,科学组织,精心操作,深挖潜力,为武清居民、工业园区提供了热、电、冷、汽、生     

基于水平衡测试的发电企业节水管理

天津滨海电力公司位于天津经济技术开发区,是拥有燃气蒸汽联合循环发电生产装置的综合性发电企业,年用水量达到40万立方米。在天津这样一个水资源严重匮乏的城市,尤其是主要支柱产业高度集中的经济技术开发区,作为用水大户,做好企业的节水管理工作对节能减排、可持续发展具有重要的意义。     

增压机工变频切换中差动保护误动原因分析及处理

随着当今世界面对巨大的电力需求和环境压力,燃气-蒸汽联合循环机组凭借其热效率高、清洁环保、自动化水平高的优势,应用越来越广。天然气增压机是该机组的核心设备,其作用是将天然气加压后供给燃机进行燃烧。本文阐述了工变频同步无扰切换技术在增压机的应用和基本原理,以及增压机工变频两种工况下的保护配置方式。同时介绍增压机在工变频切换过程中造成差动保护误动作的原因分析及处理方法。     

国内动态

大型燃气轮机余热锅炉有了“中国造”由杭州锅炉集团有限公司自行开发的我国首套９Ｅ级燃气轮机余热锅炉 ,１２月７日通过了由中国机械工业联合会组织的技术评审。专家们认为 ,该产品拥有自主知识产权 ,总体水平达到国际同类产品先进水平 ,填补了国内空白。燃气 -蒸汽联合循环发电技术是当今世界上发展极为迅速的一种高效、低污染发电技术。该系统由燃气轮机、余热锅炉和蒸汽轮机发电系统组成 ,已成为发达国家新建热力电厂的首选系统。目前 ,世界上每年新增的联合循环机组总装机容量约占火电总新增容量的４０%～５０%,而我国目前还不到４%,…     

Effective MILP model for oil refinery-wide production planning and better energy utilization

Generally, a refinery complex consists of process system and utility system. Process system not only produces liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline, diesel and so on, but also some byproducts, such as fuel gas and residual fuel oil, which supply utility system as fuel. The utility system converts fuel gas and fuel oil to high pressure or medium pressure steam and electricity to meet the energy demand of the process system. A novel approach to the integration of the process system and utility system for better energy utilization is presented in this paper. A plant-wide multi-period planning mathematical model is proposed and three improvements are identified. First, the process unit energy-consumed model is reformulated, because energy consumed by a unit not only relates the throughput of the unit, but also varies with the operation modes of the unit and season. Second, The MILP (Mixed Integer linear Programming) model of utility system is embedded in the plant-wide model to gain the overall optimization and for better energy efficiency. Third, steam, fuel oil and fuel gas are balanced in the whole plant. Finally, the proposed approach was used in a real industrial example to determine the optimal mass and energy flow and some important results have been obtained and are presented.     

Feasibility of husk-fuelled steam engines as prime mover of grid-connected generators under the Thai very small renewable energy power producer (VSPP) program

Rice husk generated as a by-product of rice mill processes can be utilized as an energy source for husk-fuelled rice mills. The economic evaluation of the investment of husk-fuelled steam engine rice mills, which generate mechanical energy for the direct driving of milling equipments, has previously been presented in literature. It was reported that for some particular conditions of rice mill, the investment of husk-fuelled steam engine as energy-saving technology is financially feasible. Since May 2002, electricity distributors in Thailand have allowed renewable energy producers up to 1 MW to connect their generators to the grid in order to sell surplus electricity to the grid. This arrangement creates more income opportunities for husk-fuelled steam engine owners to generate not only mechanical power for rice milling processes, but also surplus electricity for feeding onto the grid. The objective of this study is to investigate the financial feasibility of the investment in a husk-fuelled steam engine system which drives grid-connected electrical generators, reduces rice mill demand and electricity and sells surplus electricity to the grid. The technical and economic data for rice mill sizes 35, 45, 60, 95 and 120 t/d presented in this study show that the husk-fuelled steam engine system with grid-connected generators improves the economic performance of applying the system solely for the largest 120 t/d rice mills. However, the conventional husk-fuelled steam engine without electric generator gives a better economic performance of the rice mills sizes from 45 to 95 t/d.     

