一起大型游乐设施困人故障的调查分析与预防措施

随着大型游乐设施数量的快速增长,大型游乐设施的使用安全越来越得到社会的广泛关注。通过对一起名为空中飞旋的大型游乐设施发生的困人故障进行调查与分析,清晰地还原了设备故障的发生情形,详细描述了故障原因的排查过程,具体分析了排查出的机械故障及电气故障。最后,根据调查分析的结果提出了四点预防措施,为防止类似设备发生困人事故提供了参考。     

世纪飞碟游乐设备安全性能设计改进探讨

游乐设施是承载游客进行游乐的机电一体化产品,其质量和安全性能关系到游客的生命和健康。随着游乐设施的发展,不同结构,不同运动形式的游乐设施不断涌现。形态各异的游乐设施不仅让人们享受着惊险、刺激和欢乐,同时也给人们带来了不容忽视的安全问题。本文通过对"世纪飞碟"游乐设备在设计、制造方面存在的安全隐患着手,分析、研究,探讨该设备可在设计、制造环节某些方面进行改进,将游乐设备的潜在安全隐患从源头着手消除。     

长期服役大型游乐设施安全状态评价方法研究

长期服役的大型游乐设施，尤其是达到或超过设计使用期限仍继续使用的大型游乐设施，由于其长期服役造成的部件性能劣化，极易导致设备发生故障或事故。提出基于健康管理理论的大型游乐设施服役状态评价方法，将主要受力部件剩余寿命评估理论引入服役状态评价模型，并考虑历史数据对当前安全状态的影响，使安全状态评价更加全面合理。服役状态评价方法以使用阶段风险评价为基础，综合利用各种先进检测监测手段和经验，获取设备当前工作状态的各项指标数据。在此基础上，利用健康管理理论和剩余寿命评估理论，对设备整机进行定量化安全评价，并得出设备关键部件和整机的安全等级，从而为使用单位的设备维护保养提供指导，全面提升设备的使用安全性能。基于健康管理理论的大型游乐设施服役状态评价方法在某电磁弹射过山车中开展工程应用，并得出设备的安全等级，有效指导了设备的使用维保，表明了服役状态评价方法的有效性和实用性。     

基于双目视觉的高耸类游乐设施晃动测试方法研究

大型高耸类游乐设施受动载荷和外界风载荷等影响,容易产生局部形变和晃动。随着设备向更高、更大、更快、更刺激的方向发展,动载荷和风载荷对高耸类结构游乐设施的影响更加明显。但现行游乐设施法规标准对结构晃动量没有相关规定,实际检验中也没有成熟和可靠的检验手段。本文提出一种基于双目视觉的游乐设施结构晃动量非接触测量方法。检验人员可以在安全区域内,对运行中的设备结构进行精确定量的晃动测量。此方法将为后续开展大型游乐设施结构晃动和空间位移变化方面的研究提供技术支撑,并为相关标准的制定提供基础。     

大型游乐设施传动系统在线振动检测研究与故障诊断

针对国内大型游乐设施的故障诊断现状和存在的问题,通过对大型游乐设施关键零部件主要失效形式和故障动态信号的分析,确定了关键零部件常见故障的敏感参数及对应频段的频谱特征。研究了关键零部件的状态评价标准,通过在线振动检测技术的运用,实现设备状态和故障的智能评价和诊断,提高故障预警的技术水平,预防和避免重大事故发生。     

GB 8408—2018《大型游乐设施安全规范》修订简介及解析

GB 8408《大型游乐设施安全规范》是我国大型游乐设施行业的核心标准,修订后的GB 8408—2018已于2018年12月1日正式实施。本文主要介绍了本次修订的思路、过程和主要修订内容,并对整体框架、承载系统、焊接和设计计算等主要修订内容进行了重点解析。修订后的GB 8408—2018《大型游乐设施安全规范》实现了对大型游乐设施全生命周期的覆盖,标准的多方面内容也得到了补充和提升,为大型游乐设施的安全运行提供了技术支撑。     

