微囊藻毒素-RR对反硝化细菌生长及生理特性的影响

用0.01、5.00 mg/L微囊藻毒素-RR(MC-RR)处理反硝化细菌,研究了MC-RR对反硝化细菌的生长、培养液中NO3--N和NO2--N含量以及细胞内硝酸还原酶活性的影响.结果表明,高浓度MC-RR能显著抑制反硝化细菌的生长,延缓其细胞增殖,抑制培养液中硝酸盐含量的降低和亚硝酸盐含量的升高以及细胞内硝酸还原酶的活性,因而可能抑制或减缓生态系统中氮循环的进程.这表明,微囊藻毒素在一定程度上可能调节水体细菌群落.     

生物电Fenton系统氧化降解水体中微囊藻毒素-LR

建立以Fe@Fe2O3/非催化碳毡（NCF）为阴极电极的生物电Fenton（BEF）系统,研究其对微囊藻毒素-LR（MC-LR）的去除效果,并对反应机理进行探究。实验采用从培养的铜绿微囊藻中提取得到的MC-LR。结果表明,以80%甲醇作提取剂,采用磁力搅拌技术时,MC-LR的提取效率最高,达到1.066 mg·g-1干藻细胞。BEF系统4 h内能完全降解初始浓度为0.5 mg·L-1的MC-LR。由于MC-LR是极性化合物,BEF系统对MC-LR的吸附很少,主要通过Fenton氧化作用去除。通过液相色谱-质谱联用检测到2种可能的降解产物质荷比m/z 947.8和971.3,推测MC-LR在BEF系统中可能的降解途径主要包括：Mdha上C=C-C=O键的氧化;酰胺键的水解;Adda上苯环的氧化。     

微囊藻毒素的生物降解综述

从微囊藻毒素降解菌、降解途径和影响降解的因素三方面，对国内外微囊藻毒素生物降解的研究现状及发展趋势作一介绍。     

越南伯克霍尔德菌降解水中微囊藻毒素-LR

探讨利用越南伯克霍尔德菌(Burkholderia Vietnamiensis)降解微囊藻毒素-LR(MC-LR)的可能性和降解机理。结果表明,在1 mg/L的MC-LR溶液中投加体积分数为5%菌株,初始pH为5,温度为30℃的好氧条件下,经过48 h培养后对MC-LR的降解效率达到97.6%。首先,降解溶液的液相色谱分析结果发现,MC-LR在238 nm的特征峰消失。其次,动力学研究发现降解过程符合一级动力学反应方程。最后,SEM、FTIR表征技术对菌株降解前后样品进行分析发现微生物形态和降解产物。因此,Burkholderia Vietnamiensis可能将水中的MC-LR作为碳、氮源利用从而将其降解,Burkholderia Vietnamiensis作为生物降解MC-LR的一种途径是有效的。     

微囊藻毒素-LR降解菌的筛选及降解特性研究

从上海市淀山湖表层水体中筛选分离出了1株降解微囊藻毒素-LR(MC-LR)的细菌并研究了其降解特性。根据细胞形态结构、生理生化特征及其16S rDNA基因序列分析,鉴定分离菌株DHU-28(GenBank序列登录号为HM047512)属嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas maltophilia)。微囊藻毒素降解实验结果表明,该菌株能在以MC-LR为唯一碳源、氮源的无机盐培养基中生长,6 d内可将初始质量浓度为15 mg/L的MC-LR降解为8.12 mg/L,降解效率达到45.9%。菌株DHU-28的最适生长温度是30℃,最适生长pH为7.0。酵母粉、蛋白胨、葡萄糖等营养物质可以明显促进菌株对MC-LR的降解效率,尤其是加入50 mg/L酵母粉后,6 d降解率达到63.2%。     

高效液相色谱法检测水中5种微囊藻毒素

使用Agilent1260型高效液相色谱仪,建立定量测定天然水体中5种微囊藻毒素（MC-RR、YR、LR、LA、LY）的分析方法。比较甲醇/三氟乙酸（TFA）水溶液与甲醇/磷酸两种流动相体系,待测物质的响应程度,结果发现,TFA作为缓冲溶液时,基线较磷酸稳定,因此,选择甲醇/TFA水溶液作为流动相。比较不同TFA体积比例,待测物质的分离程度,结果显示,甲醇/0.02%的TFA水溶液作为流动相时,5种MCs含量的分离度较好。比较等度和梯度洗脱条件,发现,梯度洗脱条件5种MCs的分离度较等度洗脱条件好。该方法 MC-RR、YR、LR、LA、LY的最低检出限（LOD）分别为0.015、0.035、0.018、0.032和0.026μg/L,最低定量限（LOQ）分别是0.049、0.117、0.062、0.106和0.086μg/L。在0.10～1.50μg/mL的线性范围内,相关系数R2≥0.99,实际水样回收率为73.9%～103.3%。     

