论单位环境犯罪刑事责任的实现——以紫金矿业水污染为例

为了更好地惩治环境犯罪,我国《刑法》在第六章第六节中规定了"破坏环境资源保护罪"。但现有单位环境犯罪刑事责任在司法实践中体现出主体范围不确定、是否适用严格责任原则、刑事责任实现方式不足等问题。可通过确定"双罚制"中的责任人员,提高司法效率;引入严格责任原则,减少主观方面认定的困难;增加单位资格刑设置,完善非刑罚措施等解决上述问题,最大限度促进单位环境犯罪的刑事责任的实现。     

困境与对策:恢复性司法于环境犯罪中的适用

伴随《刑法修正案(八)》对生态环境犯罪法益的立法转向,有条件地承认了环境资源即是刑法所值得保护的利益.生态环境犯罪法益理论侧重法益恢复与轻缓刑罚的思想与恢复性司法的利益平衡、犯罪人再社会化具有目标一致性,因而相互契合.恢复性司法应用于生态环境犯罪的探索正在司法实践中广泛开展,然而实践中仍然存在适用方式法律依据不足、适用...     

以严格的法治为生态文明护航

正治污用重典从环境保护立法及法律责任制度的发展趋势来看,各国都在积极倡导危害环境行为的"犯罪化"和"刑罚化",强化刑事司法措施在环境保护中的作用。我国1997年《刑法》设立了重大环境污染事故罪,但规定了"致使公私财产遭受     

污染环境罪司法适用争议问题研究

《刑法修正案（八）》颁布实施后,污染环境罪适用已经一年有余,然而一些争议问题仍未厘清,尤其是主观罪过形态以及严格责任问题,理论界和司法实践中还存在不同的认识。笔者认为,将污染环境罪认定为过失犯罪不存在理论上的不恰切,相反更符合刑法罪责刑相适应的原则。同时严格责任在我国刑法中没有适用的空间。     

环境犯罪适用恢复性司法的理性思考

基于环境犯罪的特殊性与恢复性司法的目标,以当前环境犯罪适用恢复性司法的现状为切入点,明确学界对在环境犯罪领域中适用恢复性司法在案件适用范围以及被害人确定问题上存在争议。为此,在理性分析当前环境犯罪的犯罪化与刑罚关系,同时对被害人进行理性划定的基础上,指出在环境犯罪领域中适用恢复性司法应当适当扩大案件适用范围、完善救济对象与方式。     

环境犯罪刑事立法缺陷及其完善建议

《刑法》第338条以污染环境罪为核心构建起来的现行环境犯罪体系存在环境立法观念偏颇、法益保护范围过窄以及刑罚力度不足三方面的缺陷。在我国环境问题依旧严重的今天,为了适应不断发展变化的社会,刑法环境犯罪体系的重构已经势在必行,应当以刑法的规范观念为指导,以污染环境罪为基础建立我国体系化的环境刑法,同时根据社会危害性配置更加严厉的刑罚。     

环境犯罪主体新论

环境犯罪的主体不仅包括自然人和单位,而且包括国家,国家作为环境犯罪主体限于国际环境犯罪领域。环境犯罪的主体形象经历了由理性人到经验人再到生态人的变迁。生态人形象既尊重人,又尊重自然,不仅承认人的价值,而且承认环境的价值。风险需要、风险意识和风险决策分别从生理、心理和行为三个方面共同揭示环境犯罪的风险主体特征。环境犯罪主体应承担与复杂特殊的环境犯罪相适应的刑事责任方式,环境犯罪刑事责任的立法设置与司法适用应综合考量主体类型、法益类型、环境能否修复等因素。     

刑法是解决环境问题的利剑吗？——从“环境监管失职罪”适用条件降低谈起

两高联合发布的《关于办理环境污染刑事案件适用法律若干问题的解释》．降低了包括环境监管失职罪在内的环境犯罪的适用条件。但刑法并不是解决环境问题的唯一途径,环境法律的多元化和环境法律关系的多样性也决定了需要多方主体协同参与、多种法律手段并存的方式解决环境问题。     

污染环境罪行政从属性辨析——兼谈本罪的“违反国家规定”

《刑法》第338条表面上规定污染环境罪需要以环境行政法及其相关国家规定为前置条件,行为的刑事可罚性依赖于环境行政法律规范的规定,因而污染环境罪具有完全行政从属性,属于行政犯,"违反国家规定"即为从属性标志。然而,陆续出台的环境犯罪司法解释确立了污染环境罪的自然犯特征,本罪并非纯正的行政犯,在部分情形下即使没有违反国家规定也应当将行为纳入刑罚的处罚范围。因此,本罪中"违反国家规定"应作分类解释,以便合理规制不同类型的污染环境行为,避免刑法过早介入或滞后惩罚。     

环境刑法的“进化”:从保护“人身、财产权益”到维护“环境权益”

修改后的《刑法(修正案八)》通过调整犯罪客体、改变客观方面使环境刑法从保护传统的"人身、财产权益"拓展到维护"环境权益",其积极意义有三:一是可以加大刑法对环境违法行为的打击广度,扩大刑法的适用范围;二是可以显著前移刑法对环境违法行为的打击时机,强化刑法的保障作用;三是可以大大降低因果关系的证明难度,有助于走出环境刑事诉讼的困境。     