基于AHP-灰色模糊理论的大型游乐设施安全评价

大型游乐设施的运行是一个动态管理过程,不但涉及设备本身,而且与人、环境等密切相关,针对这种特点,从人-机-环境-管理4个方面出发,建立了全面的大型游乐设施三级评价指标体系,并用AHP法来确定权重。因大型游乐设施评价过程中存在模糊性和不确定性,故综合采用基于AHP-灰色模糊理论的安全评价方法对某游乐园的大型过山龙进行安全评价,评价结果符合实际情况。     

大型游乐设施风险评估与分级方法研究

大型游乐设施的运行是一个动态管理过程,不仅涉及设备本身,而且与人、环境等因素密切相关。针对这个特点,提出大型游乐设施风险矩阵(RMM)的风险分级方法。提出了将事故树与模糊数学相结合的模糊事故树法(FFTA);采用3σ模糊表征法计算大型游乐设施各类风险事故的概率;再采用信息熵法来评价大型游乐设施的风险后果;最后利用风险矩阵法来确定大型游乐设施的风险等级,并通过实例验证了该分级模型有效。     

我国大型游乐设施风险分析研究

通过对我国大型游乐设施的发展概况、风险管理现状、危险因素辨识、风险评价和风险控制等五个方面进行了分析总结.研究发现,目前已初步建立游乐设施法规体系,逐渐形成了法律、法规、规章、安全技术规范和技术标准的五层次体系,大型游乐设施运营单位安全管理正在向标准化、体系化管理方向发展.我国还没有对各类大型游乐设施进行危险性分析,有关标准和规范中并没有提到明确的风险分析和评估方法,在游乐设施的设计、制造、安装、使用、改造、修理和检测过程中也没有形成一套系统、科学的风险分析和评估方法.     

大型游乐设施风险评估指标体系的构建与应用

大型游乐设施的风险评估是一种集人、设备、环境和管理为一体的动态定性/定量分析过程。随着大型游乐设施的普及和事故频发,研究构建适用大型游乐设施风险评估技术的风险评估指标体系迫在眉睫。本文从人—机—环—管4个一级指标出发,通过系统分解的方式建立了大型游乐设施风险评估指标体系,包含了14个二级评估指标和94个三级评估指标。最后,以某大型游乐园中的4D过山车为例说明了指标体系的构建方式,在此基础上,参考一种风险评估方法开发了大型游乐设施风险评估系统软件。     

游乐设施危险源、损伤、失效和故障概念辨析

针对游乐设施行业危险源、损伤、失效和故障四个概念的认知差异,通过研究相关领域这四个概念定义内涵及外延,结合游乐设施安全保障要求高、人-机-环交互频繁、运行工况复杂的特点,重新定义游乐设施这四个概念,辨析相互之间的逻辑关系,并结合游乐设施事故案例进行解析.结果表明:新定义对游乐设施危险源、失效、损伤和故障之间的关系阐述更加清晰准确,为后续的风险评价奠定良好基础.     

Evaluating impaired drivers confidence and intention to "(Please) drink responsibly"

Introduction

Currently, alcohol industry-sponsored advertisements subsume traditional designated driver and don't drink and drive messages within responsible drinking campaigns. Yet, to date, there remains a dearth of literature specifically examining the attitudinal beliefs impaired drivers attach to the responsible drinking message.

Objective

This investigation sought to examine the responsible drinking attitudes and beliefs of impaired drivers, specifically examining their confidence and intention to drink responsibly the next time they consumed alcohol.

Methods

A random sample of 729 students attending a large, public Texas university completed a web-based administration of the Characteristic of Responsible Drinking Survey (CHORDS).

Results

Participants in this sample who had driven while impaired by alcohol exhibited significantly less confidence in refraining from drinking and driving and reported significantly lower intentions to designate a driver, take a taxi, or use a safe-ride program the next time they consumed alcohol. Additionally, they also reported less confidence, and lower intentions, to ensure their blood alcohol concentrations remained below the legal limit (0.08%) the next time they consumed alcohol.

