水库淹没带土壤有机氯农药分布特征及风险评价

采用GC-MS气相色谱与质谱联用仪,分析了密云水库南水北调来水前高程130～150 m之间的淹没带表层土壤样品中17种有机氯农药(OCPs)的含量、残留特征,讨论了有机氯农药的可能来源,并对OCPs的潜在风险进行了评价.结果表明:①密云水库淹没带土壤有机氯农药残留以六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)为主,含量均值分别为1. 74 ng·g-1和1. 01ng·g-1,与国内其他湖库区相比,ΣHCHs含量相近,ΣDDTs含量较低.②水库淹没带土壤有机氯农药残留具有一定的空间分布特征.水陆域交错处土壤OCPs含量普遍高于水域、陆域土壤中含量,且存在显著性差异性.水库东部及潮河入库区、独立小流域淹没区,OCPs残留以DDTs为主;库北山前平原淹没带及库西中部淹没区OCPs则以γ-HCH残留为主;白河入库处河滩淹没区HCHs及DDTs残留均有较高占比,这与其污染来源有关.③源解析结果表明,淹没带土壤HCHs来源主要与林丹类农药的输入有关,而DDTs主要来自于早期农药使用的残留.④生态风险评价表明,水库淹没带土壤中大部分样点OCPs生态风险低,白河入库区及库西中部淹没带滴滴涕有潜在风险性.     

福建鹫峰山脉土壤有机氯农药分布特征及健康风险评价

采集福建鹫峰山脉81个表层土壤样品,利用气相色谱(GC-ECD)分析其中有机氯农药(OCPs)的含量,探讨该地区土壤中有机氯农药残留水平及分布特征,并采用美国EPA推荐的健康风险评价方法(USEPA 1991)对表层土壤中有机氯农药进行致癌风险评价.结果表明,土壤中HCHs和DDTs异构体或衍生物的检出率在77.78%~100.00%之间.HCHs及DDTs含量范围(平均值)分别为0.97~247.40 ng·g-1(10.17 ng·g-1)和0.01~384.75 ng·g-1(18.91 ng·g-1).与国内外相比,研究区土壤中OCPs含量属低污染区域.不同土地利用类型中,OCPs的残留依次为:水稻田>蔬菜地>茶叶地>林地.来源分析表明,研究区近期仍存在HCHs和DDTs输入,HCHs主要来源于林丹的使用,而DDTs可能与三氯杀螨醇的使用相关.风险评价结果显示,研究区表层土壤OCPs致癌风险值均在10-6~10-4之间,对当地居民基本不造成致癌风险.     

珠江三角洲地区土壤有机氯农药分布特征及风险评价

在珠江三角洲经济区采集了7种典型农用地的605个表层样品,采用GC-ECD定量测定土壤中有机氯农药(OCPs)含量,并对其残留特征、区域分布、可能来源和潜在生态风险进行了分析.结果表明,研究区土壤中OCPs检出率达97.85%,残留浓度最高值为649.33μg·kg-1,平均值为20.67μg·kg-1,主要检出物是DDTs、HCHs、硫丹硫酸盐和甲氧滴滴涕.与国内其他地区相比,研究区土壤HCHs和DDTs残留属于中下水平.OCPs分布区域特征非常明显,高含量区主要分布在人口密集,工农业生产活动强度大的珠三角中心城市区域.不同土地利用类型土壤OCPs残留量差异较大,耕地残留量较高,且菜地土壤中有机氯农药残留量最高,其次是园地,林地残留量最低.来源分析表明,土壤中HCHs主要来源于林丹使用,DDTs主要来源于早期施用农药的残留,局部地区三氯杀螨醇已经成为土壤DDTs污染的主要来源.参照土壤环境质量标准,研究区HCHs残留量一级、二级标准合格率分别为97.5%和100%,DDTs一级、二级标准合格率分别为95.5%和97.7%.土壤HCHs残留属于低风险,DDTs类有机氯农药对研究区生物可能存在一定的生态风险,但危害性总体较低.     