天然水华蓝藻中微囊藻毒素的提取和净化研究

利用天然水华蓝藻为原料,通过筛选、比较不同极性提取剂对微囊藻毒素的提取效果,80％甲醇溶液有较高的提取效率,而乙醇溶液可实现无毒提取,优化了提取方法。并通过调节溶液pH为藻胆蛋白等电点的方法去除共提取的大量藻胆蛋白,取得了很好的净化效果,为微囊藻毒素的分离和纯化研究提供了基础。     

碳源对铜绿微囊藻生理特性及微囊藻毒素产率的影响

为研究水体中不同碳源对铜绿微囊藻生理特性的影响,以Na2CO3与葡萄糖分别作为铜绿微囊藻生长的无机碳源与有机碳源,将铜绿微囊藻于光照下进行培养,并对其一系列的生理特性与微囊藻毒素产率进行检测。实验结果表明,同等碳浓度下,有机碳源更能促进铜绿微囊藻的生长,经过30 d的培养,铜绿微囊藻在有机碳源中的产量为187.55 g,比其在无机碳源中的产量提高了6.06%;微囊藻毒素在有机碳源中的产量为969.00μg/g,而在无机碳源中的产量却升高至1 193.60μg/g。参与藻毒素合成的3种氨基酸在无机碳源中的浓度要比有机碳源中的浓度高,但是其余几种氨基酸的含量与之情况相反。而有机碳源培养的铜绿微囊藻总可溶性蛋白含量为387.00μg/g,比无机碳源培养的铜绿微囊藻的蛋白含量提高了93.60%。     

一株微囊藻毒素降解菌的分离与鉴定

以水华蓝藻细胞中提取的微囊藻毒素为筛选物质,从太湖水华腐烂蓝藻中富集筛选出1株微囊藻毒素降解菌。该菌株革兰氏染色呈阴性,细胞细长杆状,菌落黄色,圆形,不透明,接触酶、氧化酶实验均呈阳性。16S rRNA基因序列的长度为1 416 bp(GenBank登录号为FJ976656)。系统发育树显示,该菌株与微嗜酸寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas acidam-iniphila)的亲缘关系最近。通过菌株形态特征、生理生化特征和16S rRNA基因序列分析,将此菌株鉴定为微嗜酸寡养单胞菌,不同于已报道的微囊藻毒素降解菌属种。微囊藻毒素降解实验表明,该菌株5 d内将15.4 mg/L的微囊藻毒素完全降解,降解能力高于假单胞菌。     

微囊藻毒素生物降解的研究进展

蓝藻水华污染造成的最主要危害之一是产生和释放以微囊藻毒素(microcystins,MCs)为主的多种藻毒素,其在饮用水中的存在可以导致人类癌症,因此对人们的健康构成了严重威胁.从MCs降解微生物菌种、酶催化降解途径和降解基因3个方面,介绍了近年来国内外MCs生物降解的研究进展.     

Evaluation of photolysis and hydrolysis of pyraclostrobin in aqueous solutions and its degradation products in paddy water

This study evaluated the hydrolysis and photolysis kinetics of pyraclostrobin in an aqueous solution using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–photodiode array detection and identified the resulting metabolites of pyraclostrobin by hydrolysis and photolysis in paddy water using high-resolution mass spectrometry coupled with liquid chromatography. The effect of solution pH, metal ions and surfactants on the hydrolysis of pyraclostrobin was explored. The hydrolysis half-lives of pyraclostrobin were 23.1–115.5?days and were stable in buffer solution at pH 5.0. The degradation rate of pyraclostrobin in an aqueous solution under sunlight was slower than that under UV photolysis reaction. The half-lives of pyraclostrobin in a buffer solution at pH 5.0, 7.0, 9.0 and in paddy water were less than 12?h under the two light irradiation types. The metabolites of the two processes were identified and compared to further understand the mechanisms underlying hydrolysis and photolysis of pyraclostrobin in natural water. The extracted ions obtained from paddy water were automatically annotated by Compound Discoverer software with manual confirmation of their fragments. Two metabolites were detected and identified in the pyraclostrobin hydrolysis, whereas three metabolites were detected and identified in the photolysis in paddy water.     

