Conservation and sustainable use of crop wild relatives

Conservation of crop wild relatives (CWRs) is a complex interdisciplinary process that is being addressed by various national and international initiatives, including two Global Environment Facility projects (‘In situ Conservation of Crop Wild Relatives through Enhanced Information Management and Field Application’ and ‘Design, Testing and Evaluation of Best Practices for in situ Conservation of Economically Important Wild Species’), the European Community-funded project ‘European Crop Wild Relative Diversity Assessment and Conservation Forum (PGR Forum)’ and the European ‘In situ and On Farm Network’. The key issues that have arisen are: (1) the definition of what constitutes a CWR, (2) the need for national and regional information systems and a global system, (3) development and application of priority-determining mechanisms, (4) the incorporation of the conservation of CWRs into existing national, regional and international PGR programmes, (5) assessment of the effectiveness of conservation actions, (6) awareness of the importance of CWRs in agricultural development at local, national and international levels both for the scientific and lay communities and (7) policy development and legal framework. The above issues are illustrated by work on the conservation of a group of legumes known as grasspea chicklings, vetchlings, and horticultural ornamental peas (Lathyrus spp.) in their European and Mediterranean centre of diversity.     

Biosensors as molecular tools for use in bioremediation

Biosensors are analytical tools, which use the biological specificity in sensing the target molecule. In this paper, the author reviews the design and application of molecular biosensors for use in bioremediation. The promoter selected from a genetic operon has been described as an interactive biological component for the target molecule to generate the signal. Different types of reporter systems have been described and as well as their application in tracking of levels of pollutants, nitrogen, phosphorus, dissolved oxygen in different habitats and toxic compounds. The paper emphasizes that in order to extend the applications of this scientific area, specialized research is needed in the aspects pertaining to bringing the biological recognition element into close proximity to the target molecules so that it can be integrated with the signal analysis system.     

Collaborative use of geodesign tools to support decision-making on adaptation to climate change

Spatial planners around the world need to make climate change adaptation plans. Climate adaptation planning requires combining spatial information with stakeholder values. This study demonstrates the potential of geodesign tools as a mean to integrate spatial analysis with stakeholder participation in adaptation planning. The tools are interactive and provide dynamic feedback on stakeholder objectives in response to the application of spatial measures. Different rationalities formed by underlying internalized values influence the reasoning of decision-making. Four tools were developed, each tailored to different rationalities varying between a collective or individual viewpoint and analytical or political arguments. The tools were evaluated in an experiment with four groups of participants that were set around an interactive mapping device: the touch table. To study how local decision-making on adaptation can be supported, this study focuses on a specific case study in the Netherlands. In this case study, multiple different stakeholders need to make spatial decisions on land use and water management planning in response to climate change. The collaborative use of four geodesign tools was evaluated in an interactive experiment. The results show that the geodesign tools were able to integrate the engagement of stakeholders and assessment of measures. The experiment showed that decision-making on adaptation to climate change can benefit from the use of geodesign tools as long as the tool is carefully matched to the rationality that applies to the adaptation issue. Although the tools were tested to support the design of adaptation plans in a Dutch setting, the tools could be used for regional adaptation planning in other countries such as the development of regional adaptation strategies (RAS) as required by the European Union or on a national scale to support developing national adaptation plans of action (NAPAs) as initiated by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) for least developed countries.     