上海市稻米中有机氯农药残留水平及健康风险评价

中国作为农药的生产和使用大国,曾大量使用滴滴涕(DDTs)、六六六(HCHs)等有机氯农药.水稻是上海市的主要粮食作物,青浦和崇明区是其重要的水稻种植基地.本研究检测了上海市青浦和崇明区稻米样品中24种有机氯农药的残留水平,分析了OCPs的组成特征并对上海地区稻米中的OCPs残留进行了健康风险评价.结果表明,研究区稻米中OCPs以DDTs和HCHs为主要残留物.青浦和崇明稻米中24种OCPs的总平均残留量分别为6.53 ng·g-1和4.70 ng·g-1,低于食品安全国家标准中对应OCPs的再残留限值.青浦区稻米中4,4-DDE和β-HCH的残留水平最高,崇明区稻米则以2,4-DDT和β-HCH为主要成分.来源解析显示,上海市区域内近期可能仍有三氯杀螨醇和林丹的使用.健康风险评价结果表明,食用本研究区稻米因OCPs所产生的致癌与非致癌风险较低,处于可接受水平.     

长江流域岸边土中OCPs的残留特征、来源及风险评价

选取长江流域干流及支流周围的土壤作为研究介质,分析表层土壤中13种有机氯农药（OCPs）的含量,用同分异构体比值法和主成分分析法解析其来源,并对土壤中的OCPs进行风险评估.结果表明,长江流域表层土壤中∑₁₃OCPs的含量范围为8.94~77.79ng/g,平均含量是24.55ng/g,主要成分是六HCHs和DDTs.OCPs的含量水平表现为上游与下游相近,且二者均小于中游,在世界范围内处于中等水平.土壤中的HCHs主要来自于林丹的历史残留;DDTs主要来自于三氯杀螨醇的近期输入和工业DDTs的非法使用.健康风险评价表明,中游地区的风险高于上游及下游地区,特别是在城陵矶、南嘴和湘阴3个地区,土壤中OCPs对儿童的致癌风险Risk_综合处于10^-6~10^-4,存在一定的致癌风险.     

北京通州灌区土壤和河流底泥中有机氯农药残留的研究

2007年6月在北京通州污水灌区、清污混合灌区和清水灌区采集土壤和河流底泥样品共28个,参考EPA标准对样品进行处理和分析,研究了26种有机氯农药(OCPs)的残留及分布情况,探讨了有机氯农药含量与总有机碳(TOC)以及有机氯农药组分之间的相关性.结果表明:从污水灌区到清水灌区有机氯农药的总量上并未出现明显递减的趋势,土壤和河流底泥中残留的有机氯农药主要是滴滴涕(DDTs)、六六六(HCHs)和六氯苯(HCB)类,三者占有机氯农药残留总量的97.89%.OCPs质量分数平均值为36.18 ng·g-1,其中DDTs占OCPs的72.85%,大部分样品中DDT与DDE+DDD的质量分数之比都小于1,说明这些土壤和河流底泥中DDTs主要来自历史残留物.同时,除了两个样品外,其它样品的α-HCH/γ-HCH比值均小于1,平均值为0.63,表明林丹是这些采样点中HCH的主要新的污染源.沉积物中TOC、DDTs、HCHs和HCB类农药含量与有机氯农药总含量之间显著相关,在决定有机氯农药含量和分布上起着重要的作用.     

土壤中OCPs残留特征及健康风险评价——以松花江佳木斯段为例

文章利用索氏提取技术,使用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)分析方法测定了佳木斯市松花江沿岸土壤中17种有机氯农药(OCPs)残留情况,并探讨该区土壤中OCPs的残留来源,运用健康评价模型对DDTs和HCHs对人体可能存在的健康风险进行了评价。17种OCPs的回收率为69.6%～112.4%,GC-ECD的仪器检出限为0.006～0.021 0 ng/g,方法检出限为2.05～12.83 pg/g,相对标准偏差为3.21%～11.37%,能够满足OCPs痕量分析的要求。研究结果表明,17种OCPs均有不同程度的检出,浓度较高的组分为滴滴涕(DDTs)、六六六(HCHs)和七氯,∑OCPs浓度为167.27～667.54 ng/g。研究区DDTs、HCHs的来源解析表明,DDTs、HCHs主要来自于早期农药的残留及林丹的使用。利用健康风险评价模型对土壤中HCHs、DDTs所致健康风险的评价结果表明,目前研究区土壤中HCHs、DDTs类污染物对人体健康的风险处于较低水平。     

