大都市区周边乡村聚落空间格局研究——以武汉市为例

大都市周边乡村聚落受中心城市的辐射发生着不同程度的重构与转型,分析特殊区域乡村聚落的空间格局与生产生活方式,有利于引导区域内的乡村发展,并可为特殊地域乡村振兴实践提供有益启示。以武汉市新城区1 868个行政村为研究区,从聚落的空间分布、规模结构及形态分异3个方面出发,运用探索性空间数据分析和地统计分析方法,探讨大都市区乡村聚落的空间格局特征。研究表明:在空间分布上,武汉市乡村聚落集聚特征显著,但空间分异明显,具体展现为自近郊向偏远乡村地区呈"倒U型"结构;在规模分布上,武汉市乡村聚落规模普遍偏小,表现为近郊大,外围小的连片分布态势,并在局部上与密度分布存在正相关;在形态分布上,表现出明显的空间分异,主要为条带、团簇、散点等形态。最后,通过实地调查识别乡村聚落的生产生活方式:近郊以发展都市农业和到中心城区兼业为主,多为城乡两栖生活模式,远郊以传统农业和劳务输出为主。     

镇江市丘陵区乡村聚落空间格局特征及其影响因素分析

以镇江市丘陵区的乡村聚落为研究对象,利用景观格局分析方法和GIS空间分析方法,探讨镇江市丘陵区乡村聚落空间格局特征及其影响因素。结果表明：镇江市乡村聚落空间格局呈现出十分显著的东西分异特征,整体上镇江市东部地区的乡村聚落规模小、空间分布密集、聚落形态较为规则;而中西部地区乡村聚落规模大,空间分布稀疏,且聚落形态较破碎;镇江市乡村聚落空间格局受地形、经济、交通、水系、耕地分布等因素的影响较大,聚落分布具有低海拔区位取向;经济发达区的乡村聚落景观斑块面积小,但斑块密度大,而经济欠发达区的乡村聚落景观斑块面积大,但斑块密度小;乡村聚落距离道路500 m及水系1 000 m的区域内空间分布最为密集;同时乡村聚落与耕地空间分布具有显著的趋同性规律     

植被净初级生产力对极端寒冷天气事件的响应——以2008年贵州省凝冻为例

为揭示区域植被净初级生产力(NPP)对极端寒冷天气事件的响应及恢复过程,以2008年初发生在中国南方的特大凝冻事件为例,基于GIS空间分析技术,以贵州高原为研究对象,利用MODIS250m分辨率NDVI生成的NPP数据,探讨了不同岩性、地貌、植被类型的NPP对极端寒冷天气事件的时空响应特征。结果表明:1)本次凝冻事件导致贵州NPP共损失0.77×106t C,主要分布黔中、黔南和黔西南等喀斯特集中连片区;2)喀斯特岩性区受损程度较非喀斯特岩性区明显严重,受损率分别为28.62%、21.92%,恢复程度差,恢复率分别为91.29%、95.76%;3)在不同喀斯特地貌区内,岩溶高原受损最严重,岩溶槽谷区受损最小,受损率分别为33.00%、21.40%,岩溶断陷盆地恢复最好,岩溶槽谷恢复最差,恢复率分别为106.65%、88.41%;4)各植被类型中灌丛损失最大,混交林最小,损失率分别为28.49%和21.79%,草丛恢复程度最好,灌丛最差,恢复率分别为97.63%、91.33%。综上所述,不同植被在不同岩性、地貌条件下,对极端寒冷天气事件的时空响应特征明显不同,其恢复过程也存在巨大差异。     

基于MODIS NDVI汉江中游植被时空变化及其地貌分异分析

基于2001~2015年的时间序列MODIS NDVI数据,通过逐像元线性趋势回归和回归系数计算,分析汉江中游地区植被年均NDVI变化的时空规律;通过植被时空变化的地貌分异分析,评估人类活动的影响及其空间差异。研究结果表明:汉江中游地区近15 a来,植被年均NDVI值呈现明显的波动增长趋势;植被时空变化表现出一定的地貌分异规律,平原、河漫滩、台地植被年均NDVI呈现明显的增长趋势,而丘陵、低山和中山植被年均NDVI增长趋势不明显。不同地貌类型区年均NDVI值变化受人类活动影响程度的强弱依次为:平原、台地、河漫滩、丘陵、低山、中山。人类活动是汉江中游平原区年均NDVI稳定增长的主要原因。     

