事故树分析法在LPG储罐火灾爆炸事故中的应用

LPG(液化石油气)属于危险化学品之一,LPG储罐发生火灾爆炸的机率大,造成的损失比较严重,故对其火灾爆炸事故进行研究具有重要意义。LPG储罐爆炸根据其发生机理分为化学爆炸(燃爆)和物理爆炸两种模式。本文通过对LPG储罐燃爆﹑物理爆炸两类事故进行系统分析,建立了以LPG储罐燃爆、物理爆炸为顶事件的事故树。通过对其事故树的定性分析,得到了影响顶事件的各个最小割(径)集。通过计算底事件的结构重要度,确定了影响LPG储罐火灾爆炸事故的主要因素,并提出了相应的改进措施,进而提高LPG储罐的安全性和运行可靠性。     

喷射火灾环境下LPG储罐热响应规律模拟研究

为研究喷射火灾环境下,热流密度和受热位置两个主要外界因素对LPG卧式储罐热响应规律的影响,利用CFD软件建立喷射火灾环境下LPG卧式储罐热响应模型,以Birk等人的现场火灾实验来验证模拟模型的有效性。结果表明:储罐压力上升与热流密度成正比;在高热流密度情况下,热流密度的变化对罐内液相温度影响较小,最高温差为22 K,然而对罐壁温度和气相温度影响较大。高热流密度侵袭储罐时,加热位置对罐内压力影响较小,液相介质的汽化作用对压力上升起主导作用;不同加热位置对储罐热响应影响程度从大到小依次是:气液两相同时受热,封头部位受热,储罐底部受热。     

在用卧式液化石油气储罐应力腐蚀的预测与检验

卧式液化石油气储罐作为中小型液化石油气充装站的主要储存设备,其数量呈不断增加的趋势。液化石油气中所含的硫化氢腐蚀介质，对储罐造成的应力腐蚀开裂，由于其破坏带有较大的突然性，因此在对在用卧式液化石油气储罐进行定期检验时，应特别注意对储罐的湿硫化氢应力腐蚀进行预测与检验。     

火灾环境中LPG储罐失效的研究

分别从实验和数值模拟研究两个方面对火灾环境中LPG储罐的失效进行探讨,简要介绍了近年来国内外研究现状和研究成果.从储罐内部和外部环境两个方面的因素,对火灾环境中LPG储罐失效的原因进行了简单分析.提出了今后的研究发展方向.     

LPG储罐泄漏起火事故情景构建研究

采用情景构建方法,建立LPG(液化石油气)储罐泄漏起火事故情景,依据PHAST定量分析软件,对LPG储罐泄漏后果进行数据分析,计算喷射火热辐射及泄漏气体扩散范围,应用这些数据对LPG储罐泄漏事故进行情景推演,并对应急救援过程中所必须的人员、物资、技术等需求进行分析与评估,得出企业在应对巨灾方面存在的不足。研究成果对企业的应急能力建设规划具有一定的指导意义。     

LPG储罐火灾爆炸事故后果模拟方法研究

系统分析了LPG的火灾爆炸危险性,总结了LPG储罐泄漏后可能发生的事故类型,比较了LPG储罐池火、沸腾液体扩展蒸气爆炸和蒸气云爆炸事故后果模拟方法,提出了预防LPG储罐区火灾爆炸事故的技术措施.     

城市加气站液化石油气埋地储罐泄漏扩散模拟研究

分析城市加气站液化石油气(Liquefied Petroleum Gas,LPG)埋地储罐泄漏后LPG在砂土介质中渗流扩散的物理过程及特点,确定埋地储罐不同位置泄漏出现的物质流动状态,分析LPG在砂中传输过程中与砂、空气、水之间的传热、传质方式.采用LPG渗流扩散传热、传质多相混合数值模型,对某城市加气站LPG埋地储罐气相区发生泄漏事故在含水量不同的罐池中渗流扩散过程进行模拟,得到LPG饱和度、危险浓度、压力、流速等空间分布规律以及流动趋势、出口浓度变化,并对影响LPG流动的主要因素进行分析.模拟结果表明罐池出口位置对气体渗流扩散方向的影响大于储罐壁面形状和重力的影响;泄漏口和出口附近区域压力随距离下降梯度较大,中间压力下降较缓;储存压力是影响LPG在砂土介质渗流过程中压力的关键因素;在同一位置气体在非饱和砂中渗流的压力高于气体在干砂中的压力;存在砂土中的水有阻碍气体扩散的作用.     

