NaCl改性人造沸石去除废水中氨氮的性能及其影响因素

采用NaCl溶液对人造沸石进行改性处理,考察NaCl溶液浓度对改性效果的影响.通过表面特征分析、静态吸附试验及吸附等温分析,进一步比较了人造沸石和改性人造沸石对氨氮的吸附去除性能.由X射线衍射(XRD)分析可知,沸石经改性后表面变粗糙,同时出现NaCl晶体特征衍射峰.试验结果表明,1.0 mol·L-1NaCl溶液对人造沸石的改性效果最佳;在沸石用量为1.0 g(50 mL废水)、氨氮浓度为10 mol·L-1、反应时间为40 min、反应温度为25℃和pH值为6.52条件下,改性人造沸石对氨氮的吸附效果最佳,去除率为96.02％.Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温方程均可较好地拟合2种沸石对氨氮的吸附过程.改性人造沸石对氨氮的吸附饱和容量(21.46 mg·g-1)远大于人造沸石(9.03 mg·g-1).     

改性天然沸石的除氟性能研究

高效除氟材料的应用能降低饮用水中的氟质量浓度.采用静态吸附实验,比较了天然沸石和实验室制得的氢氧化铝、硫酸铝、聚合硫酸铁(PFS)改性天然沸石的除氟性能.结果表明,PFS改性的天然沸石具有良好的除氟效果,静态除氟容量可达25 mg·g~(-1).通过动态吸附试验,进一步探讨了饮用水的氟质量浓度、流速、停留时间、床层高度等因素对PFS改性天然沸石除氟性能的影响.研究发现,原水氟质量浓度越低,最佳除氟停留时间越短,PFS改性天然沸石滤柱床层高度越小.当停留时间为68 s,滤柱床层高度为47 mm时,含氟为5.8 mg·L~(-1)的模拟水样经吸附滤柱后,其氟质量浓度降到0.95 mg·L~(-1),低于国家生活饮用水标准的上限值1 mg·L~(-1).当含氟为4.14 mg·L~(-1)时,停留时间缩短为58 s,最小床层高度为40 mm;含氟为2.5 mg·L~(-1)时.停留时间为47 s,最小床层高度为32 mm,出水即可符合国家生活饮用水标准.因此,可根据不同高氟水地区的氟质量浓度来确定停留时间和床层高度,从而确定材料的适宜用量和流量.     

氨氮在天然沸石上的吸附及解吸

研究了氨氮浓度、温度、时间、共存阳离子等对氨氮在天然沸石上吸附的影响 ,比较了HCl及NaCl溶液对氨氮解吸的效果 ,初步探讨了沸石吸附氨氮后自然硝化的规律 .结果显示 ,随着氨氮浓度的增大或温度的升高 ,沸石吸附量上升 ,最大可达 1 1 5mg·g- 1 ;沸石吸附的初始阶段 (0— 8h) ,沸石吸附量随时间显著上升 ,此后趋于平缓 ;在不同阳离子共存的情况下 ,K 可使沸石吸附量降低 5 0 %以上 ;HCl溶液对氨氮解吸的效果好于NaCl溶液 ,解吸率最高可达到 6 0 % ;沸石吸附的氨氮在硝化细菌作用下可转化为硝氮 ,溶液中硝氮浓度 1 2 0h后可达 9mg·l- 1 ,在总氮中比率达到 2 7% .     

镧改性沸石改良太湖底泥的磷吸附特征

采用镧改性沸石对太湖底泥进行改良,通过吸附试验分析镧改性沸石改良太湖底泥的磷酸盐吸附特征.结果表明,Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型可以较好地描述太湖底泥对水体中较高浓度磷酸盐(1～15 mg·L-1)的吸附平衡,根据Langmuir吸附方程,未改良太湖底泥对水体中磷的最大吸附容量为791 mg·kg-1,镧改性沸石添加量为10、25和50 g·kg-1的改良太湖底泥对水体中磷的最大吸附容量分别为937、1 037和1 505mg.kg-1.准二级动力学模型可以较好地描述太湖底泥对磷酸盐的吸附动力学过程.太湖底泥对磷酸盐的去除能力随pH值增加而降低,其对磷酸盐的吸附属于自发和吸热过程.改良太湖底泥对磷酸盐的吸附能力明显高于未改良太湖底泥,并且其吸附能力随镧改性沸石添加量的增加而增加.镧改性沸石添加量为10～50 g · kg-1的改良太湖底泥的磷吸附-解吸平衡浓度为0.129～0.241 mg·L-1,明显低于未改良太湖底泥(0.386 mg·L-1).被改良底泥中镧改性沸石所吸附的磷以NaOH-P和HCl-P等较稳定的形态存在,厌氧状态下不易释放.     