煤炭气化常压高温蒸汽锅炉的测试与分析

以洗浴行业为例,通过对煤炭气化高温蒸汽锅炉的节能、环保及安全指标的测试与分析,表明这种新型的锅炉可以在常压下产生150℃的高温蒸汽,在燃烧未经洗选的散煤的情况下,其排放的SO2和烟尘都达到国家一级排放标准,锅炉平均热效率可达78.05%,比同类大烟煤锅炉节省约30%,比型煤锅炉节省约50%,比燃油锅炉、燃气锅炉、电锅炉节省60%以上。     

How China’s current energy pricing mechanisms will impact its marginal carbon abatement costs?

Economic and social costs and benefits are critical factors affecting greenhouse gas abatement activities. Recognizing that energy prices are one of the most important factors influencing abatement costs, this study improved the basic China Energy and Environmental Policy Analysis (CEEPA) model by introducing a current energy pricing mechanism for China. The improved model was applied to generate marginal abatement cost (MAC) curves for China including the current energy pricing mechanism and to analyze MACs for the whole country and main abatement sectors in China under different energy pricing mechanisms. The results show that China MACs are sensitive to pricing mechanisms for electricity and refined oil. Ignoring the current regulation of these prices will lead to MAC underestimation, and price liberalization of these two energy sources could lead to a decrease in China MACs. Under a 50 % emission reduction target, if the electricity price regulation is ignored, the China MAC is underestimated by almost 16 %. Energy pricing reforms will lead to variations in sectoral abatement costs and overall abatement potential, and these impacts are projected to be large in the electricity sector. Under a 50 % reduction target, if the electricity price regulation is liberalized, MAC for the electricity sector nearly will decrease 50 %.     

Utilization of Bagasse Energy in Thailand

Bagasse, a biomass fuel, is the waste generated by the sugar-making process from sugar cane. Sugar making is one of the most important agricultural-produce processing industries for developing countries in Southeast Asia, Latin America and Africa. As sugar producing plants need electric power and process steam, co-generation using bagasse as an alternate fuel for petroleum has been in use for some time. Thailand recently became one of the largest sugar exporters by enlarging plant capacities and improving equipment, thus reducing its production cost. In addition, the Thai government promotes power generation using bagasse as a means to combat global warming by raising the purchase price of the surplus power. The industry is in the process of further raising the plant capacity, and improving the power-generating efficiency. This will enable a plant to generate more electric power than its in-plant need so that the surplus power can be sold to the commercial grid. It also plans to become a local power supplier during off-season of sugar making by adding a condensing turbine generator. A typical Thai sugar plant of the latest design generates steam of 4Mpa at the bagasse boiler outlet with the temperature of 400°C at 84% boiler efficiency. With the bagasse LHV of 7,540 kJ/kg and that of fuel oil 41, 840 kJ/kg, and taking 90%as oil-burning boiler efficiency, 5.95 kg of bagasse would replace 1 kg of oil. The Kyoto Mechanism defines CO₂ generation by fuel oil as 2.65 kg per liter. Using 0.85for the specific gravity of fuel oil, the amount of CO₂ generation will be 3.12 kg-CO₂/kg. Therefore, CO₂reduction per ton of bagasse in terms of fuel oil will be: 3.12/5.95 =0.524 kg-CO₂/kg-bagasse. As 1 kg of bagasse generates 2 kg of steam, the CO₂reduction of a 100t/h steam boiler will be112,660 ton/year for an annual operation of4,300 hours, as follows. 0.524 × 100/2 = 26.2 t-CO₂/h, 26.2 × 4,300 =112,660 t-CO₂/year. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A material and energy flow model for co-production of heat and power