论环境犯罪的构成要件

文章从环境犯罪的概念入手,进一步阐释环境犯罪的构成要件。通过对四个构成要件逐个剖析,对进一步完善环境刑法提出了自己的看法。     

捕杀中华鲟 罚款又获刑

中华鲟被称为"水中熊猫",生存至今已有1.4亿年,素有"活化石"之称,是国家一级保护水生野生动物,堪称我国的国宝,属于濒临灭绝的生物种群。然而,一些不法之徒见利忘义,非法捕杀中华鲟,最终受到了法律的严惩。     

Fitness Landscapes and the Precautionary Principle: The Geometry of Environmental Risk

The Precautionary Principle is a legal mechanism for managing the environmental risk arising from incomplete scientific knowledge of a proposal's impacts. The Precautionary Principle is applied to actions that carry with them the potential for serious or irreversible environmental change. The model proposed in this paper draws on methods used in a range of disciplines for modeling (potentially highly nonlinear) interactions between multiple parts of a complex system. These methods have been drawn together under the common mathematical umbrella of Fitness Landscape Theory. It is argued that the model, called “Environmental Impact Fitness Landscapes,” allows statements about the sensitivity of the gross effect from a set of impacts to be made when the number of impacts in the set, and/or their degree of interaction, is varied. It is argued that this can be achieved through identification of “meta” or “emergent” properties of the set itself, without reference to the specific causal chains determining behavior in specific instances. While such properties are very general, they may at least allow for the parameterization of the effects of sets of impacts where interactions are highly uncertain and empirical data severely limited, i.e., situations that would typically invoke the Precautionary Principle.     

外来物种入侵及其环境法律调控准则

随着世界经济、贸易和交通高度发达的影响，外来物种入侵活动且益加剧，已尼成为威胁我国生物多样性与生态环境的重要因素之一，对我国的一些地区造成了巨大的生态和经济损失。有关外来入侵物种管理的立法应贯彻风险预防原则。     

论疫学因果关系推定法在环境犯罪中的运用简

污染型环境犯罪具有复杂、时间长、举证难的特点,运用传统刑法必然因果关系理论难以确定因果关系。疫学因果关系推定法建立在大量的客观统计数据之上,根据四大推定原则来进行因果关系推理,有利于认定污染型环境犯罪的因果关系,但是又存在“高度盖然性”标准不明和容易被主观干扰等缺陷。结合我国实际情况,建议有原则地在污染型环境犯罪中引入疫学因果关系推定。     

The hotelling valuation of natural resources: some further results

This paper tests the Hotelling Valuation Principle (HVP) for natural resources using data from oil and gas ‘pure plays’ such as royalty trusts and master limited partnerships. The results support the HVP which specifies that the value of any mineral reserve may be predicted by the market price of the resource, net of extraction costs. Regression results also indicate that a Box-Cox transformation of variables provide a better means of estimating the functional relationship between the value of an exhaustible natural resource and its market price.     

我国环境犯罪立法的现代化

环境犯罪立法的现代化是指环境立法在新形势下发展、完善的过程。科学发展观为环境犯罪立法提供了新的目标,同时,环境犯罪立法在环境犯罪的概念、主观与客观形态上都应体现现代化目标的要求。     

Between Precautionary Principle and “Sound Science”: Distributing the Burdens of Proof

Opponents of biotechnology ofteninvoke the Precautionary Principle to advancetheir cause, whereas biotech enthusiasts preferto appeal to ``sound science.' Publicauthorities are still groping for a usefuldefinition. A crucial issue in this debate isthe distribution of the burden of proof amongthe parties favoring and opposing certaintechnological developments. Indeed, the debateon the significance and scope of thePrecautionary Principle can be fruitfullyre-framed as a debate on the proper division ofburdens of proof. In this article, we attemptto arrive at a more refined way of thinkingabout this problem in order to escape from theexisting polarization of views between ``guiltyuntil proven innocent' and ``innocent untilproven guilty.' This way of thinking alsoenables a critical review of currentdemarcations between risk assessment and riskmanagement, or science and politics, and of themorally laden controversy on the relativeimportance of type-I and type-II errors instatistical testing.     

环境监管失职罪的正确认定

结合真实案例探讨了环境监管失职罪的两个难点问题,主张运用监督过失理论认定监督人的预见范围,运用偶然因果关系的理论分析监督人的失职行为与危害结果之间的因果关系。     

Precaution and the Methodological Status of Scientific (Un)certainty

An effective application of thePrecautionary Principle (PP) hinges on thestipulation that, ``a lack of scientificcertainty shall not be used as a reason forpostponing measures.' The practicalconsequences of this expression are presentlynot clear enough in most contexts of use toenable constructive communication and thereforethe PP is not sufficiently operational now. Apragmatic and fundamental methodology forunderstanding scientific (un)certainty indifferent practical contexts needs to be put inplace to create a communicative basis foreffective precaution. Lack of clarity aboutproblem definition and problem ownershipcreates artificial controversies that willobstruct a precautionary approach. Given thefact that different practical contexts ofscientific (un)certainty exist, it may seemfrom one context as if no precaution iswarranted whereas concerns from anotherrelevant context may suggest otherwise.Therefore, an integrative methodologicalframework for communicating about scientific(un)certainty is sorely needed in internationalpolicy-making. By putting a focus on therelevance of specified research questions forthe objective of taking precaution, acommunicative methodology may be adopted thatis dedicated to the design properties of asustainable future. Precaution cannot beoperationalized without a methodological basisthat allows for effective transparency andevades the stalemates of artificialcontroversy. Existing debate methodologies haveso far not managed to accommodate thesepressing demands.