不同孔结构对活性炭动态吸附高浓度甲苯的影响

研究不同孔结构的活性炭对于高浓度甲苯的吸附性能、吸附行为和吸附位的影响。结果表明,微孔活性炭对甲苯的吸附量随着微孔孔容的增大而增大,0.6~1.2 nm的微孔孔容和甲苯吸附量存在良好的线性正相关。当中孔孔容达到微孔孔容的0.32倍时,微孔利用率达到100%,甲苯首先吸附在微孔中,待微孔吸附饱和,吸附位向中孔转移,中孔不仅起到通道作用,同时也起到吸附作用;当中孔孔容继续增大,增加的中孔容量主要起到吸附作用,最高吸附量达565 mg·g-1,是已有研究的2.5倍。随着吸附温度升高,饱和吸附量减少,表明活性炭吸附甲苯是以物理吸附主。     

活性炭纤维吸附含溴甲烷气体的性能

采用动态吸附法在25℃下,测定了3种活性炭纤维(ACF-1、ACF-2和ACF-3)对含溴甲烷气体的吸附性能和回收效果,并对活性炭纤维的孔结构进行表征.探讨了孔结构、溴甲烷浓度、气体流量、循环使用次数等因素对活性炭纤维吸附溴甲烷性能的影响.结果表明,活性炭纤维比表面积大小及0.4～0.8 nm左右的微孔数量决定了其对溴甲烷吸附性能的优劣;气体中溴甲烷的浓度的提高使活性炭纤维对溴甲烷的穿透和饱和吸附量增加,而气体流量的增加则使活性炭纤维对溴甲烷的穿透和饱和吸附量降低,但两者均使穿透和饱和吸附时间缩短;活性炭纤维多次循环使用后,对溴甲烷的吸附容量明显地降低,循环12次后达到稳定吸附,其稳定吸附值为133.5 mg/g.     

活性炭孔隙结构在其甲苯吸附中的作用

选用4种商用活性炭(AC),利用氮气绝热吸附、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)测试了活性炭的物化性质。以甲苯为吸附质,在温度为298.15 K下进行了静态和动态吸附实验,研究了活性炭孔结构对其吸附性能、吸附行为、表面覆盖率和吸附能的影响。结果表明:活性炭的比表面积和孔容是其吸附性能主要影响因素,孔径在0.8～2.4 nm之间的孔容和甲苯吸附量之间存在较好的线性关系,且线性斜率随甲苯浓度增加而变大。甲苯吸附行为符合Langmuir吸附等温模型和准一阶动力学方程式。活性炭孔结构是甲苯吸附速率的主要制约因素。在甲苯快速吸附阶段,微孔为吸附速率主要制约因素,在甲苯颗粒内扩散阶段,微孔和表面孔为吸附速率的主要制约因素,在吸附末尾阶段,中孔和大孔为吸附速率的主要制约因素。4种活性积炭对甲苯的吸附能随其比表面变大而变大。     

活性炭负载I-TiO2对气体中甲苯的吸附

利用溶胶凝胶-浸渍烧结法制备了碘掺杂二氧化钛修饰的活性炭复合吸附剂。利用XRD、SEM、BET、Boehm滴定、亚甲蓝吸附值等手段研究了活性炭负载前后表面结构与性质。利用动态吸附实验研究了活性炭负载I-TiO2复合材料（IT/AC）和再生IT/AC对气体中甲苯的吸附。考察了活性炭粒径、气体的流速、吸附床层高度和气体中甲苯的浓度对活性炭吸附性能的影响及甲苯在活性炭固定床上的吸附动力学。结果表明：由于介孔I-TiO2和活性炭的协同作用,负载适量I-TiO2对活性炭结构和吸附性能影响较小。活性炭的粒径越小、复合材料的吸附穿透点和饱和吸附量越大;气体的流速和甲苯的初始浓度越大,复合材料的吸附穿透点越小但饱和吸附量越大。YOON-NELSON模型可以预测复合材料吸附甲苯的动力学过程。     

微波活化制备加拿大一枝黄花活性炭及对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附

以入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花为原料,在400℃氮气保护下,直接碳化90 min后,以KOH为活化剂,微波活化的方法制备了高比表面积微孔活性炭SCAC。结果显示活性炭SCAC的表面面积为1 888 m2/g,总孔容量为0.804 cm3/g,微孔容量为0.741 cm3/g,平均孔径0.567 nm,微孔平均孔径0.488 nm。通过静态吸附实验研究了活性炭添加量、溶液初始浓度、初始pH及吸附时间对SCAC吸附Cd(Ⅱ)的影响,通过动力学方程拟合探讨了活性炭对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附机理。结果表明,吸附平衡时间、最佳pH及活性炭添加量分别为120 min、pH>7.5及0.05 g/50 mL,活性炭SCAC吸附动力学过程符合准二级方程模型。     

