氧化镁强化浓海水吸收低浓度二氧化硫的实验研究

研究了添加氧化镁强化后浓海水对低浓度二氧化硫的吸收效果。利用鼓泡吸收装置考察了不同氧化镁投加量、气体流速和吸收液温度对二氧化硫吸收效果的影响。结果表明,氧化镁可以极大地提高吸收液的脱硫效率。在室温,氧化镁投加量为0.5 g/L时,吸收体系对二氧化硫的吸收效果最好,吸收容量达到1 901.38 mg/L,是普通海水脱硫和未加添加剂的3～6倍。     

柠檬酸强化钢渣湿法烧结烟气脱硫及机理

在鼓泡反应器中考察了添加柠檬酸强化钢渣湿法烧结烟气脱硫的影响因素,包括钢渣粒度,吸收浆液浓度、进口二氧化硫浓度、停留时间,p H值,柠檬酸与钢渣的浸泡时间等,结果表明,柠檬酸浓度为2.0 mmol/L、钢渣浓度为4%、二氧化硫进口浓度为1 500 mg/m3、烟气停留时间为7 s、钢渣强化时间为2 h、钢渣粒度200目,脱硫率达到90%以上。经4 mmol/L的柠檬酸强化后的钢渣浆液脱硫率比单纯钢渣浆液提高18.41%,达到90.99%的脱硫率,且有效反应时间延长50%,达到60 min以上。柠檬酸的加入,一方面促进了钢渣碱性组分溶解,另一方面在吸收液中形成柠檬酸和柠檬酸盐缓冲体系,增加了气液界面SO2浓度,提高了SO2的气液传质速率。     

垃圾渗滤液烟气脱硫体系的实验研究

利用垃圾渗滤液中较高的碱度吸收二氧化硫是垃圾渗滤液湿法烟气脱硫工艺的第一阶段。试验证明 ,垃圾渗滤液可高效吸收二氧化硫 (去除率可达 90 %以上 ) ;同时垃圾渗滤液中氨氮浓度由 133mmol L降至 78mmol L。实验结果证实了所建立的垃圾渗滤液烟气脱硫体系的互补性     

生物法同时脱硫脱硝试验研究

采用轻质陶粒生物滴滤塔处理摸拟燃煤烟气中二氧化硫和氮氧化物的试验研究,探讨生物法同时脱硫脱硝的影响因素及生物降解宏观动力学。研究结果表明,生物法能有效同时去除烟气中的二氧化硫和氮氧化物,烟气同时脱硫脱硝效率分别可达99.9%和88.9%。为获得最佳烟气同时脱硫脱硝效果,二氧化硫和氮氧化物进气负荷应分别＜140 g/（m³·h）和20 g/（m³·h）,循环液pH=7～8,空床停留时间为30.28 s,喷淋密度为8.81 L/（m³·h）。     

H2O2溶液同时脱硫脱硝实验研究

二氧化硫和氮氧化物是电厂产生的主要大气污染物,研究焦点越来越集中在在一个反应器内实现同时脱硫脱硝。实验以H2O溶液作为吸收液,在自制的鼓泡反应器内,对模拟烟气进行同时脱硫脱硝的实验研究,实验结果表明：H2O浓度、反应温度、NO浓度、SO2浓度、烟气流量对脱除率影响显著,pH、氧含量对脱硝率影响不大。在整个实验范围内脱硫效率总是保持在98．5％以上,脱硝效率最高达到67．4％。     

连续式生物吸收工艺脱除二氧化硫

运用连续式生物吸收处理工艺,以废糖蜜发酵液作为碳源进行了微生物法去除SO2气体的研究,在简单粗放的实验条件下,研究了脱硫脱硫弧菌对较大气量SO2气体的去除效果,并对产物H2S在第二级生物反应器中的去除率进行了测定。实验结果表明,随着进气量由0.18 m3/h增大至5 m3/h,脱硫率会降低,但是随之提高搅拌速度和补料速度后,脱硫率又恢复到较高水平,当搅拌速度为590 r/min时,5 L生物反应液可以处理5 m3/h的SO2气体,1#反应器SO2去除率和2#反应器H2S去除率分别达到92%和98%以上。在气量增至5 m3/h时,1#和2#反应器补料流速分别为175 mL/h和200 mL/h时,没有亚硫酸盐和硫化物的积累,pH值和菌体浓度稳定,系统运行良好。     

广西合山煤脱硫技术探讨

依据煤炭加工转换、燃烧脱硫和烟气脱硫技术,分析了广西合山燃煤的二氧化硫污染状况,并提出了可行性脱硫的技术。     

垃圾渗滤液烟气脱硫体系的实验研究

利用垃圾渗滤液中较高的碱度吸收二氧化硫是垃圾渗滤液湿法烟气脱硫工艺的第一阶段。试验证明，垃圾渗滤液可高效吸收二氧化硫(去除率可达如％以上)；同时垃圾渗滤液中氨氮浓度由133mmol/L降至78mmol/L。实验结果证实了所建立的垃圾渗滤液烟气脱疏体系的互补性。     