不同洪水冲击角度下卧式储罐失效问题研究

为预防洪水灾害作用下化工园区卧式储罐失效事故,通过理论推导和实证分析,研究不同洪水冲击角度下卧式储罐的失效问题。首先,建立洪水侧向冲击角度下卧式储罐的受力模型;然后,定义洪水侧向冲击角度下卧式储罐易损系数和受冲击的衰减系数;最后,基于受力模型和衰减系数,分析不同洪水冲击角度下储罐型号、装量水平对卧式储罐失效的影响。结果表明:当洪水冲击角度θ从0变到π时,储罐受洪水冲击作用力的衰减系数先增后减,当θ=π/2时为最大;卧式储罐尺寸越大,螺栓受到的冲击作用力越大,储罐越容易失效;卧式储罐装量水平越高,螺栓受到的冲击作用力越小,储罐越安全。     

在用液化气卧罐内表面凹坑的受力分析

压力容器投用后首次内外部检验周期一般为3年，对于介质为液化石油气的储罐，我们将首次内外部检验周期定为1年。在对某液化石油气储配站内的2台100m3液化石油气卧式储罐进行投用后首次内外部检验时．发现其中一台储罐的内表面有一个超标凹坑。从检查的情况来分析。可以肯定是投用前人为造成的机械损伤。使用一年过程中基本没有太明显的破坏。现将检验结果分析和处理情况介绍如下。     

不同储存条件下LPG储罐泄漏事故危害范围的对比分析

为了研究LPG储罐泄漏危害范围的变化规律,本文在分析LPG储罐结构类型的基础上,针对LPG泄漏事故后果类型,结合危害范围的模拟方法,借助ALOHA软件,对常温压力储存和低温常压储存条件下LPG储罐泄漏事故及泄漏可能导致的火灾爆炸事故的危害范围进行模拟。结果表明:LPG储罐发生泄漏或泄漏导致火灾爆炸事故,常温压力储存条件下的危害范围大于低温常压储存条件下的危害范围;在同种储存条件下,蒸气云爆炸、沸腾液体扩展蒸气爆炸、泄漏扩散、喷射火所造成的危害范围依次变小。研究结果为现场指挥员制定决策提供量化依据,为国家综合性消防救援队现场处置提供数据支持,同时也为应急管理部制定预案提供参考。     

从液化石油气球罐裂纹看球罐隐患

介绍液化石油气球罐检验发现的裂纹情况,分析裂纹原因,指出裂纹本质是焊接接头氢脆裂纹,并提出防范措施。还建议尽快制定液化石油气球罐安全管理规定,以规范定期检验,消除事故隐患     

液化石油气罐区火灾爆炸危险性评价

液化石油气罐区属于重大危险源,一旦发生火灾爆炸事故,后果非常严重.评价其安全性,控制其危险,是重大事故预防的思想,也是国家安全生产法律、法规的强制要求.笔者根据安全工程学的相关原理,综合运用重大危险源评价法和灰色聚类法分别对罐区的固有危险性和现实危险性进行了评价,克服了重大危险性评价法未考虑环境因素这一缺陷,最后得出了其火灾爆炸危险性等级,为政府监管和企业对危险源的监控管理提供了可行的科学依据.     

Risk analysis of an LPG storage facility in India

An assignment to carry out a hazard study and risk analysis of a gas processing complex has been described briefly, wherein well known procedures have been used to identify and investigate potential hazards. A method of avoiding unintentional overfilling of LPG storage tanks has been recommended, which utilizes the existing level control instruments.     

Study of the situation deduction of a domino accident caused by overpressure in LPG storage tank area

The production and storage of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is gradually becoming larger and more intensive, which greatly increases the risk of the domino effect of an explosion accident in a storage tank area while improving production and management efficiency. This paper describes the construction of the domino effect scene of an explosion accident in an LPG storage tank area, the analysis of the characteristics of the LPG tank explosion shock wave and the target storage tank failure, and the creation of an ANSYS numerical model to derive the development trend and expansion law of the domino accident in the LPG storage tank area. The research showed that: 400 m³ tank T1 explosion shock waves spread to T2, T4, T5, T3, and T6, and the tank overpressures of 303 kPa, 303 kPa, 172 kPa, 81 kPa, and 61 kPa respectively. The critical values of the target storage tank failure overpressure-range threshold were 70 kPa and 60 m. After the explosion of the initial unit T1 tank, at 38 ms, the T2 and T4 storage tanks failed and exploded; at 56 ms, the T5 storage tank exploded for the third time; at 82 ms, the T3 storage tank exploded for the fourth time; and at 102 ms, the T6 storage tank exploded for the fifth time. With the increase of explosion sources, the failure overpressure of the target storage tank increased, and the interval between explosions continuously shortened, which reflected the expansion effect of the domino accident. The domino accident situation deduction in the LPG storage tank area provided a scientific basis for the safety layout, accident prevention and control, emergency rescue, and management of a chemical industry park.     

