两种常用兽药对作物发芽的生态毒性效应

采用室内生长箱培养的试验方法,研究了2种常用兽药磺胺嘧啶钠、环丙沙星对小麦、白菜和番茄种子发芽、根伸长、芽伸长的影响,分析了兽药和作物生长之间的剂量.效应关系,比较分析了小麦,白菜和番茄对2种兽药胁迫的敏感性.结果表明,根长抑制率和芽长抑制率与兽药浓度显著相关(p<0.05);种子发芽抑制率与2种兽药浓度不相关(p>0.05).2种兽药对根伸长和芽伸长的抑制明显强于对种子发芽的抑制.3种作物对磺胺嘧啶钠胁迫的敏感性依次为小麦＞白菜＞番茄;对环丙沙星胁迫的敏感性依次为白菜＞番茄＞小麦;磺胺嘧啶钠对3种作物的毒性效应明显强于环丙沙星.     

磺胺间甲氧嘧啶-镉复合污染对作物种子发芽的影响

测定了黄潮土中常用兽药磺胺间甲氧嘧啶(SMM)与重金属镉(Cd)单一及复合污染对小麦和西红柿种子发芽(根伸长、芽伸长和发芽率)的影响,分析了土壤中药物浓度与作物生长抑制的剂量-效应关系及复合污染的毒性效应.结果表明,在单一污染物作用下,根伸长抑制率和芽伸长抑制率与药物浓度显著相关(P0.05);药物对根伸长及芽伸长的抑制高于对种子发芽的抑制;SMM对2种作物的毒性效应明显强于Cd,SMM对小麦和西红柿根伸长的IC50(抑制率为50%时污染物浓度)分别为33.7,49.3mg/kg,而Cd为507.3,599.8mg/kg.SMM和Cd复合污染时,在低Cd(200mg/kg)的胁迫下,联合作用主要体现为协同作用,但随着SMM浓度的增加,协同效应不显著(P>0.05);在高Cd(500mg/kg)作用下,二者的联合效应中Cd起主要作用.     

DAT-IAT工艺处理城市污水的生态风险评估

采用常规水质指标检测和种子发芽及根伸长抑制的陆生生态毒理方法,评价了DAT-IAT工艺处理过程中各工艺阶段污水的生态风险.常规水质指标检测结果显示,COD和SS可以达标排放,而氮的形态由进水时的NH⁺₄-N转变为DAT、出水中的NO^-₃-N,只是形态发生了变化,并没有从污水中去除,虽然达到了设计的NH⁺₄-N去除要求,可以达标排放,但是并未降低受纳水体发生富营养化的生态风险.生态毒理指标检测结果显示,进水、DAT、出水各阶段污水中COD对小麦种子发芽的半数抑制浓度逐渐降低,分别为249.3、 165.3和161.2 mg·L^-1;对小麦根伸长的半数抑制浓度也逐渐降低,分别为257.6、 154.0和142.1 mg·L^-1,表明DAT-IAT工艺处理过程中污水的生态毒性变化趋势为逐渐增大,处理后的出水存在一定的生态风险,有进一步进行生态风险调控的必要性.在相同水质条件下,小麦根伸长抑制率比小麦种子发芽抑制率更显著,可以把小麦根伸长作为评价污水处理生态风险的敏感指标之一.     

土壤铅-苯并[a]芘复合污染对小麦种子生长的影响研究

研究了土壤中低含量铅(Pb)-苯并[a]芘(B[a]P)复合污染对小麦种子萌发率、根伸长、芽伸长以及芽根比的影响,以期考察复合污染的生态效应并筛选具有指示土壤污染程度的指标.结果表明,小麦种子萌发率对Pb-B[a]P单一及复合污染均不敏感;Pb和B[a]P单一污染时小麦根伸长均受到一定程度的抑制作用;复合污染条件下Pb...     

Single and joint stress of acetochlor and Pb on three agricultural crops in northeast China

In order to evaluate ecological risk of agrochemicals in agricultural environment, single and joint toxic effects of an important herbicide and a typical heavy metal on root elongation of crops were investigated. Seeds of the three crops including wheat （Triticum aestivum）, Chinese cabbage （Brassica pekimensis） and soybean （Glycine max） as the main crops in northeast China were exposed to acetochior as a herbicide and lead （Pb） as a heavy metal using the pot-culture method, and meadow brown soil as one of the main soils distributed in northeast China was applied in the investigation. The results indicated that the interactive effects of the two pollutants on root elongation of the three crops were very complicated although they had markedly significant （P〈0.01） linear interrelationships based on the regression analyses. When the concentration of added Pb^2＋ reached 200 mg/kg, acetochlor and Pb had an antagonistic effect on the inhibition of root elongation of the three crops. However, acetochlor and Pb had significantly （P〈0.05） synergic effects on the inhibition of root elongation when concentration of added Pb^2＋ was up to 1000 mg/kg. At the low concentration of added Pb, joint toxicity of acetochlor and Pb was more dependent on the concentration of Pb. Among the three crops, wheat was the most sensitive to the toxicity of Pb and Chinese cabbage was the most sensitive to the toxicity of acetochlor.     