喷射鼓泡法烟气脱硫工艺

对以喷射鼓泡反应器为主设备，石灰石浆液为脱硫剂的湿法烟气脱硫工艺进行了实验研究，结果表明主要参数[烟气压降Δp、ф（液气）比、吸收液pH值、进气SO2浓度]对脱硫效率均有较大的影响。     

硫化氢的强化分离及其对产酸脱硫生物反应系统的影响

在完全混合式产酸脱硫生物系统中,利用负压抽提法强化H2S的气液分离,以NaOH溶液吸收H2S气体。抽提装置实现对H2S自动、连续抽提与吸收,在60mmH2O柱负压力范围分离出H2S的量与抽提压力呈线性正相关。抽提作用可促进SRB对碳源底物的转化,显著提高硫化物的气/液比例,增加系统中硫化物的转化率。抽提后硫化物的气/液比例(摩尔比)由0044上升到061、分离出的H2S在硫化物总生成量中的比例由42%增加到356%,硫化物转化率由平均494%提高至610%。抽提作用可以提高系统的硫酸盐去除率和酸碱缓冲能力,同时可以纯化和浓缩H2S。     

一株高效脱硫菌的分离鉴定和脱硫特性研究

从污水净化厂二沉池回流污泥中分离到一株硫杆菌菌株dj-5,该菌株是一种兼性厌氧菌,通过生理生化特性鉴定,并结合16S rDNA序列分析及鉴定,该菌株可以确定为脱氮硫杆菌（Thiobacillus denitrificans）。该菌株的生长曲线表明菌体生长迅速,延滞期约为8 h,然后细菌进入对数生长期,这一阶段持续时间大约20～24 h,稳定期较短,细菌很快进入衰亡期。通过脱硫工艺实验考察了pH值、温度和搅拌速度对脱硫率和菌体生长的影响,结果表明,在进气量180 L/h、pH=6～8、温度为25～35℃和搅拌速度为270 r/min时,该菌株能正常生长,对进气浓度高达2 500 mg/m³的硫化氢脱除率在91%以上。     

新型柱状核桃壳活性炭脱硫动力学

采用以农业废弃物核桃壳为原料,天然软锰矿为添加剂共混制成的新型柱状活性炭进行了不同水蒸气含量下的烟气脱硫实验,利用Bangham和Elovich 2种模型对实验结果进行模拟与比较。实验结果表明,随着水蒸气含量的增加,穿透硫容和时间逐渐增加,并在水蒸气含量为10%时达到最大点,此时硫容为243.0 mg/g。模拟结果表明,2种模型均可以较好地模拟烟气脱硫实验结果,其中Elovich模型具有更高的拟合相关度和准确性。在对Elovich模型加以改进以包含水蒸气影响后,可以更好地描述烟气在不同水蒸气含量下的新型柱状活性炭脱硫情况。     

一株苯酚降解菌的筛选及降解动力学特性

利用富集驯化的培养方法,从首钢焦化厂废水处理系统中的二沉池出水中,分离筛选出一株能够高效降解苯酚的菌株B3对其16S rDNA序列进行分析,并选择Monod方程和Andrews方程分别研究该菌在不同苯酚浓度条件下的降酚动力学模式。结果表明,B3为蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus);苯酚浓度较低时,苯酚对菌株的生长基本不产生抑制作用,用Monod模型对B3降酚动力学过程进行拟合,其动力学参数V max=0.03 h-1,K s=25.53 mg/L;苯酚浓度较高时,按照Andrews模型对B3降酚动力学过程进行非线性最小二乘曲线拟合,其动力学参数V max=0.08 h-1,K s=147.52 mg/L,K i=384.96 mg/L。根据动力学方程,推论菌株B3降解对于浓度238.30 mg/L的苯酚具有最佳降解效果。     

Effects of fulvic acid on the bioavailability of rare earth elements and GOT enzyme activity in wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Fulvic acid (FA) was extracted and purified from natural soil and the effects of such FA on the bioaccumulation of rare earth elements (REEs, La3+, Gd3+ and Y3+) in wheat seedling were investigated. The results indicated that low concentration of FA (<0.4 mg C/l to root, <0.7 mg C/l to tops (stem and leaves)) could increase the bioaccumulation values of REEs in wheat, but when the concentration of FA was high (>0.4 mg C/l to root, >1.5 mg C/l to tops) the bioaccumulation values were decreased. Kinetic experimental results suggested that bioaccumulation values of REEs in roots for 30 days were correlated with the kinetic linear growth equation, and correlation coefficients were higher than 0.861. The kinetic bioaccumulation pattern of REEs in tops was different from that in root. The bioaccumulation values of REEs in wheat root were much higher than in wheat tops. Variations of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) enzyme activities in wheat root and tops were determined. A good correlation existed between the bioaccumulation values of REEs and GOT enzyme activities, and the correlation coefficients were higher than 0.922. GOT is an important parameter influencing the bioavailability of REEs.     

