汽油添加剂对发动机燃烧和排放特性的影响

随着汽车排放法规的逐渐严格,高效和清洁成为了发动机燃烧技术和燃料技术的发展目标。汽油添加剂可以增强燃油的使用性能,有助于提升发动机的燃烧效率和控制排放。本文以汽油添加剂中的清净剂、减摩剂、助燃剂为关注点,围绕上述汽油添加剂对发动机燃烧和排放的影响进行了综述。研究表明,汽油清净剂通过清除和抑制发动机积碳,减少了一氧化碳(CO)、碳氢(HC)和颗粒物(PM)的排放,改善了燃油经济性;清净剂的添加浓度存在最佳值,过低或者过高的添加浓度并不能有效控制发动机积碳。助燃剂促使汽油燃烧更迅速、更完全,使得污染物排放降低,发动机动力性提升;汽油减摩剂会在活塞环与气缸之间形成液膜,减小发动机运动部件之间的摩擦损失,使得发动机的燃油经济性得到小幅提升。     

HK－Ⅰ型汽油节油净化添加剂的研制

HK－I型汽油节油净化添加剂的研制,是为厂提高汽油本身的燃烧性能和对油路和化油器的清洗性能,从而达到降低排气污染,提高发动机动力性和节油的目的。经台架实验和汽车实跑证明,HK－I型添加剂可使油耗下降10％以上,同时也减少了CH、CO的排放．      

汽油添加剂MTBE的最新研究及替代品

随着国家对环境保护的日趋重视，目前我国大部分城市禁止销售加铅汽油，使用TMBE作为汽油添加剂，可以提高汽油含氧量减少汽车尾气中的污染物，但由于其本身的性质，对环境可能带来的一些问题，也正被人们所重视。     

浅谈MTBE汽油添加剂的应用对环境的影响

介绍了MTBE汽油添加剂净化汽车尾气的作用,分析污染地下水源和遭到禁用的原因,提出建议.     

汽油清净剂对汽车尾气排放影响及其清净性研究

通过整车转鼓试验,对比研究了10种市售清净剂在分别加入93^#汽油后,汽车尾气排放的变化情况;从中选取一种性能良好的物理清净剂,通过1.2×10⁴ km道路行车试验和发动机拆解试验,进一步评价该清净剂的节能减排效果及对发动机沉积物的清洁作用。结果表明：整体来看,使用所选的10种汽油清净剂后,汽车尾气排放会有不同程度的下降;但有的清净剂可能会增加尾气中个别污染物的排放,尤其是HC和NO_x。加入所选物理清净剂后,受试车辆的HC、CO及NO_x排放量分别下降14.3%、13.6%和16.7%,油耗下降3.5%;与加剂前相比,发动机系统的进气阀和缸盖部位沉积物均有所减少,其中进气阀沉积物质量减少6.8%,但对活塞顶部沉积物无明显抑制或清洁作用。试验还证明了汽车发动机拆解重装后,磨合期内CO和NOx排放量及油耗会有所增加;但清除缸内沉积物后,受试车辆的尾气排放和油耗情况均有所改善。     

无烟煤冶炼碳化硅废气排放规律研究

我国碳化硅(SiC)产能世界第一,但因冶炼方式粗放、行业排放标准缺失等原因,废气大量无组织排放,造成大气环境严重污染。使用半密闭收集装置,将废气由无组织排放变为有组织排放,继而研究其污染因子及排放规律。通过现场实测、标准比对等方法,确定污染因子为SO₂、NO_x、PM 3种常规污染因子和CO 1种特征污染因子。结果表明,SO₂、NO_x、PM的日排放量变化规律与冶炼温度存在趋同性;SO₂、NO_x、PM的日排放量在恒温阶段(高温段)最高,分别达439.00、59.04、38.81 kg/d。CO因同时受主副反应竞争性影响,其日排放量在升温和降温阶段较高,达6 488.37 kg/d;在恒温阶段较低,为1 203.70 kg/d。根据污染物日排放量,通过变频控制风机风量和吸收液流速,使之适配不同冶炼时期的污染物浓度,从而降低污染治理成本。     

保定市辖区废气排放分析研究

本对保定市辖区废气排放及废气重点源的分布情况进行了调查研究，。分析了废气排放对空气环境质量产生的影响，并提出了相应的治理措施。     

工业废气、废水中二氧化氯排放标准的研究

一、前言 二氧化氯气体和其水溶液均具有强氧化作用。在纺织、造纸、油脂和淀粉的漂白精制,饮用水的消毒、脱臭和除酚,热电厂除盐水系统中微生物污堵危害的消除等方面均有广泛应用。但它属于高毒类物质,为保护环     