Degradation of diuron in aqueous solution by ozonation

Degradation of diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea] in aqueous solution and the proposed degradation mechanism of diuron by ozonation were investigated. The factors that affect the degradation efficiency of diuron were examined. The generated inorganic ions and organic acids during the ozonation process were detected. Total organic carbon removal rate and the amount of the released Cl^? increased with increasing ozonation time, but only 80.0% of the maximum theoretical concentration of Cl^? at total mineralization was detected when initial diuron concentration was 13.8 mg L^?1. For N species, the final concentrations of NO₃ ^? and NH₄ ⁺ after 60 min of reaction time were 0.28 and 0.19 mg L^?1, respectively. The generated acetic acid, formic acid and oxalic acid were detected during the reaction process. The main degradation pathway of diuron by ozonation involved a series of dechlorination-hydroxylation, dealkylation and oxidative opening of the aromatic ring processes, leading to small organic species and inorganic species. The degradation efficiency of diuron increased with decreasing initial diuron concentration. Higher pH value, more ozone dosage, additive Na₂CO₃, additive NaHCO₃ and additive H₂O₂ were all advantageous to improve the degradation efficiency of diuron.     

臭氧降解选矿药剂丁基黄药的实验研究

采用臭氧氧化去除水中的丁基黄药,研究了臭氧氧化丁基黄药的影响因素,考察了反应溶液的初始pH值、臭氧投加量、反应物初始浓度、自由基抑制剂对丁基黄药降解率的影响。结果表明,pH值、臭氧投加量越高,丁基黄药降解率越高,随着丁基黄药初始浓度的升高,丁基黄药的去除效率会下降,但绝对去除量会升高。碳酸氢根和叔丁醇能在一定程度上降低丁基黄药的降解效率。同时讨论了体系中COD、TOC、UV254、pH和电导率的变化情况,结果表明臭氧氧化很难将体系中的COD和TOC大幅度降低,反应体系pH随氧化时间的增加而降低的,GC—MS分析表明,丁基黄药氧化的臭氧化产物为醇类和羧酸类物质。     

臭氧化降解结晶紫溶液的机理

采用臭氧化法对模拟废水中难生物降解的结晶紫染料进行降解实验研究,藉助紫外光谱、红外光谱、气相色谱、化学需氧量和总有机碳的检测结果对反应机理进行了初步探讨。实验结果表明,当溶液初始质量浓度0.88 mmol/L,臭氧投加量9.06×10-5mol/min,调节初始溶液pH为10.0,控制反应温度298 K,反应120 min后,结晶紫溶液COD去除率达到97.0%。分析表明,结晶紫染料降解的中间产物主要是对氨基苯酚、丁烯二酸、乙酸等有机小分子物质,最终产物为水和二氧化碳。     

臭氧氧化降解苯胺黑药模拟废水

苯胺黑药(学名:二苯胺基二硫代磷酸)是一种良好的有色金属硫化矿浮选捕收剂,属于典型的难降解有机污染物。为研究臭氧氧化苯胺黑药的条件和氧化反应的动力学,选用臭氧作为氧化剂,对苯胺黑药浓度和模拟废水的COD进行测定。结果表明,用5 g/h的臭氧氧化20 min后,初始浓度50、75和150 mg/L的苯胺黑药模拟废水的COD去除率分别为56%、59%和76%,苯胺黑药浓度的去除率分别达到100%、99%和88%,反应后废水pH变为强酸性(k为-0.372 s-1、-0.331 s-1和-0.259 s-1;R2为0.9926、0.9949和0.9903。探讨了臭氧氧化苯胺黑药前后pH变化的机理。     

Effects of ozone fumigation treatment on the removal of residual difenoconazole from strawberries and on their quality

The effect of ozone fumigation on the reduction of difenoconazole residue on strawberries was studied. Strawberries were immersed in 1.0 L of aqueous solution containing 400 μL of the commercial product (250 g L^?1 of difenoconazole) for 1 min. Then, they were dried and exposed to ozone gas (O₃) at concentrations of 0.3, 0.6 and 0.8 mg L^?1 for 1 h. The ozone fumigation treatments reduced the difenoconazole residue on strawberries to concentrations below 0.5 mg kg^?1, which corresponds to a 95% reduction. The strawberries treated with ozone and the control group, which was not treated with ozone, were stored at 4°C for 10 days. Some characteristics of the fruit were monitored throughout this period. Among these, pH, weight loss and total color difference did not change significantly (P > 0.05). The fumigation with ozone significantly affected the soluble solids, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid content (vitamin C) of the strawberries preventing a sharp reduction of these parameters during storage.     