Conclusions

Drivers who had driven while impaired significantly differed in their confidence and intention to drink responsibly the next time they consumed alcohol. Logistic regression results indicate that by increasing one's confidence in responsible drinking, and increasing their intention to drink responsibly, the likelihood of impaired driving can be decreased.

Impact on industry

Results from this investigation demonstrate one’s responsible drinking attitudinal beliefs accounts for a significant amount of the variance associated with one’s alcohol-related behaviors. Thus, further research should examine and establish how individuals conceptualize and practice responsible drinking.     

Driving self-regulation and ride service utilization in a multicommunity,multistate sample of U.S. older adults

Objectives: This study examined a multicommunity alternative transportation program available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, for any purpose, offering door-through-door service in private automobiles to members who either do not drive or are transitioning away from driving. Specific aims were to describe the characteristics of members by driving status and ride service usage of these members.

Methods: Data came from administrative records maintained by a nonprofit ride service program and include 2,661 individuals aged 65+ residing in 14 states who joined the program between April 1, 2010, and November 8, 2013. Latent class analysis was used to group current drivers into 3 classes of driving status of low, medium, and high self-regulation, based on their self-reported avoidance of certain driving situations and weekly driving frequency. Demographics and ride service use rate for rides taken through March 31, 2014, by type of ride (e.g., medical, social, etc.) were calculated for nondrivers and drivers in each driving status class.

Results: The majority of ride service users were female (77%) and aged 65–74 years (82%). The primary method of getting around when enrolling for the transportation service was by riding with a friend or family member (60%). Among the 67,883 rides given, nondrivers took the majority (69%) of rides. Medical rides were the most common, accounting for 40% of all rides.

Conclusions: Reported ride usage suggests that older adults are willing to use such ride services for a variety of trips when these services are not limited to specific types (e.g., medical). Further research can help tailor strategies to encourage both nondrivers and drivers to make better use of alternative transportation that meets the special needs of older people.     

Car drivers with dementia: Different complications due to different etiologies?

Objective: Older drivers with dementia are an at-risk group for unsafe driving. However, dementia refers to various etiologies and the question is whether dementias of different etiology have similar effects on driving ability.

Methods: The literature on the effects of dementia of various etiologies on driving ability is reviewed. Studies addressing dementia etiologies and driving were identified through PubMed, PsychINFO, and Google Scholar.

Results and Conclusions: Early symptoms and prognoses differ between dementias of different etiology. Therefore, different etiologies may represent different likelihoods with regard to fitness to drive. Moreover, dementia etiologies could indicate the type of driving problems that can be expected to occur. However, there is a great lack of data and knowledge about the effects of almost all etiologies of dementia on driving. One could hypothesize that patients with Alzheimer's disease may well suffer from strategic difficulties such as finding a route, whereas patients with frontotemporal dementia are more inclined to make tactical-level errors because of impaired hazard perception. Patients with other dementia etiologies involving motor symptoms may suffer from problems on the operational level. Still, the effects of various etiologies of dementias on driving have thus far not been studied thoroughly. For the detection of driving difficulties in patients with dementia, structured interviews with patients but also their family members appear crucial. Neuropsychological assessment could support the identification of cognitive impairments. The impact of such impairments on driving could also be investigated in a driving simulator. In a driving simulator, strengths and weaknesses in driving behavior can be observed. With this knowledge, patients can be advised appropriately about their fitness to drive and options for support in driving (e.g., compensation techniques, car adaptations). However, as long as no valid, reliable, and widely accepted test battery is available for the assessment of fitness to drive, costly on-road test rides are inevitable. The development of a fitness-to-drive test battery for patients with dementia could provide an alternative for these on-road test rides, on condition that differences between dementia etiologies are taken into consideration.     