改性沸石及添加CaCl2和MgCl2对重金属离子Pb2+吸附特性的影响

研究天然沸石和改性沸石对Pb2+吸附的性能,探讨不同因素对沸石吸附Pb2+的影响.结果表明,天然沸石经过3种不同方法改性后均可促进其对Pb2+的吸附.氢氧化钠改性沸石吸附Pb2+效果最好,其次是硝酸钾改性沸石,氯化铵改性沸石吸附Pb2+效果稍差一些.不同Pb2+初始浓度、沸石使用量、pH和温度均对天然沸石和改性沸石吸附Pb2+有影响.天然沸石和改性沸石对Pb2+的等温吸附可用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程来拟合,其中Langmuir方程的拟合效果较好,相关系数在0.9203—0.9840之间.CaCl2和MgCl2可影响天然沸石和改性沸石对Pb2+的吸附.当CaCl2和MgCl2的浓度均为10 mmol.L-1时,天然沸石吸附Pb2+量分别比对照处理提高66.6%和54.5%.添加2—10 mmol.L-1CaCl2和MgCl2导致氯化铵改性沸石吸附Pb2+分别比对照处理提高16.4%—18.8%和16.8%—19.9%.研究结果表明,采用沸石去除废水中的Pb元素时必须考虑不同因素的影响,以达到重金属去除效率的最大化.     

粘土改性条件的研究Ⅱ.沸石的改性

考察了改性沸石的CTMAB加入量、CTMAB溶液浓度和吸附时间对CTMAB吸附量的影响 .测得沸石对CTMAB的饱和吸附容量为 6 5 0 0± 1 0 0mg·1 0 0g- 1沸石 ,明显高于改性膨润土的饱和吸附量 ,吸附符合Langmuir吸附特征 . 2 5℃时 ,当CTMAB的加入量为沸石饱和吸附容量的 1 1— 1 2倍 ,CTMAB溶液浓度≥ 1 6mg·ml- 1,吸附时间超过 6h时 ,沸石基本达到饱和吸附 .考察了有机沸石对于水中BTEX的去除效果 .并对沸石和膨润土的性质进行了比较 .     

阳离子表面活性剂用量对改性沸石吸附铬酸根的影响

用不同量阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)对天然沸石改性,并制备不同改性程度的改性沸石,测定沸石对CTAB的吸附量,比较几种沸石对铬酸根的吸附性能及其与改性沸石胶体Zeta电位的关系,探讨沸石对铬酸根的吸附机制及沸石再生后对铬酸根的吸附能力.结果表明,随着CTAB加入量的增加,它在沸石表面的吸附量显著增加,制备的改性沸石对铬酸根吸附性能显著提高.改性后沸石胶体的Zeta电位由负变正,而且随着CTAB用量的增加,Zeta电位正值增加.铬酸根在改性沸石表面的吸附量随离子强度增加而减小,而且改性沸石吸附的铬酸根大部分可以被中性盐解吸,说明铬酸根的吸附以静电作用机制为主.改性剂用量在0.15～0.3 mol·kg-1范围内,改性沸石再生后仍对铬酸根有很好的吸附性能,可以循环使用.     

改性斜发沸石在水处理中的应用

斜发沸石钠改性后能明显提高对Cu2 ,Pb2 ,Cd2 等重金属离子的交换能力,交换顺序为Cu2 ＞Pb2 ＞Cd2 ,对Cu2 -Pb2 和Cd2 -Pb2 混合体系有较好的分离效果.斜发沸石经铁活化后吸附水中F-的能力明显改善,吸附容量从57.0mg·kg-1提高到420.5mg·kg-1,吸附行为能满足Frendlich等温方程,是吸热过程,属异种电荷吸附方式和阴离子交换方式共存的化学吸附.斜发沸石经微波磷改性后,沸石骨架上的P原子能部分取代Si和Al原子形成Si-O-P 结构,具有阴离子交换能力,对水中As(Ⅲ)的吸附能力明显提高,吸附为放热过程,吸附机理为沸石骨架配位阴离子与水中As(Ⅲ)阴离子交换过程.     