微塑料与Cd交互作用对小麦种子发芽的生态毒性研究

为探究微塑料、重金属以及二者的交互作用对农作物种子生长特性的影响,选取小麦(Triticum aestivum L)为实验对象,开展土壤中微塑料聚乙烯(mPE)和聚丙烯(mPP)(0,10,50,100,200,500,1000,5000和10000mg/kg)与重金属镉(Cd)(0,1和5mg/kg)单一及复合污染对...     

土壤重金属对白菜种子发芽与根伸长抑制的生态毒性效应

测定了水溶液和4种土壤(红壤、草甸棕壤、暗棕壤和栗钙土)条件下,铜、锌、铅、镉单一污染对白菜种子发芽与根伸长的抑制率,以及暗棕壤条件下重金属的复合污染效应.结果表明,同一浓度下,重金属对白菜根伸长抑制率均明显大于对种子发芽抑制率.重金属在土壤中对白菜根伸长抑制效应明显低于其在水体中的抑制效应, 这表明土壤对重金属污染有重要的缓冲作用.铜、锌、铅、镉污染对白菜根伸长抑制率与土壤有机质和土壤氮含量显著负相关;但与土壤pH和土壤钾含量的相关性不显著.铜、锌、铅、镉单一污染对白菜根伸长为刺激作用浓度下,复合污染即产生明显的协同作用,其结果使白菜根伸长的抑制效应阈值明显降低.     

Ecological toxicity of reactive X-3B red dye and cadmium acting on wheat (Triticum aestivum)

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Ecotoxicological effects of polycyclic musks and cadmium on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Single and joint toxic e ects of polycyclic musks including 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta[g]-2- benzopyran (HHCB) and 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronapthalene (AHTN) and cadmium (Cd) on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum) were investigated. The results showed that the toxicity sequence of HHCB toxic to wheat seed germination and seedling growth was similar to that of AHTN, that is, germination rate > shoot elongation > root elongation, while the toxicity of Cd was in the sequence of root elongation > shoot elongation > germination rate, according to the LC50 and EC50 values. It is suggested that polycyclic musks and Cd had di erent toxicological mechanisms. Root and shoot elongation of wheat might be good bioindicators for the contamination of polycyclic musks and Cd in soil. The mixture of polycyclic musks and Cd had synergistic e ects on T. aestivum according to the equi-toxic mixture approach when root elongation was selected as the toxicological endpoint. Thus, the joint toxicity of HHCB and Cd was significantly higher than the single toxicity of HHCB or Cd, which was also confirmed by the EC50 mix value of the mixture (EC50 mix = 0.530 TUmix). The EC50 mix value of the mixture of AHTN and Cd was 0.614 TUmix, which indicated that the mixture toxicity was strengthened when AHTN coexisted with Cd.     

Joint effects of cadmium and lead on seedlings of four Chinese cabbage cultivars in northeastern China

In northeastern China, large area of vegetable land has been simultaneously polluted by cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). Joint e ects of Cd and Pb on Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis L.) were investigated using the seed germination and sand culture method. Four Chinese cabbage cultivars including Kangbingjinchun (KB), Dongyangchunxia (DY), Qinglvwang (QL) and Qiangshi (QS) from Shenyang in northeastern China were adopted in this study. The results showed that there were positive linear relationships between the inhibitory rate of biomass, root and shoot elongation and the concentrations of Cd and Pb. In particular, root elongation was more sensitive to joint stress of Cd and Pb. The activity of superoxide dismutase and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), soluble protein (SP) and proline (PRO) changed significantly with increasing exposure concentration of Cd and Pb. The decrement in the activity of antioxidative enzymes, the content of SP and accumulation of MDA were relatively low in KB and QS. PRO played an important role in resisting Cd and Pb stress.     