铁碳微电解与微生物共作用降解BDE-209

BDE-209是世界上应用最为广泛的溴代阻燃剂之一,同时也是环境介质中普遍存在的一类强亲脂性、高生物累积性的持久性有机污染物.鉴于其生物难降解特性,尝试采用铁碳微电解技术强化其微生物降解.研究中,首先采用单因素实验确定了反应体系的铁粉最佳投加量(0.1 g)及最佳的铁碳比(1:1),进而探讨了铁碳微电解体系促进BDE-209脱溴的降解机制.铁碳微电解体系处理BDE-209时,体系中pH及ORP值有明显的波动,反应120 h后降解率达53.0%;而铁碳微电解体系与微生物共作用体系中,120 h后BDE-209降解率可达到77.5%,降解产物主要为九溴、八溴以及七溴等低溴代联苯醚.实验结果表明,铁碳微电解与微生物共作用能够有效提高BDE-209的生物降解效率.     

Surface solar ultraviolet radiation: A theoretical approach of the SUVR reaching the ground in Athens, Greece

Daily total ozone observations made during 1985–1993 by both the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) flown on the Satellite Nimbus-7 and the Dobson Spectrophotometer have been used in order to investigate the fluctuations of the daily broad-band and spectral solar ultraviolet radiation reaching the ground. This investigation has been performed by employing a recently developed parametric algorithm for the estimation of the spectral and broad-band solar ultraviolet radiation which takes the total ozone variations into consideration. Total ozone reductions during the summertime from 1985 to 1993 over Athens, Greece (37.6° N, 23.4° E), cause an increase in the ultraviolet irradiance which reaches the ground of 0.54 %, 0.98 %, 2.60 % and 0.79 % per decade for the months of July at 300 nm, 312 nm, 320 nm and UVB (280-320 nm), respectively.     

Fate of CL-20 in sandy soils: degradation products as potential markers of natural attenuation

Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) is an emerging explosive that may replace the currently used explosives such as RDX and HMX, but little is known about its fate in soil. The present study was conducted to determine degradation products of CL-20 in two sandy soils under abiotic and biotic anaerobic conditions. Biotic degradation was prevalent in the slightly acidic VT soil, which contained a greater organic C content, while the slightly alkaline SAC soil favored hydrolysis. CL-20 degradation was accompanied by the formation of formate, glyoxal, nitrite, ammonium, and nitrous oxide. Biotic degradation of CL-20 occurred through the formation of its denitrohydrogenated derivative (m/z 393 Da) while hydrolysis occurred through the formation of a ring cleavage product (m/z 156 Da) that was tentatively identified as CH₂N-C(N-NO₂)-CHN-CHO or its isomer N(NO₂)CH-CHN-CO-CHNH. Due to their chemical specificity, these two intermediates may be considered as markers of in situ attenuation of CL-20 in soil.     

Molarity provides better clarity – using molar-based data when evaluating chlorinated volatile organic compound impacted sites

Abstract

Chlorinated volatile organic compounds are common constituents observed at many contaminated groundwater sites. Common industry practice has been to measure these constituents in groundwater on a weight concentration basis (e.g. µg/l, mg/l). This paper highlights the use of molar-based concentrations, especially in the case of parent-daughter degradation sequences commonly observed with the chloroethene, chloroethane, and chloromethane families of compounds. Converting to molar-based concentrations provides the practitioner greater insight into groundwater plume behavior including better evaluation of degradation processes, remedial progress, possible commingling, and/or sourcing. For example, this paper provides a tank analogy to evaluate whether the commonly misinterpreted observation of “DCE-stall” may be occurring at a site. Multiple examples of the benefits of using molar-based concentration data are also summarized in a project case study presented herein. As demonstrated in this paper, molarity does provide better clarity and can be a powerful evaluation tool in the groundwater practitioner’s toolbox.