松香基季铵盐表面活性剂改性沸石对水中刚果红的吸附性能

以松香基季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂(N,N,N-三甲基-N-松香基氯化铵,TAAC)对天然沸石进行改性得到TAAC改性沸石并进行红外光谱、扫描电镜和X射线粉末衍射等手段表征.考察了TAAC改性沸石对水中刚果红的吸附性能的影响因素,如粒径、改性剂投加量、温度、pH值等,结果表明这一改性能显著地提高沸石对刚果红的吸附量;在pH值4.0—10.0范围内,CR的吸附量随着pH值增加而下降;反应温度从20℃上升至40℃,TAAC改性沸石对CR的吸附容量有所下降.TAAC.改性沸石对水中刚果红的吸附动力学过程符合准二级动力学模型.Langmuir等温吸附模型可以较好的描述TAAC改性沸石对水中刚果红的吸附过程,其最大吸附容量为78mg·g-1(pH6.0,T=20℃).热力学分析表明,TAAC改性沸石对水中刚果红的吸附是自发和放热的过程,是化学吸附和物理吸附共同作用的过程,其吸附机制主要为静电吸引、氢键和芳香基的疏水作用.TAAC改性沸石吸附刚果红后可通过NaOH再生,且随着NaOH浓度的增加到0.1mol·L~(-1),其解吸率明显增大.     

壳聚糖改性沸石吸附废水中的苯酚

开发新型低成本苯酚吸附剂是含酚废水处理技术的重点.采用90%脱乙酰度壳聚糖制备改性沸石,在与天然沸石对比的基础上,研究了改性沸石去除废水中的效果.并对影响去除率的主要因素,包括壳聚糖与斜发沸石质量比、废水pH值,吸附时间,改性沸石用量,苯酚的质量浓度等进行研究.通过正交试验确定吸附废水中苯酚最佳工艺条件是:壳聚糖与沸石质量比为1∶20.沸石-壳聚糖颗粒吸附剂用量为12 g·L-1,废水中苯酚质量浓度不大于40mg·L-1,pH值为4～6,吸附平衡时间为35 min,苯酚去除率为90%;吸附适合用Langmuir吸附等温方程来模拟.     

沸石生物联合吸附再生工艺及铵沸石再生

简述了沸石生物联合吸附再生的工艺原理,重点讨论吸附了NH 4的沸石粉的生物再生.结果表明,沸石和液相之间的NH 4是一种动态的离子交换平衡,污水的电导率对吸附了NH 4的沸石粉的NH 4解吸量有明显的影响;污水中阳离子对吸附了NH 4的沸石粉的再生率可达40%-50%,在微生物的硝化作用下可达94%.沸石生物联合吸附再生工艺中,吸附了NH 4的沸石粉的再生是"化学再生"和"生物再生"相结合的过程,生物硝化作用促进了沸石相中NH 4的解吸.     

污泥焚烧残渣水热合成NaPl型沸石和水钙沸石的性质研究

本文以污泥焚烧残渣为原料,以传统水热合成方法制得NaPl型沸石和水钙沸石,并对其相关指标进行表征．经x射线衍射、扫描电镜和红外光谱测定表明,制得的产物为无其它杂晶生成的NaPl型沸石和水钙沸石,且具有放射束片状晶体形貌和沸石骨架结构．与原污泥焚烧残渣相比,合成沸石的比表面积和阳离子交换容量提高了47倍、17倍,分别达到...     

分子筛负载Fe3+可见光协助降解有机污染物

通过NaY型分子筛负载Fe3 制备异相Fenton催化剂(FeY),采用FeY在可见光(λ＞420 nm)照射下研究其降解染料罗丹明B(RhB)和2,4-二氯苯酚(DCP).通过对RhB降解过程的紫外-可见光谱、ESR和红外光谱分析,以及总有机碳量(TOC)的跟踪测定,FeY/H2O2体系在可见光照射下能有效地降解RhB,降解反应主要涉及到·OH自由基的产生和参与.RhB/FeY/H2O2体系在可见光照射下,反应270min,RhB脱色率达到100%,TOC去除率达75.6%.DCP/FeY/H2O2体系在可见光照射下,反应150min,DCP降解率达81.0%.利用酶催化反应米氏方程测定催化剂的活性,FeY催化常数Kcat=2.28×105 mol·l-1·min-1.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.