Influences of accumulated mileage and technological changes on emissions of regulated pollutants from gasoline passenger vehicles

In this study, the influences of accumulated mileage(deterioration) and technological changes(emission standards) on emission factors(EFs) of regulated pollutants(CO, HC, and NO_x) from gasoline passenger vehicles were investigated based on Inspection and Maintenance(I/M) data using the chassis dynamometer method. The accumulated mileage of passenger vehicles was significantly linearly correlated with vehicle age. For most cases,the average EFs of CO, HC and NO_x were significantly linearly correlated with accumulated mileage, indicating that emission deterioration had a significant impact on pollutant EFs.Implemented emission standards markedly influenced the EFs of regulated pollutants, and EFs markedly decreased with progressing emission standards. The present study also compared EFs of regulated pollutants between this study and the International vehicle emission(IVE) model, and marked differences in EFs were seen with variations in emission standards, vehicle types and accumulated mileage; NO_x EFs in this study were higher than in the IVE model. The results provide new insight into estimating regulated pollutant emissions using the IVE model.     

MMT对GDI、PFI汽油机微粒排放的影响

为研究MMT对GDI、PFI汽油机微粒排放数量浓度以及质量浓度的影响,利用DMS500快速型微粒光谱仪,对一台增压缸内直喷(GDI)汽油机和一台自然吸气式气道喷射(PFI)汽油机燃用基础油以及在基础油中添加有机锰(MMT)的燃油的微粒排放特性进行了试验研究.结果表明:MMT的添加均会增加GDI、PFI汽油机的微粒排放,燃用不同含Mn量的燃油,各负荷下GDI汽油机的微粒数量浓度均明显高于PFI汽油机.中小负荷下GDI、PFI汽油机微粒排放数量浓度以及质量浓度均随着Mn含量的增加而上升.大负荷下,PFI汽油机微粒数量浓度随着Mn含量的增加而上升,但GDI汽油机则是在燃用不含Mn的燃油时微粒数量浓度最低,而后随着燃油中Mn含量的增加,超细微粒数量浓度的峰值反而逐步降低.GDI、PFI汽油机核模态与积聚模态微粒数量变化的规律相似.     

Potential of secondary aerosol formation from Chinese gasoline engine exhaust

Light-duty gasoline vehicles have drawn public attention in China due to their significant primary emissions of particulate matter and volatile organic compounds(VOCs). However,little information on secondary aerosol formation from exhaust for Chinese vehicles and fuel conditions is available. In this study, chamber experiments were conducted to quantify the potential of secondary aerosol formation from the exhaust of a port fuel injection gasoline engine. The engine and fuel used are common in the Chinese market, and the fuel satisfies the China V gasoline fuel standard. Substantial secondary aerosol formation was observed during a 4–5 hr simulation, which was estimated to represent more than 10 days of equivalent atmospheric photo-oxidation in Beijing. As a consequence, the extreme case secondary organic aerosol(SOA) production was 426 ± 85 mg/kg-fuel, with high levels of precursors and OH exposure. The low hygroscopicity of the aerosols formed inside the chamber suggests that SOA was the dominant chemical composition. Fourteen percent of SOA measured in the chamber experiments could be explained through the oxidation of speciated single-ring aromatics. Unspeciated precursors, such as intermediate-volatility organic compounds and semi-volatile organic compounds, might be significant for SOA formation from gasoline VOCs. We concluded that reductions of emissions of aerosol precursor gases from vehicles are essential to mediate pollution in China.     

MMT对汽油机微粒排放影响的试验研究

在一台自然吸气式气口喷射汽油机上,开展了甲基环戊二烯三羰基锰(MMT)汽油添加剂对发动机微粒粒径分布、数量浓度和质量浓度影响的研究.结果表明,随着含锰量的增加,核膜态和积聚态颗粒的数量浓度都急剧增加,微粒中超细颗粒所占比重大幅增加,微粒排放的质量浓度逐渐增加.当量比燃烧时,核膜态微粒的数量浓度随着负荷的增加而降低,而在外特性时所有粒径的数量浓度都大幅度增加.随着含锰量增加,微粒数量浓度随负荷增大而降低的趋势逐渐减弱.     