Extended geometric method: a simple approach to derive adsorption rate constants of Langmuir-Freundlich kinetics

A new and simple equation has been presented here for calculation of adsorption and desorption rate constants of Langmuir-Freundlich kinetic equation. The derivation of new equation is on the basis of extension and correction to the geometric method which has been presented by Kuan et al. [Kuan, W.-H., Lo, S.-L., Chang, C.M., Wang, M.K., 2000. A geometric approach to determine adsorption and desorption kinetic constants. Chemosphere 41, 1741-1747] for the kinetics of adsorption/desorption in aqueous solutions. The correction is to consider that the concentration of solute is not constant and changes as adsorption proceeds. The extension is that we applied Langmuir-Freundlich kinetic model instead of Langmuir kinetic model to consider the heterogeneity and therefore it is more applicable to the real systems. For solving Langmuir-Freundlich kinetic model, some geometric methods and also Taylor expansion were used and finally a simple and novel equation was derived (Eq. (20)) for calculation of adsorption rate constant. This new method was named "extended geometric method". The input data of the obtained equation can be simply derived from initial data of adsorption kinetics. Finally the adsorption of methyl orange onto granular activated carbon was carried out at dynamic and equilibrium conditions and the capabilities of extended geometric method were examined by the experimental data.     

Kinetic studies of adsorption of lead(ll) from aqueous solution by wine-processing waste sludge.

A waste sludge produced from a wine-processing wastewater treatment process was used as an adsorbent to removal of heavy metal-lead(II) from aqueous solution. Results of kinetic experiments demonstrated that the adsorption was effective and rapid. Four different kinds of adsorption kinetic models (i.e., pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and two intra-particular mass diffusion models) were used to investigate the adsorption mechanisms. A normalized standard deviation was used to find the best adsorption kinetic model for the removal of lead(ll) by the sludge. The comparison shows that the kinetic adsorption data can be well-described by the pseudo-second-order adsorption model and that sorption might be a rate-limiting control. The adsorption-rate constant and adsorption capacity of pseudo-second-order adsorption equation were calculated. The parameters (initial lead(II) concentration, sludge-particle size, and sludge dosages), which affect the adsorption capacity of sludge, were discussed by using the pseudo-second-order adsorption equation.     

Sorption-desorption behaviour of 2,4-dichlorophenol by marine sediments

Batch kinetic and isotherm experiments were conducted to determine the sorption-desorption behavior of 2,4-dichlorophenol from seawater solutions by marine sediments containing various amounts of organic carbon (from 1.02% to 12.72% dry weight). The results indicated linear type isotherms for sorption and desorption in all marine sediments studied. The observed difference in linear sorption coefficients between sorption and desorption was indicative of sorption hysteresis. The kinetic experiments showed that equilibrium was established in less than 20 h. The study is significant with respect to sediment remediation in contaminated harbors and coastal areas.     

Contributions of fermentative acidogenic bacteria and sulfate-reducing bacteria to lactate degradation and sulfate reduction

The roles of fermentative acidogenic bacteria and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in lactate degradation and sulfate reduction in a sulfidogenic bioreactor were investigated by traditional chemical monitoring and culture-independent methods. A continuously stirred tank reactor fed with synthetic wastewater containing lactate and SO(2-)(4) at 35 degrees C, 10h of hydraulic retention time was used. The results showed that sulfate removal efficiency reached 99%, and sulfide and acetate were the main end products after 20 d of operation. 16S rRNA gene based clone libraries and single-strand conformation polymorphism profiles demonstrated that the proportion of SRB increased from 16% to 95%, and that Desulfobulbus spp., Desulfovibrio spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Clostridium spp. formed a stable, dominant community structure. The decreasing COD/SO(2-)(4) ratio had little effect on the community pattern except that Pseudomonas spp. and Desulfobulbus spp. increased slightly. The addition of molybdate to the influent significantly changed the microbial community, sulfate removal efficiency and the pattern of end products. Clostridium spp., Bacteroides spp. and Ruminococcus spp. became the dominant community members. The main end products switched from acetate to ethanol and then to propionate with the oxidation-reduction potentials increasing from -420 to -290 mV. A lactate degradation pathway was deduced: lactate served as the electronic donor for Desulfovibrio spp., or was fermented by Clostridium spp. and Bacteroides spp. to produce propionate or ethanol, which were subsequently utilized by Desulfobulbus spp. and Desulfovibrio spp. The acidotrophic SRB oxidized part of the acetate finally.     

模拟酸雨对大宝山尾矿淋滤实验研究

在模拟酸雨作用下,研究了大宝山尾矿中重金属Cd、Pb及Mn的释放规律及动力学。结果表明,在淋滤液不同酸度(pH为5.6、4.8、3.0)条件下,不同重金属呈现出不同的释放规律。随着淋滤量的增加,淋出液pH逐渐上升;Cd和Mn的释放可分为快速释放和慢速释放2个阶段,Pb的释放速度一直相对稳定。随着淋滤液pH的降低,淋出液pH降低,重金属的释放量及释放速度增加;淋滤液pH对3种重金属释放的影响程度为Pb>Mn>Cd。Cd和Mn的释放可用准二级动力学方程及Elovich方程很好拟合,准二级动力学方程更优;Pb的释放可用双常数方程和零级动力学方程很好拟合。