盘县农村居民点空间分布特征及其地形地貌影响因素分析

农村居民点空间分布及其影响因素的研究是乡村聚落地理的主要研究内容之一,也是GIS-RS应用的重要领域。运用核密度估计、变异系数(Cv)和景观格局指数,以盘县农村居民点为研究对象,研究其空间分布与景观格局特征,并侧重分析了地形地貌因素的影响。结果表明:(1)总体看,盘县农村居民点呈现出"中部、西北部密,南部、东北部疏"的分布格局,与研究区的平原、河谷和低-中海拔地区的分布相一致。(2)通过点模式分析(Point Pattern Analysis,PPA)发现,村级、乡镇级以及不同地形地貌分级3个尺度的农村居民点空间分布的Cv值都大于64%,均属于集聚型分布。(3)在各种地形地貌因素中,海拔、坡度和地形起伏度等是影响盘县农村居民点分布的关键因子;随着海拔的升高、坡度和地形起伏度的增加以及地貌的变化,农村居民点的集聚程度、用地面积、比重和不规则程度呈先增加后减少的趋势;75%以上的农村居民点分布在平均海拔、较小地形起伏度(50~100 m)、较低坡度(5°~15°)、南向坡向和小起伏山地区域。     

传统村落的空间分布及影响因素研究——以吴越文化区为例

以吴越文化区内国家首批公布的241个传统村落为研究对象,运用空间分析法,利用ArcGIS 10.2等软件探究吴越文化区内传统村落的空间分异规律及其在不同空间尺度上的分布特征。结果表明, 吴越地区传统村落分布南多北少、西多东少,呈集聚分布,传统村落的高密度集聚区与热点区分布相似:（1）西部的皖南山区和西南部的浙南山地地区为高密度集聚区,其中黄山市歙县、黟县,丽水市松阳县及上饶市婺源县均为二阶热点区;（2）在文化亚区尺度上,新安文化亚区密度最大,越文化亚区分布数量最多;在聚落景观区尺度上,传统村落集中于皖南古徽州聚落景观区、浙中丘陵盆地聚落景观区和浙南中山聚落景观区;（3）地形、中心城市影响以及历史文化因素为影响传统村落分布的3个因素。 关键词： 传统村落;空间分布;乡村振兴战略;影响因素;吴越文化区     

干旱内流区绿洲乡村聚落空间格局及影响因素分析——以塔里木河流域为例

把握干旱区绿洲群乡村聚落空间规律,揭示其驱动因素,以期为新疆乡村振兴战略实施中的聚落规划和管理提供依据。基于GIS空间分析技术、景观韵律指数及计量统计方法,研究塔里木河流域绿洲乡村聚落的空间格局及其影响机制,结果表明：(1）塔里木河流域绿洲乡村聚落规模差异悬殊、微小型聚落数量居多、整体呈小规模—低密度—多核破碎化分布;(2）流域上游至下游,乡村聚落密度、规模、形状、破碎化程度分异明显,空间上呈现逐次递减态势,且大小绿洲、兵地聚落差异明显;(3）聚落主要分布在海拔767~1 746 m、坡度0° ~ 4°、距河流2 km以内。交通、经济、政策、兵地体制等人文因素是推动聚落空间演变及发展的重要驱动因素,但在塔里木河流域复杂的地势地貌及河流典型的内陆性质影响下,聚落的格局发展演变受自然因素制约较强。     

