Complementary effect of natural and sexual selection against immigrants maintains differentiation between locally adapted fish

Adaptation to ecologically heterogeneous environments can drive speciation. But what mechanisms maintain reproductive isolation among locally adapted populations? Using poeciliid fishes in a system with naturally occurring toxic hydrogen sulfide, we show that (a) fish from non-sulfidic sites (Poecilia mexicana) show high mortality (95 %) after 24 h when exposed to the toxicant, while locally adapted fish from sulfidic sites (Poecilia sulphuraria) experience low mortality (13 %) when transferred to non-sulfidic water. (b) Mate choice tests revealed that P. mexicana females exhibit a preference for conspecific males in non-sulfidic water, but not in sulfidic water, whereas P. sulphuraria females never showed a preference. Increased costs of mate choice in sulfidic, hypoxic water, and the lack of selection for reinforcement due to the low survival of P. mexicana may explain the absence of a preference in P. sulphuraria females. Taken together, our study may be the first to demonstrate independent—but complementary—effects of natural and sexual selection against immigrants maintaining differentiation between locally adapted fish populations.     

基于鱼类保护目标的太子河环境流量研究

环境流量是流域水资源合理配置的基础.因此,本文借鉴FLOWS法,以太子河重要鱼类为保护目标,构建了流量组分与鱼类生态需求关系模型.同时,结合栖息地指标与流量关系曲线,计算了包含基流、脉冲流、平滩流和漫滩流4种组分在内的太子河环境流量.结果表明：太子河本溪、辽阳、唐马寨河段鱼类保护年基流量分别为2.93×108、3.12×108、2.88×108m3;现状径流总体可以满足年基流量的要求,但水文过程需要通过水库调度以匹配鱼类生态过程.推荐的各河段脉冲流、平滩流和漫滩流的量级、频率、历时、出现时间等水文参数,可以体现环境流量组分与自然径流过程的一致性要求.该研究可为太子河流域水库生态调度提供理论依据.     

三丁基锡在鱼脑中的吸收与沿轴突传递的研究

为证实水中三丁基锡是否与Hg2+,Cd2+与Mn2+等离子相类似,即由鱼的感觉器官进入神经系统,再经过轴突传递进入大脑。笔者将一组虹鳟鱼暴露在含有113Sn-TBT(4 2kBq L)的水中;另一组经静脉注射113Sn-TBT。用全身放射自显影方式给出113Sn-TBT在鱼体中的分布。结果表明,113Sn-TBT可以通过鱼感觉器官,例如隆起颗粒进入鱼脑,并大量累积。静脉给药组的鱼大脑中也出现了放射性标记,表明TBT能通过血脑屏障到达大脑。由此得出结论:TBT可由水→鳃→血流→血脑屏障→大脑的传递过程在鱼的大脑中累积,但TBT也能经过水暴露敏感神经的端点被鱼体吸收,再由轴突传递直接输送到大脑。      

Inhibitory influence of the connecting strands in fish

The Science of Nature -     

On the origin of fiber calcite crystals in moonmilk deposits

In this study, we show that moonmilk subaerial speleothems in Altamira Cave (Spain) consist of a network of fiber calcite crystals and active microbial structures. In Altamira moonmilks, the study of the typology and distribution of fiber crystals, extracellular polymeric substances, and microorganisms allowed us to define the initial stages of fiber crystal formation in recent samples as well as the variations in the microstructural arrangement in more evolved stages. Thus, we have been able to show the existence of a relationship among the different types of fiber crystals and their origins. This allowed us to outline a model that illustrates the different stages of formation of the moonmilk, developed on different substrata, concluding that microbes influence physicochemical precipitation, resulting in a variety of fiber crystal morphologies and sizes.     