酸碱盐改性对活性炭吸附油气特征的影响

采用酸碱盐溶液浸渍方法对活性炭进行改性,探究了其吸附油气的特征,考察了改性后的活性炭对油气吸附量和穿透时间的影响,采用BET、SEM、XRD及FT-IR等方法对活性炭进行了表征。结果表明：改性后的活性炭孔结构和表面化学性质发生了明显的变化,2^#样品(醋酸改性)比表面积最大为1 264.33 m²·g⁻¹,碱改性活性炭对油气的吸附性能优于其他改性方法,3^#样品(氨水改性)吸附容量最高为0.279 g·g⁻¹,拟合动力学速率常数k′值是0.096 3,5^#样品(氢氧化钾改性)穿透时间最长为130 min;改性处理后,增加了活性炭表面的—OH与C=C含量,正丁烷主要以—CH₂基团吸附在吸附剂表面。在综合酸碱盐溶液改性的基础上,利用Yoon-Nelson动力学方程对吸附曲线进行拟合,评价改性活性炭对油气的吸附性能。以上研究结果可为活性炭吸附油气的工业应用提供参考。     

高比表面微孔活性炭的制备及其对对硝基苯胺的吸附

以互花米草与棉秆为原料,以KOH为活化剂,制备了高比表面微孔活性炭,利用氮气吸附、红外光谱FT-IR、扫描电子显微镜SEM等技术对活性炭表面物化性质进行了表征与分析,并通过静态实验测定了其对对硝基苯胺的吸附性能。结果表明,在KOH与植物茎秆碳化料的质量比为3∶1、温度为800℃、活化时间为1.5 h条件下,制备的棉秆活性炭CS-AC和互花米草活性炭SA-AC的BET比表面积分别为2 135和2 825 m2/g,H-K微孔容积分别为1.09和1.19 cm3/g,有80%以上的孔分布在2 nm以内。静态吸附实验表明,2种植物基活性炭对对硝基苯胺有较强的吸附能力,Langmu ir最大吸附量超过700 mg/g。吸附受溶液pH影响较大,Frend lich方程能较好地描述静态吸附平衡数据。     

化学改性对活性炭吸附磺胺甲恶唑和布洛芬的影响

以5种化学改性剂(NH3、HCl、H2SO4、HNO3和H2O2)对活性炭进行改性,考察了化学改性对活性炭吸附磺胺甲恶唑(SMX)和布洛芬(IBP)的影响,并结合活性炭改性前后孔结构和表面化学性质的变化特征,利用Pearson相关性分析法,分析了活性炭各项理化指标与其吸附量之间的相关性。结果表明,与原炭相比,各种改性炭对SMX和IBP的吸附能力均有较大幅度提高,24 h时吸附量分别提高了36%~59%和8%~42%。活性炭的比表面积、孔容等物理性质与吸附量的相关系数绝对值均在0.4以内,表现为弱相关。对于SMX,活性炭的羧基官能团与吸附量相关系数r值在0.6~0.8之间;对于IBP,羧基、内酯基分别在吸附的前期和中后期与吸附量表现为强正相关,r达到0.6~0.8以上。本研究中活性炭的表面含氧官能团对其吸附能力表现出更为显著的影响。     

活性炭改性研究进展

本文从表面结构特性、表面化学性质和电化学性质 3个方面叙述了国内外在活性炭改性方面的研究进展。表面结构特性改性主要是从增大比表面积和控制孔径分布两方面展开 ,从而增大吸附量 ;表面化学性质改性主要是通过氧化还原改变表面含氧酸性、碱性基团的相对含量以及负载金属改性 ,从而改变对极性、极性较弱或非极性物质的吸附能力 ;电化学性质改性主要是通过加微电场改变活性炭表面的带电性和由此而产生的化学性质的变化 ,从而改变吸附性能。最后 ,本文还从活性炭的吸附性质方面 ,客观地提出了今后发展方向     