Estimation of displacement losses from storage containers using a simple method

Filling losses in tanks due to the expansion of the liquid into the tank and the vapors that are forced out of the tank are generally called displacement losses. Restrictions on vaporization loss of petroleum products give added emphasis to the accurate prediction of vapor pressure and hydrocarbon losses for petroleum products. In this work, firstly, a simple-to-use correlation is developed to estimate the true vapor pressure of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and natural gasoline as a function of Reid Vapor pressure (RVP) and temperature as well as the vapor pressure of different mixtures of propane and butane are correlated as a function of ambient air temperature and propane volume percent. Secondly, the filling losses from storage containers are estimated in percentage of liquid pumped in tanks as a function of working pressure and vapor pressure at liquid temperature. The study showed the proposed method to be in good agreement with the available reliable data in the literature. The average absolute deviation between reported data and the proposed correlation is less than 2%. The proposed simple-to-use approach can be of significant practical value for the process engineers and scientists to have a quick check on the prediction of the displacement losses from storage containers as well as for rapid estimation of vapor pressure of LPG and natural gasoline.     

基于热-结构耦合分析的液化石油气储罐失效预警判定*

为研究火灾中球罐应力场分布情况,找到球罐失效破裂条件,以液化石油气为研究对象,基于球罐稳态热响应,通过ANSYS热-结构耦合有限元分析法进行研究。结果表明:充装率85%的液化石油气球罐最高温度部位出现在气相区,约619.66 ℃;最大应力值出现在气液交界处,约615.18 MPa;得到球罐破裂失效时温度值和应力值,并设置2次预警值。研究结果可为液化石油气储罐失效预警提供参考和判定依据。     

大型石油储罐消防设计研究

根据我国大型储罐设置的特点,分析了大型石油储罐在储存、转运过程中潜在的火灾危险。通过对千例石油火灾案例统计分析,获得了石油储罐发生火灾的主要原因。在此基础上,从石油储罐工艺设计、布局、防火和灭火等角度出发,分析大型石油储罐常用的类型、材料和防腐处理技术;研究储罐的布置间距;总结大型储罐消防设计中采用的防、灭火技术措施。论文研究的成果,可供实践工程参考。     

LPG充装站紧急切断阀失效模式分析

紧急切断阀作为LPG充装站的重要安全附件之一,当遇到突发情况时,可远程控制紧急切断阀迅速关闭,避免事故的进一步蔓延。若LPG充装站紧急切断阀安装位置不合理,或缺乏定期检验检查与维护保养,均可能导致紧急切断失效。通过对LPG充装站紧急切断阀的工作原理及安装位置,常见失效模式分析及预防,定期检验检查及维护保养注意事项进行详细研究,为LPG充装站对紧急切断阀进行年度检查及维护保养和相关检验单位进行定期检验提供参考。     

Pressure and temperature increase of LPG in a thermally coated pressure vessel exposed to fire: Experimental and model results

Damage caused by incidents with transport tanks with compressed liquified gas is amongst the most extreme that can be encountered with transport vessels. This is particularly the case with the Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion (BLEVE), which may occur if such a tank is exposed to fire for a prolonged period. Therefore, the local Dutch LPG transport sector adopted a thermally insulating tank coating as a ‘standard outfit’ for their tank trailers, with the aim to delay a BLEVE for a sufficiently long period for emergency services to take appropriate measures and for people near the accident location to be evacuated. On a European scale however, no consensus has been reached on the cost-benefit of such measures.With the current drive towards “greener” and renewable energy sources, this issue has regained attention with alternative fuels such as LNG, CNG and Hydrogen and a need was felt for (better) theoretical models and experimental data concerning the behavior of transport tanks carrying these substances.In this paper a new tank thermal (equilibrium) model is described to predict pressure and temperature behavior of a multi layered, thermally insulated tank containing a compressed liquified gas exposed to heat. Results are compared with data of three bonfire experiments, in which 3 m³ tanks, filled for ca. 50% with LPG were exposed to fire. A good match between modelled and experimental pressure and temperature evolution in time could be obtained using a constant value for the thermal conductivity of the insulation layer. The modelling showed that the thermal insulation value is crucial for an accurate prediction of these parameters as well as the opening time for a pressure safety valve. As relevant temperatures may cover a very wide range (from cryogenic in LNG-tanks to over 1000 °C in a fire) knowledge of the thermal (and physical) behavior of the insulating layer over a large temperature range is essential.The same holds for the behavior of the PRV when subjected to fire. Extreme temperatures may also lead to deviating behavior from what is expected based on the initial settings.