基于多时相遥感数据的村镇聚落格局演化及机理研究——以江苏省为例

快速城市化背景下,村镇聚落的空间格局正在经历前所未有的变革和重塑过程,探寻其演变规律、研判其背后动力机制对于实现城乡统筹发展意义重大.基于多时相遥感影像的村镇点位数据,运用最近邻比率、核密度、空间自相关等GIS和统计分析方法,以江苏省为例,从省域和县域尺度探讨快速城市化地区村镇聚落格局及演变机理.结果表明:(1)省域尺度上,江苏省村镇聚落整体呈集聚分布,但集聚态势略有减弱;核密度的区域差异显著,整体东部小于西部,苏北连续性较强而苏南较为破碎;密度核心普遍收缩,苏南地区收缩最为显著.(2)县域尺度上,村镇聚落集聚格局依旧,与省域尺度一样,其集聚程度随时间推移而降低;冷热点分布较为分散,"热点区"主要分布在苏北地区,"冷点区"均位于苏南地区;时间维度上,"热点区"有扩大趋势,"冷点区"则呈收缩之势;苏南和苏北地区的村镇聚落格局在该尺度上变化均较为明显.(3)演变机理上,自然地理、社会经济、政策制度和其他因素共同作用于村镇聚落空间演化过程,在本文研究时段内,交通、城市化和政策3个因子对江苏省村镇聚落的格局改变具有显著性.     

三峡库区（重庆段）石漠化敏感性评价及空间分异特征

以石漠化敏感性机理为基础,运用GIS与RS技术分别分析了喀斯特岩性因子、地形因子、植被覆盖因子、土壤类型因子的空间格局特征及其对研究区石漠化敏感性的影响程度。在此基础上,基于ArcGIS的空间叠加分析,完成单要素的叠加运算,实现研究区石漠化敏感性的综合评价。探讨了三峡库区（重庆段）这一特殊生态地理区域石漠化敏感性的高低分布规律及其在不同主导因子作用下的石漠化的空间分异特征。结果表明：（1）研究区石漠化敏感区面积为17 376.5 km2（3765%）,以高度和极敏感类型为主。（2）空间分布具有明显水平地域差异特征,整体上呈现弧状 条带性分布。东北部和南部最为敏感,中西部基本为不敏感地区。（3）研究区石漠化现状与石漠化敏感性之间有着很好的对应关系,局部地区受人类不合理的干扰活动影响,石漠化现状与石漠化敏感性存在一定的差异     

山区农村居民点空间分布特征与空间重构研究

梵净山地区地属喀斯特山区,其核心区为国家级自然保护区,村庄规划布局的制约因素较多。为实现农村居民点的空间优化,综合评价了农村居民点的空间位置、自然资源和区位条件对农村居民点分布的影响,利用主成分分析法综合各影响指标,求出农村居民点规模值,在此基础上通过基于断裂点的加权Voronoi图分割其作用范围,结合"居住场势"分类,找出需要搬迁的农村居民点。结果表明:1研究区共有农村居民点23 046个,面积14 342.78 hm~2,居民点多沿道路支线和河流分布于山间河谷地带,布局散乱。2区域内有零星居民点7 871个,面积为2 641.75 hm~2,占18.42%;需保留居民点10 288个,面积为5 680.46 hm~2,占39.6%;中心居民点4 887个,面积为6 020.57 hm~2,占41.98%。3空间布局优化后的农村居民点共15 175个,总面积不变,主要应将西部和梵净山保护区内的零散聚落向东部水源充沛、交通发达的集镇地区搬迁。研究成果可为梵净山地区新农村规划的科学编制提供理论参考。     

Cs in a raised bog in central Sweden

The vertical distribution of ¹³⁷Cs activity in peat soil profiles and ¹³⁷Cs activity concentration in plants of various species was studied in samples collected at two sites on a raised bog in central Sweden. One site (open bog) was in an area with no trees and only a few sparsely growing plant species, while the other (low pine) was less than 100 m from the open bog site and had slowly growing Scots pine, a field layer dominated by some ericaceous plants and ground well-covered by plants. The plant samples were collected in 2004–2007 and were compared with samples collected in 1989 from the same open bog and low pine sites. Ground deposition of ¹³⁷Cs in 2005 was similar at both sites, 23?000 Bq m⁻². In the open bog peat profile it seems to be an upward transport of caesium since a clear peak of ¹³⁷Cs activity was found in the uppermost 1–4 cm of Sphagnum layers, whereas at the low pine site ¹³⁷Cs was mainly found in deeper (10–12 cm) layers. The migration rate was 0.57 cm yr⁻¹ at the open bog site and the migration centre of ¹³⁷Cs was at a depth of 10.7, while the rate at the low pine site was 0.78 cm yr⁻¹ and the migration centre was at 14.9 cm. Heather (Calluna vulgaris) was the plant species with the highest ¹³⁷Cs activity concentrations at both sites, 43.5 k Bq⁻¹ DM in 1989 decreasing to 20.4 in 2004–2007 on open bog and 22.3 k Bq kg⁻¹ DM in 1989 decreasing to 11.2 k Bq⁻¹ DM by the period 2004–2007 on the low pine site. ¹³⁷Cs transfer factors in plants varied between 0.88 and 1.35 on the open bog and between 0.48 and 0.69 m² kg⁻¹ DM at the low pine site.     