新疆哈密地区有机氯农药大气、土壤残留特征、气-土交换及潜在生态风险

应用大气被动采样技术对新疆哈密地区城市、农村及林场点位大气和土壤中主要有机氯农药:HCHs和DDTs进行了1a的观测分析,对其大气、土壤残留现状和气-土交换进行了分析研究,并对其潜在生态风险进行了初步评估,结果表明,哈密地区大气中HCHs和DDTs在1a观测期的平均浓度分别为107.1 pg·m-3和43.9 pg·m-3;大气中HCHs和DDTs浓度呈现季节性变化:夏、秋两季HCHs和DDTs的浓度普遍高于冬、春两季,推测为夏、秋季较高的温度造成更多的HCHs和DDTs挥发到空气中;大气中两类OCPs污染以HCHs为主,HCHs各类异构体残留以α-HCH为主,DDTs残留以p,p’-DDE为主.研究区大气中α-HCH/γ-HCH的值普遍在3～7之间,推测工业HCHs的使用或HCHs的大气长距离传输对该地区大气中HCHs含量有较为明显的影响;大气中(DDD+DDE)/DDTs的值在0.4～0.9之间,有71.4%的比值大于0.5,表明大气中DDTs主要来自于环境中的残留,近期没有新源输入.土壤中HCHs和DDTs含量范围分别为0.344～6.954 ng·g-1和0.104～26.397ng·g-1,均未超过国家土壤环境质量标准规定的一级自然背景值;土壤中两类OCPs污染以DDTs为主,HCHs各异构体残留以β-HCH为主,DDTs残留以o,p’-DDT为主,根据(DDD+DDE)/DDTs<0.5,近期土壤中有新的HCHs和DDTs输入.土壤和大气中HCHs和DDTs的来源不一致,主要是由土壤和大气本身的不同特性以及哈密地区复杂的地理和气候条件导致的.气-土交换研究表明:哈密地区HCHs各异构体和p,p’-DDE的气-土交换主要以土壤向大气挥发为主;而o,p’-DDE、o,p’-DDD、p,p’-DDD、o,p’-DDT、p,p’-DDT的气-土交换则主要是由大气向土壤沉降.大部分DDTs的汇是土壤,源是大气;而HCHs和p,p’-DDE的汇则是大气,源是土壤.哈密地区土壤中HCHs的生态风险较低,哈密城市和林场土壤中DDTs可能对该地区鸟类和土壤生物具有一定的潜在生态风险.     

丹江口水库迁建区土壤有机氯农药的分布特征及风险评价

利用GC-MS检测了丹江口水库迁建区26个表层土壤样品中的有机氯农药(OCPs),并对其分布特征、组成及来源进行了探讨,评价了OCPs的污染水平和生态风险.结果表明,丹江口水库迁建区土壤OCPs总含量范围为nd～249.37 ng.g-1,平均值为24.82 ng.g-1.其中HCHs与DDTs的含量较高,分别为nd～69.68 ng.g-1和nd～104.53 ng.g-1.土壤中的DDTs含量明显高于HCHs.OCPs可能主要来源于早期残留、大气沉降及近期新的含OCPs物质的输入等.土壤中有机质与OCPs总量之间无显著性相关关系,说明土壤中OCPs含量还受其他因素的影响.与国内其他区域表层土壤相比,丹江口水库迁建区土壤OCPs含量处于中等偏低水平.分析认为,丹江口水库迁建区土壤中有机氯农药风险较低,但局部土壤仍有一定风险.     

岩溶地下河流域表层土壤有机氯农药分布特征及来源分析

为研究有机氯农药(OCPs)在重庆南山老龙洞地下河流域表土中的分布趋势、组成特征、来源及污染水平,采用气相色谱-微池电子捕获检测器(GC-μECD)分析了6个代表性表层土样中20种OCPs.结果表明,研究区表层土壤中20种OCPs均有不同程度检出,其中(除DDE、顺式氯丹、反式氯丹、狄氏剂)16种检出率高达100%,氯丹类和DDTs是主要污染物,不同采样点有机氯农药含量差异较大.OCPs总量变化范围在5.57~2 618.57 ng·g~(-1)之间,平均值为467.28 ng·g~(-1),与国内外其它区域相比,研究区表层土壤中HCHs和DDTs含量处于中上水平.有机氯农药总量和HCHs、DDTs、氯丹类农药总量分布具有相似的空间变化趋势,均为:上游中游下游,并且上游与中、下游的差距尤为显著.来源分析表明,HCHs主要来源于林丹的使用,DDTs既来源于历史农药残留,也来源于近期工业DDT的非法使用和三氯杀螨醇的输入,氯丹主要来自历史残留和大气沉降.结合中外土壤质量标准,新力村土壤属于有机氯农药严重污染土壤,下龙井湾、夏家咀和赵家院子土壤受到有机氯农药轻度污染,龙井旁和高中寺土壤属于无污染土壤.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.