低温等离子体改性活性炭纤维对不同极性苯系物的吸附

探究了不同改性时间下的活性炭纤维孔结构和表面化学性质的变化,并进一步研究了改性后的活性炭纤维对不同极性苯系物的吸附。通过BET比表面积、Boehm滴定分析、FTIR红外光谱对改性前后的活性炭纤维进行表征。结果表明,功率150 W,改性时间为30、60和90 min时,活性炭纤维烧失率随着改性时间延长而升高,分别达到16.5%、27.8%、45.5%。改性过程中,活性炭纤维比表面积和微孔孔容显著增加,有助于改善活性炭纤维吸附性能。在物理吸附和化学吸附作用下,改性活性炭纤维对邻二甲苯、间二甲苯和对二甲苯吸附性能有所提高,其中,改性90 min活性炭纤维对其吸附量分别增加了0.58、0.55和0.44 mg·mg-1。酸性含氧基团由原来的0.973 mmol·g-1增加到1.675 mmol·g-1,改性后酸性含氧官能团的增加使活性炭纤维表面极性增大,有利于对极性有机物邻、间二甲苯吸附量增加率的提高。     

Characterization of metal adsorption kinetic properties in batch and fixed-bed reactors

Copper adsorption kinetic properties in batch and fixed-bed reactors were studied in this paper. The isothermal adsorption experiments showed that the copper adsorption capacity of a granular activated carbon (Filtrasorb 200) increased when ionic strength was higher. The presence of EDTA diminished the adsorption. An intraparticle diffusion model and a fixed-bed model were successfully used to describe the batch kinetic and fixed-bed operation behaviors. The kinetics became faster when the solution pH was not controlled, implying that the surface precipitation caused some metal uptake. The external mass transfer coefficient, the diffusivity and the dispersion coefficient were obtained from the modeling. It was found that both external mass transfer and dispersion coefficients increased when the flow rate was higher. Finally effects of kinetic parameters on simulation of fixed-bed operation were conducted.     

三价铁改性活性炭对水中微量砷的吸附特性

研究了三价铁改性对不同活性炭(颗粒和粉末)对水中砷的吸附特性的影响。结果表明,三价铁改性有效提高了活性炭对不同形态砷的吸附性能。其中,对于2种活性炭,As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的最佳铁离子改性浓度分别为0.1和0.05 mol/L。此时,通过Langmuir等温线方程拟合得到:粉末和颗粒活性炭对As(Ⅲ)的最大吸附量qm分别为2.38 mg/g和9.39 mg/g;而对As(Ⅴ)的qm分别为5.12 mg/g和2.32 mg/g。此外,当溶液的pH从3升高到9的过程中,吸附量先增加后有所下降,当pH 为7时,改性前后的活性炭对砷的吸附量达到最高。     

Roles of physical and chemical properties of activated carbon in the adsorption of lead ions

Elucidation of the roles of chemical and physical properties of activated carbons is an important basis for the systematic development of adsorbents with optimal properties specific for certain applications. Such an understanding has challenged most researchers and this has been attributed with the difficulty in decoupling the effect of chemical and physical properties that characterize activated carbons. This study proposed empirical modeling in resolving the effects of individual carbon properties in lead adsorption. A model based on lead adsorption and carbon properties including total surface area, mean pore size and heteroatom concentrations has been shown to adequately describe the lead adsorption onto activated carbons prepared from bagasse. To support this investigation a series of activated carbons were prepared from bagasse by physical and by chemical activation techniques. The surface chemical properties of the carbons were inferred from carbon pH and heteroatom concentrations. The physical characterizations of the carbons included total surface area by the BET technique and mean pore size measured using the Horvath-Kawazoe equation. Adsorption tests were conducted using a low concentration of lead (5 ppm) and the solution pH was maintained at 1.0 to maintain lead speciation to the un-complexed Pb(2+) ion. The adequacy of the proposed empirical models was statistically assessed. This form of analysis was shown to provide valuable information in tailor making adsorbents and selecting appropriate adsorbents for lead adsorption.     

玉米芯掺杂对污泥基活性炭性能的影响

针对以城市污水厂剩余污泥为原料制备的污泥基活性炭微孔性差、比表面积低的缺陷,将一定比例玉米芯掺杂到污泥中以期改善活性炭性质。通过对活性炭的比表面积、孔结构、碘值、表面官能团测定以及表面电镜分析,探讨了不同比例玉米芯掺杂对活性炭物理化学性质的影响,并以苯酚和硝基苯为目标物,对比考察所制活性炭对有机物的吸附性能。实验结果表明,随着玉米芯掺杂比例的提高,活性炭微孔体积及比表面积明显增大,但活性炭表面官能团种类及数量变化不明显。所制活性炭表面都以酸性基团为主。结果显示苯酚和硝基苯吸附值与活性炭表面酸性基团含量关系密切,因此,玉米芯的掺杂对苯酚和硝基苯的吸附没有明显的促进作用。     