Co-production of electricity, district heat and industrial heat/process steam (heat and power, CHP) has been applied to a large, national scale, in only a few countries in the world, Denmark, The Netherlands and Finland. In this production method, the waste energy from electricity production is used in two quality levels. First, industrial process steam requirements can be met with this residual energy. Second, the waste energy is used in local district heating networks for households and other buildings in a city. In this integrated production method, a total fuel efficiency of 85% can be achieved. Through the technique of fluidized bed combustion, modern CHP plants can use coal and oil, and in addition, heterogeneous fuels such as biomass, industrial wastes and recycled fuels from households. In this paper, the CHP method is considered in terms of four categories of material and energy flows. For the purpose of considering the potential environmental gains and the difficulties of this production method when applied to integrated waste management and energy production, the four suggested categories are: matter (biomass) (1), nutrients (2), energy (3) and carbon (4). Corporate environmental management inventory tools, decision-making tools, management, organisational and administrative tools as well as information management tools that could be used in CHP-related material and energy flow management are shortly discussed. It is argued that for CHP energy and environmental management, it can be important to adopt an approach to networks of firms, rather than to an individual firm. The presented material and energy flow model may contribute to assessing, planning and implementing of CHP-based waste management and cleaner energy production.     

Simulation of a 100-MW solar-powered thermo-chemical air separation system combined with an oxy-fuel power plant for bio-energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS)

The combination of concentrated solar power–chemical looping air separation (CSP-CLAS) with an oxy-fuel combustion process for carbon dioxide (CO₂) capture is a novel system to generate electricity from solar power and biomass while being able to store solar power efficiently. In this study, the computer program Advanced System for Process Engineering Plus (ASPEN Plus) was used to develop models to assess the process performance of such a process with manganese (Mn)-based oxygen carriers on alumina (Al₂O₃) support for a location in the region of Seville in Spain, using real solar beam irradiance and electricity demand data. It was shown that the utilisation of olive tree prunings (Olea europaea) as the fuel—an agricultural residue produced locally—results in negative CO₂ emissions (a net removal of CO₂ from the atmosphere). Furthermore, it was found that the process with an annual average electricity output of 18 MW would utilise 2.43% of Andalusia’s olive tree prunings, thereby capturing 260.5 k-tonnes of CO₂, annually. Drawbacks of the system are its relatively high complexity, a significant energy penalty in the CLAS process associated with the steam requirements for the loop-seal fluidisation, and the gas storage requirements. Nevertheless, the utilisation of agricultural residues is highly promising, and given the large quantities produced globally (~?4 billion tonnes/year), it is suggested that other novel processes tailored to these fuels should be investigated, under consideration of a future price on CO₂ emissions, integration potential with a likely electricity grid system, and based on the local conditions and real data.

     

浅谈煤矿行业利用煤层气发电的节能减排效果

介绍了煤层气的基本概念,及其由于爆炸在煤矿行业所造成的危害.结合某煤矿利用煤层气发电的实例,总结了煤层气发电可以降低各种污染物排放,实现经济、安全、环保“三效合一”,节能减排效果明显.     

机械蒸汽再压缩(MVR)热泵干燥的研究进展

干燥是物料中的水分吸收足够的显热和潜热而蒸发去除的过程。水分蒸发会消耗大量的热量,同时产生大量的二次蒸汽。根据MVR热泵的高效节能原理,若将采用机械蒸汽再压缩技术提高焓值的二次蒸汽作为干燥过程的热源,则可回收二次蒸汽的全部潜热,在系统内实现水分蒸发汽化潜热与凝结潜热的互换,节能效果显著。总结了MVR热泵干燥的应用概况,阐述了过热蒸汽作为MVR热泵干燥介质的优势,以及MVR热泵干燥器的设计和选用压缩机时应考虑的问题,指出了进出料环节应尽量减少不凝气体进入干燥系统,以避免不凝气体对干燥过程冷凝换热的影响。     

Minimizing energy losses in steam systems for potato starch production

This paper proposes improvements to the energy management of a steam system used for potato starch production. The system consists of a steam boiler plant (fired with natural gas), and steam and condensate pipelines with a hot air heat exchanger for drying potato starch (the steam consumer). In the existing system, the boiler cooperates with two open tanks that are responsible for energy losses due to secondary evaporation. Therefore, a closed tank system is proposed to eliminate these energy losses. The coefficients of thermal efficiency and the energy losses are compared between the open and closed tank cases. This study shows that the losses of the closed steam system are consistently lower than those of the open system, improving the coefficient of efficiency by about 6%.