绿色工业产品设计与制造

随着环境污染的日益严重和资源危机，绿色工业产品设计的思想更加受到重视。末文通过对绿色标准及产品的定义和分析，完整地给出了绿色产品的设计内容和方法。     

挤压铸造工艺及其在汽车制造业中的应用

回顾了挤压铸造的应用历史背景,综述了挤压铸造工艺的特点及其适用范围,对采用这种新型工艺生产汽车零件的典型实例作了详尽的介绍和分析。指出随着挤压铸造工艺的不断完善,这种新型的金属成形工艺在汽车生产中具有良好的应用前景。     

钢珠制造工业废水的处理

采用无机氧化、凝聚的物化方法和沉淀池设计应用竖向折板反应等的高效组合装置，处理钢珠制造工业废水。结果表明，排放水的ＣＯＤ去除率达到９８％以上，水循环回用率达到８８％，并回收了大量的铁资源。     

2-丁烯醛生产废水中溶解性有机物的分级解析

采用超滤膜法将2-丁烯醛生产废水中的有机物分为相对分子质量不同的7个级分,并应用溶解性有机碳(dissolved organic carbon,DOC)、紫外吸收光谱(ultraviolet spectrum,UV)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(fourier transform infrared spectrometer,FT-IR)和气相色谱/质谱联用仪(gas chromatography with mass spectrometry,GC-MS)技术对不同相对分子质量区间的有机物所占比例及物质结构进行了研究.结果表明,废水中相对分子质量1×103的有机物所占比例最高,达到88.57%;采用GCMS对废水中相对分子质量1×103的级分进行分析,定性出27种化合物,包含醛、酮、酯、醇、酚、酸、烷烃类及其他苯系物等,其峰面积占有机物峰面积总和的比例分别为6.9%、5.3%、35.4%、13.2%、4.6%、0.4%、1.7%、16.8%,总和为84%.UV和FT-IR分析结果均显示不同相对分子质量区间的光谱吸收特征没有明显差别,级分中存在含有不饱和双键、羟基、羰基化合物及芳香族化合物,与GC-MS检测结果相吻合.研究结果为废水处理工艺的开发与优化提供了重要的指导作用.     

金舵陶瓷:打造国际化优质环保建陶制造基地

佛山市金舵陶瓷有限公司是一家集科、工、贸;产、供、销于一体的大型知名陶瓷企业.公司始建于1993年,经过14年的发展,已经发展成为国内著名的大型优质高档建陶生产企业之一.公司是最早大规模采用进口设备生产抛光砖的企业,也因此享有"中国抛光砖鼻祖"的美誉.     

加强陕西野生动植物保护区建设

野生动植物资源作为自然生态环境的重要组成部分和可持续发展的战略资源，已受到国际社会的空前关注和重视，野生动植物资源保护的好坏，往往成为衡量一个国家文明与进步的重要标志，甚至关系到一个国家的形象和声誉野生动植物是生态系统的重要组成部分，影响着生态系统的稳定和平衡，保护野生动植物，就是保护人类赖以生存的生态环境，就是保护经济社会可持续发展的战略资源，说到底，保护野生动植物就是保护人类自己。     

提高模具行业的竞争力——敏捷制造

介绍了我国模具工业结构现状及敏捷制造的基本思想 ,论述了应用敏捷制造建立模具行业的动态联盟可缩短模具设计和制造周期 ,提高我国模具工业的竞争力。     

双钧安全带及安全防护网的研制与应用

井架用于安放天车、悬挂游车、大钩、水龙头、大钳和吊卡等起升设备和工具,并用以起下和存放钻具、油管、抽油杆或下套管的钢架结构.塔型井架是横截面为正方形或矩形的四棱截锥形空间桁架结构的井架.由许多单一构件用螺栓连接组成,并在井场组装或拆散运移.塔型井架的拆装作业在最高高度为41m的高空进行,属于特高空作业,在施工过程中,易发生高空坠落事故.为保障员工的生命安全,防止事故的发生,胜利石油管理局黄河钻井钻前公司研制了双钩安全带及安全防护网,经现场试用,效果良好.     