Preparation of activated carbons from raw and biotreated agricultural residues for removal of volatile organic compounds

Activated carbons with diverse physical and chemical properties were produced from four agriculture residues, including raw barley husk, biotreated barley husk, rice husk, and pistachio shell. Results showed that with adequate steam activation (30-90 min, 50% H2O(g),/50% N2), activated carbons with surface areas between 360 and 950 m2 g(-1) were developed. Further increases in the activation time destroyed the pore structure of activated carbons, which resulted in a decrease in the surface area and pore volume. Biotreated agricultural residues were found to be suitable precursors for producing mesoporous activated carbons. The oxygen content of activated carbons increased with increasing activation time. Results from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy examination further suggested that H2O molecules react with the carbon surface, enhancing the deconvoluted peak area of carbonyl and carboxyl groups. Equilibrium adsorption of toluene indicated that the adsorption capacities increased with an increase in the inlet toluene concentration and a decrease in temperature. The adsorption isotherms were successfully fitted with Freundlich, Langmuir, and Dubinin-Radushkevich equations. Activated carbons derived from agricultural residues appear to be more applicable to adsorb volatile organic compounds at a low concentration and high-temperature environment.     

Effects of activated carbon types and service life on removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals: amitrol, nonylphenol, and bisphenol-A

Removal performances of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) such as amitrol, nonylphenol, and bisphenol-A were evaluated in this study using granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption. This study found that GAC adsorption was effective in removal of EDCs with high K_ow value. Nonylphenol and bisphenol-A were effectively adsorbed onto all carbons (including the used carbons) tested in this study. As indicated by K_ow value, nonylphenol was more effectively adsorbed than bisphenol-A. The coal-based carbon was found more effective than other carbons in the adsorption of nonylphenol and bisphenol-A due to its larger pore volume. The adsorption capacity reduced with the operation year, and the extent of the reduction was different depending upon the carbon type and the operation year. Amitrol was effectively removed by biological degradation, but was poorly adsorbed. Since the microbes residing at the used carbons already accustomed to amitrol, the used carbons removed amitrol better than the virgin carbons. Although the coal-based carbon showed the best removal performance of amitrol, GAC adsorption could not be recommended for amitrol removal because considerable portion of incoming amitrol (9–87%) passed through GAC adsorption column. According to this study, pore volume mainly influenced the adsorption capacity, but the surface charge was also important due to electrical interaction. The adsorption parameters for nonylphenol and bisphenol-A provided by this study could be valuable when GAC adsorption was considered to handle an accidental spill of nonylphenol and bisphenol-A.     

Preparation of activated carbon using low temperature carbonisation and physical activation of high ash raw bagasse for acid dye adsorption

Activated carbons were prepared from bagasse through a low temperature (160 degrees C) chemical carbonisation treatment and gasification with carbon dioxide at 900 degrees C. The merit of low temperature chemical carbonisation in preparing chars for activation was assessed by comparing the physical and chemical properties of activated carbons developed by this technique to conventional methods involving the use of thermal and vacuum pyrolysis of bagasse. In addition, the adsorption properties (acid blue dye) of these bagasse activated carbons were also compared with a commercial activated carbon. The results suggest that despite the high ash content of the precursor, high surface areas (614-1433 m2 g(-1)) and microporous (median pore size from 0.45 to 1.2 nm) activated carbons can be generated through chemical carbonisation and gasification. The micropore area of the activated carbon developed from chars prepared by the low temperature chemical carbonisation provides favourable adsorption sites to acid blue dye (391 mg g(-1) of carbon). The alkalinity of the carbon surface and total surface area were shown to have complementary effects in promoting the adsorption of acid blue dye. Adsorption of the anionic coloured component of the acid dye was shown to be promoted in carbon exhibiting alkaline or positively charged surfaces. This study demonstrates that activated carbons with high acid dye adsorption capacities can be prepared from high ash bagasse based on low temperature chemical carbonisation and gasification.     

双功能吸附剂的制备及其对水中毒死蜱的降解特性

对具有催化功能的负载Fe（Ⅲ）的活性炭进行了表征,与母体活性炭相比,其比表面积以及微孔体积均有所下降,酸性官能团的量有所增加;考察了普通浸渍法和超声浸渍法制备的双功能活性炭对毒死蜱的吸附和降解性能,结果表明,双功能活性炭对毒死蜱的吸附量有所降低,但对毒死蜱的降解能力增强,超声浸渍法所制备的活性炭对毒死蜱的降解能力要优于普通浸渍法所制备的活性炭。