MMT对汽油机催化前后微粒排放的影响

在一台自然吸气式PFI汽油机上,开展了甲基环戊二烯三羰基锰(MMT)汽油添加剂对发动机催化前后微粒数量浓度分布、粒径分布和质量浓度分布影响的试验,并研究了不同MMT含量对催化器催化效率的影响.结果表明,随着汽油添加剂MMT含量的增加,催化前后核态和积聚态的数量浓度均增加,MMT含量为12.5 mg·L-1和17.5 mg·L-1的燃油增加显著,相对于超细微粒,经催化器后细微粒和大微粒降幅比较明显.催化前后核膜态峰值粒径基本不变,催化后的积聚态峰值粒径明显大于催化前.随着MMT含量的增加,催化后积聚态峰值粒径向催化前移动.相比于基础油,随着MMT含量的增加,催化器对总数量浓度的催化效率有所降低,但MMT的增加大幅度提高了催化器对微粒总质量浓度的催化效率.     

On-board measurement of emissions from liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline and diesel powered passenger cars in Algeria

On-board measurements of unit emissions of CO,HC,NOx and CO2 were conducted on 17 private cars powered by different types of fuels including gasoline,dual gasoline–liquefied petroleum gas(LPG),gasoline,and diesel. The tests performed revealed the effect of LPG injection technology on unit emissions and made it possible to compare the measured emissions to the European Artemis emission model. A sequential multipoint injection LPG kit with no catalyst installed was found to be the most efficient pollutant reduction device for all of the pollutants,with the exception of the NOx. Specific test results for a sub-group of LPG vehicles revealed that LPG-fueled engines with no catalyst cannot compete with catalyzed gasoline and diesel engines. Vehicle age does not appear to be a determining parameter with regard to vehicle pollutant emissions. A fuel switch to LPG offers many advantages as far as pollutant emissions are concerned,due to LPG's intrinsic characteristics.However,these advantages are being rapidly offset by the strong development of both gasoline and diesel engine technologies and catalyst converters. The LPG's performance on a chassis dynamometer under real driving conditions was better than expected. The enforcement of pollutant emission standards in developing countries is an important step towards introducing clean technology and reducing vehicle emissions.     

缸内直喷汽油机排放PM_(2.5)的理化特征及影响因素

通过发动机台架实验研究了发动机的转速、负荷对缸内直喷(GDI)汽油机排放PM_(2.5)的排放水平、化学组成及颗粒物数浓度等的影响.结果表明:GDI汽油机排放PM_(2.5),OC,EC的排放因子分别为(49.8±28.2),(21.6±6.9),(11.4±10.8)mg/kg.低转速时,PM_(2.5)排放量随着负荷的增加先减少后增加,中、高转速时随着负荷的增加逐渐增加.碳质气溶胶是GDI汽油机排放的PM_(2.5)的主要组成成分,有机物(OM)和元素碳(EC)分别占PM_(2.5)的45.6%~70.6%和7.9%~42.7%.PM_(2.5)数浓度呈核态(10nmDp30nm)和积聚态(30nmDp200nm)的双峰分布,数浓度排放量比进气道喷射(PFI)汽油机高2个数量级,不同转速下积聚态颗粒数浓度随着负荷的增加而增加.     

汽油机燃用乙醇和汽油的混合燃料的试验研究

对摩托车汽油机进行了燃用乙醇 汽油混合燃料的试验,并与燃用汽油时的结果进行了对比分析.结果显示,汽油机燃用乙醇和汽油的混合燃料,当混合燃料中乙醇比例为10%和15%时,即使发动机的结构不变、燃油系统和点火系统不作任何调整的时候,发动机的全负荷输出不受影响,发动机的能耗率得到改善,HC和CO排放有所降低,但是NOx排放会有显著增加.     

Optimization of gasoline hydrocarbon compositions for reducing exhaust emissions

Effects of hydrocarbon compositions on raw exhaust emissions and combustion processes were studied on an engine test bench. The optimization of gasoline hydrocarbon composition was discussed. As olefins content increased from 10.0% to 25.0% in volume, the combustion duration was shortened by about 2 degree crank angle ( CA), and the engine-out THC emission was reduced by about 15%. On the other hand, as aromatics content changed from 35.0% to 45.0%, the engine-out NOx emissions increased by 4%. An increment in olefins content resulted in a slight increase in engine-out CO emission, while the aromatics content had little e ect on engine-out total hydrocarbon (THC) and CO emissions. Over the new European driving cycle (NEDC), the THC, NOx and CO emissions of fuel with 25.0% olefins and 35.0% aromatics were about 45%, 21% and 19% lower than those of fuel with 10.0% olefins and 40.0% aromatics, respectively. The optimized gasoline compositions for new engines and new vehicles have low aromatics and high olefins contents.