基于鱼类名录的30年来东江干流(惠州段)鱼类多样性变化

为评价东江干流(惠州段)鱼类多样性,并监测其水质变化状况,根据该河段鱼类的调查资料及历史数据,编制了鱼类名录,并计算了鱼类平均分类差异指数和G-F多样性测度指数.结果显示,东江干流(惠州段)共记录近30多年来鱼类11目,29科,77属,94种,鲤形目鱼类占绝对优势;从物种水平看,研究的4个时间段鱼类物种多样性由大到小排序为 、 、 和 ;从科属水平看,鱼类物种多样性由1981~1983向2005~2007减小,再向2007~2010增加,最后向2011~2012减小.其中,1981~1983的多样性最高,2011~2012的多样性最低.平均分类差异指数与G-F多样性测度指数均适宜于东江干流(惠州段)鱼类物种多样性研究.     

Mercury in alpine fish from four rivers in the Tibetan Plateau

As a global pollutant, high levels of mercury (Hg) have been found in remote ecosystem due to the long range atmospheric transport. In this study, a total of 60 fish samples were collected from four rivers across the Tibetan Plateau to study the accumulation of Hg in remote and high-altitude aquatic environment. The total Hg (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) in fish muscles ranged from 11 to 2097 ng/g dry weight (dw) (average: 819 ng/g dw) and from 14 to 1960 ng/g dw (average: 756 ng/g dw), respectively. Significantly positive linear relationships were observed between the THg (r = 0.591, p < 0.01, n = 36) and MeHg concentrations (r = 0.473, p < 0.01, n = 36) with the trophic level of fish from Lhasa River, suggesting trophic transfer and biomagnification of Hg in this aquatic ecosystem. Moreover, the THg levels in fish had significantly positive correlations with the length (r = 0.316, p < 0.05, n = 60) and weight (r = 0.271, p < 0.05, n = 60) of fish. The high levels of Hg were attributed to the slow growth and long lifespan of the fish under this sterile and cold environment. Risk assessment revealed that the consumption of Oxygymnocypris stewartii, Schizothorax macropogon, Schizothorax waltoni, Schizopygopsis younghusbandi and Schizothorax o'connori would lead to a high exposure to MeHg.     

The role of hormones in the acclimation of fish to low temperatures

The known cases elucidating the role of hormones in the regulation of physiological and biochemical changes which occur when fish are acclimated to low temperatures are sparse, but evidence is accumulating to implicate prolactin, glucagon, insulin and perhaps thyroxine and cortisol in at least some of the physiological adjustments observed in some species. The need for further research on hormonal control mechanisms at work during low-temperature acclimation is discussed, with special emphasis placed on neuroendocrine relationships.     

Criteria and procedures for evaluating the quality of fish populations in reservoirs

Routine assessments of sport fish populations are necessary for managers to determine whether populations are meeting objectives. An effective assessment technique should entail rating parameters that are measurements of, or are influenced by the three rate functions of recruitment, growth, and mortality. It will enable managers to determine which rate functions may be preventing a population from achieving stated objectives and help them determine if additional management or research efforts are needed. The first requirement of an effective assessment technique is a standard sampling method that captures all sizes of fish that are present in the population. The sampling method should detect changes in population density and size structure, which will then be reflected in sample length frequencies. Other important criteria are the selection of appropriate parameters from the sample data and the setting of objectives for those parameters. An ideal assessment should include parameters that depict recruitment levels, adult density, growth rate, age structure, and size structure. The parameter value should be easy to calculate from sample data. Use of an assessment for white crappies in Missouri’s large reservoirs showed that growth was generally good, but mortality was high. Subsequent research indicated that angler exploitation was the cause of the high mortality, which led to the successful implementation of restrictive harvest regulations.     

溴氰菊酯农药对鱼塘浮游动物影响的研究

建立稻田－鱼塘模拟生态系统。对稻田施用溴氰菊酯农药后,将含有农药的稻田水排入鱼塘,研究鱼塘中浮游动物受影响情况。结果表明：大多数浮游动物对溴氰菊酯敏感,在该系统中测定的枝角类、桡足类、轮虫和原生动物的EC50－24h值分别为0.18、0.30、2.00及0.66μg/L。含农药的稻田水排入鱼塘后,多数浮游动物现存量显著减少,24h后逐渐恢复,2周后可以恢复至正常水平。未对浮游动物造成持久的、不可逆的毒性效应