流域土地利用变化的水质响应研究进展

探讨流域土地利用变化的水质响应,有利于从源头上控制水污染。不同学者在多种边界条件下研究了流域土地利用变化的水质响应,发现流域土地利用变化是造成河流水质发生变化的重要原因。根据是否可以将土地利用活动概化为点状,流域土地利用变化的水质响应研究可分为点状土地利用的水质响应和非点状土地利用的水质响应。准确边界土地利用的水质响应一般是研究流域土地利用空间特征和土地利用结构与水质变化的关系。对于用全流域尺度还是用缓冲区的尺度分析土地利用的水质响应更准确仍存在争论。水域边缘几何形状影响了土地利用与水质的关系。     

Present status of Rn in groundwater in Extremadura

Radon-222 was measured in groundwater sources of Extremadura (Spain), analyzing 350 samples from private and public springs, wells, and spas by liquid scintillation counting (LSC) and gamma spectrometry. The ²²²Rn activity concentrations ranged from 0.24 to 1168 Bq L⁻¹. The statistical analysis showed a log-normal distribution with a mean of (111 ± 7) Bq L⁻¹ and a median of (36 ± 3) Bq L⁻¹. A hydrogeological study revealed correlations between the activity concentration and the aquifer material's characteristics. A map of ²²²Rn in groundwater was elaborated and compared with the natural gamma radiation map for this region. About 35% of the samples showed ²²²Rn activity concentrations above the Euratom recommended limit of 100 Bq L⁻¹. Three uranium series radionuclides (²³⁸U, ²³⁴U, and ²²⁶Ra) were also assayed by alpha-particle spectrometry, estimating the annual effective dose due to the presence of these natural radionuclides in drinking water.     

Formaldehyde in conventional homes in Taiwan

A survey was conducted in the humid environment of Taipei City during April and May of 1991, to investigate the indoor formaldehyde exposure and its health effects on 117 conventional households. The levels of formaldehyde were measured by the pararosaniline method. The details regarding construction, ventilation, combustion of fuel, burning of Chinese incense, and the complaints concerning the respiratory system were obtained by a questionnaire. The results show that the age of the pressed wood used in furniture and indoor decoration, the ventilation rate, the combustion of fuel, and the burning of Chinese incense significantly affect the levels of formaldehyde. The respiratory complaints found in this study were concluded here to be only partially accounted for by exposure to formaldehyde.     

Reuse of mining wastewater in agricultural activities in Jordan

A pilot study was completed in the Al-Abyad area near phosphate mining activity in Jordan. Six plots of 50 m² each were planted with two types of plant species (Zea mays spp. and Medicago lupulina spp.) and irrigated using three types of water (fresh groundwater, mine wastewater, and hydride water consisting of 50% fresh and 50% mine wastewater) to investigate the suitability of utilizing mine wastewater for food production in the area. Water, soil and plant sampling was completed for each plot over different time intervals and analyzed for heavy metal (Cr⁺⁶, Ni⁺², Zn⁺² and Pb⁺²) in addition to major ionic composition of the water used for irrigation. Crop yield was estimated at the end of the experiment. Plots irrigated with mine wastewater showed slightly higher heavy metals concentrations and soil salinity during the experiment period was higher for plots irrigated with mine wastewater compared to plots irrigated with fresh water, and it was uniform through the upper 45 cm of the soil profile due to the high amount of irrigation water used during the experiment. Crop yield was inversely proportional to salinity as an increase of salinity by 2-folds resulted in reducing yield by almost 50%. However, no risk of heavy metals contamination was found in plants and soil. Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