Phytotoxicity assessment of phenanthrene, pyrene and their mixtures by a soil-based seedling emergence test

Seedling emergence tests were conducted in a meadow brown soil using five plant species ( i. e., Chinese cabbage, green onion, tomato, turnip and wheat) to determine the phytotoxicity of phenanthrene, pyrene and their mixtures. The soil was amended with up to 1000mg/kg soil of phenanthrene or 600 mg/kg soil of pyrene. Seedling emergence and root growth were measured. The results indicated that root elongation was more sensitive than seedling emergence. Root length decreased with increasing phenanthrene or pyrene concentrations(p≤0.05). Phenanthrene was more phytotoxic than pyrene. The lowest observable adverse effect concentration(LOAEC) was 10mg/kg for phenanthrene when tested with green onion, and 50mg/kg for pyrene when tested with wheat. Among the five species, wheat was found to be the most sensitive. When amended jointly at or below their respective LOAEC, phenanthrene and pyrene produced a synergistic toxic effect.     

紫色土锌镉复合污染效应与机理研究

采用盆栽试验结合野外调查，研究紫色土锌镉复合污染对莴笋、蕃茄、甘兰、小麦等的作物效应与原因。结果表明，锌镉复合污染加剧锌的毒害作用，但缓解镉毒性，其原因在于：低浓度镉促进锌吸收、高浓度锌抑制镉吸收。土壤锌镉复合对二价离子的竞争效应也影响其生态效应。     

乙酰甲胺磷和汞单一及复合污染对黄瓜发芽及幼苗生长的影响

有机磷农药和重金属是目前我国土壤中较常见的污染物。本文以黄瓜种子为供试作物,研究了重金属汞与农药乙酰甲胺磷单一污染及复合污染对其发芽率以及幼苗生长的毒害效应。结果表明,Hg2+与乙酰甲胺磷单一污染及复合污染对黄瓜种子的发芽率、芽长和根伸长的生态毒性敏感程度依次为:根伸长>芽长>发芽率,Hg2+与乙酰甲胺磷单一污染及复合污染对黄瓜幼苗的毒害效应均较明显。复合污染对黄瓜种子发芽指标和幼苗生长的抑制效应表现为协同作用,其结果是复合污染的整体生态毒性效应增强。研究结果为进一步研究农药和重金属复合污染的生态毒性提供基础资料。     

废塑料再生产品对生菜种子萌发及根伸长影响

通过室内培养试验研究了三种废塑料再生产品对生菜种子萌发及根伸长的影响。结果表明:在生菜种子发芽阶段,再生塑料和再生建材对生菜种子发芽率影响都不大,但低浓度的再生油就已对生菜种子发芽率产生了很大的抑制效应,如500mg/kg处理时,发芽率为对照的61.5%,极显著地低于对照(P0.01)。在生菜生长阶段,随着废塑料再生产品处理浓度的增加,对生菜根长和芽长的抑制作用都呈上升趋势。其中,再生塑料和再生建材对生菜种子发芽率及根、芽长受抑制的敏感性依次为根长芽长发芽率,而对于再生油,根、芽长受污染胁迫抑制明显,当污染浓度为15000mg/kg时,根长抑制率已达到了67.1%±2.1%,芽长抑制率高达77.8%±2.2%,三项指标对再生油胁迫的敏感性则表现为发芽率芽长根长。     

海河流域主要污染物排放强度及其源结构解析——以2007年为例

以海河流域污染源普查数据为基础,通过污染物排放量、排放密度和排放行业结构分析,系统解析流域污染源结构.结果表明,流域废污水来源复杂,污染物排放空间差异显著,工业行业结构性污染突出.流域北部废污水排放以生活污水为主,南部以工业废水为主,COD排放以工业源为主.污染物排放空间格局上,COD排放主要集中在北三河、子牙河及徒骇马颊河水系;氨氮排放在子牙河水系高度集中;重金属、氰化物、挥发酚仅在局部区域集中排放.污染物行业结构上,造纸、食品和石化是COD主要排放行业,占排放总量75%;石化、食品和皮革是氨氮排放主要行业,占排放总量80%;重金属主要排放行业为石化、皮革和冶金.根据污染物排放强度分布和排放结构,子牙河水系是海河流域污染治理重点区域,造纸、食品和石化行业是污染负荷削减重点行业.     

Eco-toxicity of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil

Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) contaminated soil samples were collected from Shengli Oilfield of China. Toxicity analysis was carried out based on earthworm acute toxicity, plant growth experiment and luminescent bacteria test. The soil was contaminated bypetroleum hydrogcarbons with TPH concentration of 10.57%. With lethal and sub-lethal rate as endpoint, earthworm test showed that the LD50 (lethal dose 50%) values in 4 and 7 days were 1.45% and 1.37% respectively, and the inhibition rate of earthworm body weight increased with higher oil concentration. TPH pollution in the soil inhibited seed germination in both wheat and maize experiment when the concentration of petroleum was higher than 0.1%. The EC50 (e ective concentration 50%) for germination is 3.04% and 2.86% in maize and wheat, respectively. While lower value of EC50 for root elongation was to be 1.11% and 1.64% in maize and wheat, respectively, suggesting higher sensitivity of root elongation on petroleum contamination in the soil. The EC50 value in luminescent bacteria test was 0.47% for petroleum in the contaminated soil. From the experiment result, it was concluded that TPH content of 1.5% is considered to be a critical value for plant growth and living of earthworm and 0.5% will a ect the activity of luminescent bacteria.     