The contribution of traumatic brain injury to the medical and economic outcomes of motor vehicle-related injuries in Ohio

Objective

To describe traumatic brain injury (TBI) among injured roadway users. Aim 1 assessed the association of age, gender, alcohol/drug use, safety equipment use, type of roadway user, metropolitan area, and primary payer with motor vehicle-related TBI outcome. Aim 2 assessed the relationship of motor vehicle-related TBI and risk/protective factors with medical and economic outcomes.

Methods

Population-level hospital and trauma databases from the Ohio Hospital Association and Ohio Department of Public Safety, respectively, were probabilistically linked for 2003 through 2006. Injured roadway users (motor vehicle occupants, motorcyclists, bicyclists, pedestrians, and others) were assessed for TBI, ventilator use, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, injury severity score (ISS), need for rehabilitation, death, and total hospital charges.

Results

The odds of a motor vehicle-related TBI were greater among those not using safety equipment (OR = 1.56). The interactions of alcohol/drug use by gender and of alcohol/drug use by location were significant. Sustaining a TBI increased the odds of requiring ventilation (OR = 3.66), being admitted to the ICU (OR = 2.51), having a high ISS (OR = 4.24), requiring rehabilitation (OR = 2.22), or death (OR = 2.52). When compared with a non-TBI, total hospital charges increased by a factor of 1.35 for a TBI. Hospital charges were $46,441 on average for individuals who sustained a TBI, whereas mean hospital charges were $32,614 for patients with a non-TBI.

Conclusions

Among injured roadway users, individuals who sustain a TBI are more likely to require extensive medical care and have injuries resulting in death.

Impact on industry

Prevention strategies aimed at reducing alcohol use and increasing safety device use should be encouraged to reduce the burden of TBI.     

基于“流变-突变”理论的安全投入决策

运用"流变-突变"理论分析煤矿安全投入的效果,发现其随着时间的推移也表现出"安全流变-突变"的特征。笔者指出,安全投入应该是持续的、不断进行的,不能靠期初一次性安全投入解决,而且后续安全投入应该选择在最佳时段(即不安全度加速发展阶段)进行,最晚不能超过安全突变的预警点,这样才能使系统的安全流变阶段能够尽量延长,从而最大限度地发挥所有安全投入的效果,缓解我国煤矿安全投入需求增长与安全投入不足的矛盾。     

火电厂无GGH湿法脱硫机组烟囱降雨原因分析及对策

某火电厂无GGH湿法脱硫机组运行中出现的烟囱降雨现象,分析影响"湿烟囱"降雨的因素,找出该电厂无GGH湿法脱硫机组烟囱降雨的主要原因。从湿法脱硫系统的设计和运行等方面提出解决问题的方法和建议,通过分析认为,完善除雾器设备,保证电除尘高效运行,可以使烟囱降雨现象有所缓解。     

关于机动车尾气检测方法及污染防治措施研究

机动车尾气成分中包含着许多种类的化合物,而绝大多数化合物不仅威胁人体健康而且极易造成空气污染。现阶段,我国机动车尾气排放特征为排放量大、短期、局部污染极为严重与集中排放等,对此我国应提高对机动车尾气检测问题的重视程度,并采取相应的措施防治机动车尾气排放。基于此,文章简要分析机动车尾气的有关检测方法及其防治路径。     

斑马线“人-车”博弈仿真

我国自2017年开展“车让人”活动以来,斑马线事故得到有效控制。但本文经统计发现,近两年交通事故量并未明显降低,即“车让人”虽有效控制了斑马线事故,但并未明显影响整体交通安全形势。为此论文设计了3种人车博弈仿真实验,分析不同典型情况下的礼让司机心态:在没有规定车让人时,积极礼让率约20%;在规定车让人时,积极礼让率约50%;当给予司机正向反馈时,积极礼让率约70%,仿真结果验证了:如果没有很好地兼顾司机情绪,“车让人”并不能实现本质安全,即大量交通事故只不过是从斑马线推移到了公路的其他地方(事故外溢)。论文最后建议在斑马线处分别设计给司机和行人阅读的2套标语,综合调控司机心境,有效防控“斑马线事故外溢”。