Evaluation of Urban Sustainability in Specific Sectors in Latvia

In Latvia, the concept of sustainability is only slowly gaining recognition. An analysis of Development Plans prepared by the four largest cities of Latvia indicates that sustainability is presented as one of the guiding principles. However, a comparison of Development Plan policies against the urban sustainability issues reveals a great deal of ambiguity and contradiction.At the municipal level, planners and politicians lack indicators to gauge whether the long-term goals of Development Plans and the principles of sustainable development are being achieved. As a consequence, the broad public is deprived of the opportunity to assess for itself the process of development in relation to Development Plan policies, thus limiting accountability in development decision-making. Relevant statistical data collected on a regular basis are required to create sustainability indicators reflecting sustainability issues, to supplement and replace existing statistical compilations pertaining almost exclusively to economic growth and consumption. Development and utilisation of sustainability indicators can be an effective instrument for promoting the values of sustainable development amongst politicians, planners and the broad public and for enhancing accountability in decision-making.     

Precipitation-driven decrease in wildfires in British Columbia

Trends of summer precipitation and summer temperature and their influence on trends in summer drought and area burned in British Columbia (BC) were investigated for the period 1920–2000. The complexity imposed by topography was taken into account by incorporating high spatial resolution climate and fire data. Considerable regional variation in trends and in climate–fire relationships was observed. A weak but significant increase in summer temperature was detected in northeastern and coastal BC, whereas summer precipitation increased significantly in all regions—by up to 45.9 %. A significant decrease in province-wide area burned and at the level of sub-units was strongly related to increasing precipitation, more so than to changing temperature or drought severity. A stronger dependence of area burned on precipitation, a variable difficult to predict, implies that projected changes in future area burned in this region may yield higher uncertainties than in regions where temperature is predominantly the limiting factor for fire activity. We argue that analyses of fire–climate relationships must be undertaken at a sufficiently high resolution such that spatial variability in limiting factors on area burned like precipitation, temperature, and drought is captured within units.     

Natural radionuclides in bottled water in Austria

Concentration levels of 226Ra, 222Rn and 210Pb were analyzed in domestic bottled waters commercially available in Austria. Concentrations up to 0.23 Bq/l, with a geometric mean of 0.041 Bq/l were found for 226Ra. Concentrations for 222Rn ranged from <0.12-18 Bq/l, the geometric mean being 0.54 Bq/l. Lead-210 was analyzed in selected samples, the concentrations ranging from <2 to 34 mBq/l, with a geometric mean of 4.7 mBq/l. Ingestion doses resulting from consumption of these waters were calculated for the geometric mean and the maximum concentrations of the three radionuclides. The effective dose equivalents for different age groups of the population due to the intake of 226Ra range from 0.001 to 0.22 mSv/y and of 210Pb from 0.0003 to 0.05 mSv/y. Ingestion doses from 222Rn are low compared to those from 226Ra and 210Pb, ranging from 0.0001 to 0.011 mSv/y for adults and children, respectively. The doses are compared to the total ingestion dose from dietary intake of natural radionuclides on an annual basis.     

Radon concentrations in a spa in Serbia

The paper presents the results of indoor radon concentration survey in 201 homes and offices in Niska Banja (the Spa of Nis), a well-known health resort and a spa in the South-East of Serbia. Radon indoor concentrations were determined by active charcoal method, according to standard EPA procedure. The indoor radon concentrations were in the range of up to 200 Bq/m(3) (47%), from 200-600 Bq/m(3) (26%) and over 600 Bq/m(3) (27%). Three areas of extremely high average radon concentrations were found (1,340-4,340 Bq/m(3)), with a maximum above 13,000 Bq/m(3). The content of natural radionuclides ((226)Ra, (214)Pb, (214)Bi, (235)U, (228)Ac, (212)Pb, (212)Bi, (208)Tl, (40)K) and (137)Cs, as well as the content of total uranium, thorium and potassium in mud used in peloidotherapy in the Health Institute "Niska Banja" was determined, too. The activities of the radionuclides were determined on an HPGe detector, by standard gamma spectroscopy. The results indicated considerably high amounts of total uranium and thorium (0.021 g/kg mud and 0.003 g/kg mud, respectively), due to the karsts origin of the soil.