重金属对西红柿种子发芽与根伸长的抑制效应

测定了水溶液和4种土壤中铜、锌、铅、镉单一污染对西红柿种子发芽与根伸长抑制率以及草甸棕壤条件下重金属复合污染的生态效应.结果表明,重金属对西红柿根伸长抑制率均明显大于对种子发芽抑制率.土壤重金属明显低于水体重金属对西红柿根伸长的抑制.抑制率大小排列为红壤>>草甸棕壤>栗钙土>暗棕壤.铜、锌、铅、镉对西红柿根伸长抑制率与土壤有机质、土壤凯氏氮、全钾含量显著线性负相关(P=0.05);与土壤pH值和土壤全磷含量线性不相关(P=0.05).重金属复合污染对西红柿根伸长表现为协同作用和拮抗作用.     

Response of peroxidase and catalase to acid rain stress during seed germination of rice, wheat, and rape

Seed germination of plants with various acid-resistance display different responses to acid rain. To understand the reason why such differences occur, the effects of simulated acid rain (pH 2.5–5.0) on the activities of peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) during seed germination of rice (O. sativa), wheat (T. aestivum), and rape (B. chinensis var. oleifera) were investigated. Results indicated that the maximum change in activities of CAT and POD by acid rain treatment with different acidity and time in relation to the referent treatment without acid rain, was in the order: rice (28.8%, 31.7%) < wheat (34.7%, 48.3%) < rape (79.3%, 50.0%). The pH level for which the treatment with acid rain did not cause significant difference (p < 0.05) was in the order: rice (3.5).wheat (4.0).rape (5.0). Moreover, the change in activity of POD was higher than that of CAT, which showed that POD was more sensitive to acid rain stress than CAT. The difference in the ability of POD and CAT in removing free radicals was one reason why the germination indexes of these three species behaved differently. __________ Translated from Environmental Science, 2005, 26(6): 123–125 [译自: 环境科学]     

纳米沸石对大白菜生长、抗氧化酶活性及镉形态、含量的影响

通过土培试验研究了纳米沸石(NZ)和普通沸石(OZ)对2个品种白菜生长、抗氧化酶活性,镉形态和含量的影响.结果表明,施用沸石明显提高了大白菜地上部和根部过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,使大白菜地上部、植株总干重分别增加了4.5%~96.5%、3.4%~88.4%.施用纳米沸石和普通沸石有效降低了2个品种大白菜地上部和根部镉含量,且降低幅度随沸石施用量的增加而增加.低镉(1 mg·kg~(-1)Cd)条件下,山东四号和新晋菜三号大白菜可食部位(地上部)镉含量较对照(Cd_1+Z_0)分别降低了1.0%~75.0%、19.5%~68.9%(除Cd_1+OZ_5/OZ_(10)处理).高镉水平(5 mg·kg~(-1)Cd)条件下,山东四号和新晋菜三号大白菜可食部位(地上部)镉含量较对照(Cd_5+Z_0)分别降低了7.2%~53.2%(除Cd_5+OZ_(10)处理)、0.7%~63.0%.与普通沸石相比较,纳米沸石处理大白菜可食部位(地上部)镉含量降低10.5%~65.7%.在镉污染土壤上(1 mg·kg~(-1)和5 mg·kg~(-1)Cd),施用纳米沸石和普通沸石使山东四号品种大白菜可食部位(地上部)镉提取总量分别降低了12.4%~68.8%和13.2%~55.6%(除Cd_5+OZ_5处理),使新晋菜三号大白菜可食部位(地上部)镉提取总量分别降低了9.4%~71.5%和3.1%~38.7%(除Cd_1+OZ_5处理),且随着施用量的增加,降低幅度更大.     

人工合成麝香对小麦种子发芽的生态毒性

采用土培实验,研究了佳乐麝香(HHCB)和吐纳麝香(AHTN)对小麦种子发芽的生态毒性,测定了这2种人工合成麝香对小麦种子发芽率、根伸长抑制率和芽伸长抑制率的影响.结果表明,小麦种子的发芽率与这2种人工合成麝香浓度之间剂量-效应关系不明显,低剂量条件下(佳乐麝香≤150 mg·kg-1,吐纳麝香≤200 mg·kg-1...