计算机控制四轨迹系列摆辗机研制

介绍了BY型计算机控制四轨迹摆辗机的设计特点、结构及制造、调试情况。     

Handling trade-offs in Ecodesign tools for sustainable product development and procurement

Trade-off situations often occur in the product development and procurement processes when alternative solutions emphasize different aspects that have to be balanced against each other. Ecodesign tools can be used in both product development and purchasing, for example to prescribe design alternatives, assess environmental impacts or to compare environmental improvement alternatives. However, it is not always clear what should be chosen in trade-off situations. In this study, 15 different Ecodesign tools were analyzed to ascertain whether a valuation is included in the tools, in what way the tools give support in different types of trade-off situations and whether the tools provide support from a sustainability perspective.Nine of the 15 tools analyzed included a valuation and were able to provide support in a trade-off situation, but the support was not sufficient. The valuation should include a life cycle perspective and a framework for sustainability. Otherwise, it can lead to strategically incorrect decisions from a sustainability perspective with concomitant risks of sub-optimized investment paths and blind alleys. However, all the analyzed tools can be complemented with other tools and methods based on strategic planning towards sustainability in order to include a framework for sustainability.     

县域野生经济植物开发与保护的评价

本文对黑龙江省孙吴县开发野生经济植物过程中,所应遵循的开发次序与保护进行了论述和评价.     

湖北省国家重点保护野生植物名录及特点

对湖北省分布的国家新颁布的重点保护野生植物进行了研究 ,据统计湖北省国家重点保护野生植物共有 5 7种 ,其中一级 13种 ,二级 44种 ;其中包括栽培 11种 ,一级 4种 ,二级 7种。对湖北重点保护植物名录特点进行了分析。     

天津野生鲫鱼体内壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚和壬基酚监测

采用GCB固相萃取作为净化方法 ,利用LC ESI MS技术测定鱼体内不同聚合度壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚 (NPnEO ,n≥ 3) ;用GC MS技术测定NP和NPnEO(n <3) .此方法与传统的氧化铝法相比较 ,GCB固相萃取作为净化方法的回收率较高 ,不同聚合度的NPnEO回收率为 70 4 %— 12 0 % ;方法检测限为 1ng g.用此方法调查了北京排污河中鲫鱼体内的NPnEO的残留情况 ,在所捕获的 12条鲫鱼中均检出了不同浓度的NPnEO和NP .NPnEO在北京排污河天津段鱼体内的残留浓度为 4 0— 6 80ng g ,NP的浓度在 30— 15 10ng g ,和水体中浓度之间的比值分别为 898和 94倍 .     

顶头热挤压模具设计与制造

此文主要介绍了无缝钢管管坯穿孔用顶头在热挤压成形时,其热挤压模具的工作原理、主要特点,同时分析了该模具结构及其材料的选用对顶头加工质量的影响。     

典型橡胶制品业VOCs排放特征及对周边环境影响

选取衡水市3家典型橡胶制品企业作为研究对象,通过GC-MS/FID对其VOCs排放特征进行研究,并运用最大增量反应活性系数(maximum incremental reactivity,MIR)和气溶胶生成系数(fractional aerosol coefficient,FAC)分别对其臭氧生成潜势(ozone formaiton potential,OFP)和二次有机气溶胶(secondary organic aerosol,SOA)生成潜势进行评估.结果表明,橡胶制品行业的VOCs排放种类主要包括烷烃类、酮类、醛类、醇类和苯系物等.对于传统的只有炼胶工艺和硫化工艺的橡胶制品企业,其特征污染物主要为酮类和醇类,而对于涉及涂胶工艺和喷漆工艺的橡胶制品企业来说,其特征污染物为苯系物.对典型生产工艺的臭氧和SOA的生成潜势进行了评估:臭氧影响方面,对于不涉及涂胶和喷漆工艺的橡胶制品企业,臭氧生成贡献主要来自于含氧烃,对于涉及涂胶和喷漆工艺的企业,由于胶黏剂和漆料等有机溶剂的大量使用,苯系物对臭氧生成的贡献还是要远远大于其它VOCs物种,占到了VOCs总贡献的82.9%; SOA影响方面,...