事故案例展示方式和发展阶段对认知的影响研究

为研究安全培训中事故案例展示方式和发展阶段对认知的影响，以皮电和眼动追踪生理测量指标反映内在认知，设计双因素重复测量方差试验进行研究。针对事故原因设计调查问卷以反映培训效果。试验选择70位学生分成两组作为被试，统计分析皮电和眼动追踪4个生理指标的差异性和调查问卷数据。结果表明：视频相对于文字，情境诱发性更好；被试对事故前兆线索的关注度、警觉性更好；事前和事后阶段杂乱眼动行为偏少。对不同危险线索的注视时间显著不同反映出被试先验知识影响对事故前兆的感知，而此过程在文字下表现不明显。此外，平均注视时间反映视频下全程认知难度高于文字；无论哪种方式危险呈现时均以专注的注视行为为主；对事后原因分析关注度均不高，这与调查问卷对比分析结果一致。因此，事故案例培训过程可优先以视频动态方式展示，但培训教师需明确事故关键线索，特别强调事故原因以提高培训效果。     

驾驶人应激反应能力强化培训方法

为提升驾驶人对突发交通状况的处理能力,预防交通事故,通过收集并整理国内典型应激场景,建立不同道路类型及天气下的三维应激场景库;综合国内外文献提出以舒尔特方格训练驾驶人注意力,选择反应仪加强驾驶人应激反应能力的心理培训与基于驾驶模拟器三维应激场景库的驾驶人技能培训相结合的应激反应能力培训方法;对20名被试进行培训,选择应激处置绩效为指标评估培训前后的应激绩效。结果表明:在83.33%的应激场景中,培训后的被试的应激处置绩效高于培训前;就单个场景而言,培训后的绩效显著提升,且趋于稳定;所开发的驾驶人应激反应能力培训方法对提升驾驶人应激反应能力和操作正确率有良好的效果。     

大流量管制情境下雷达管制员眼动特征分析

为提高大流量管制运行的安全水平,研究雷达管制员的眼动特征变化规律,整合雷达管制模拟机和眼动仪,构建试验系统。选取具有实际工作经验的进近雷达管制员作为被试,将某管制空域内的航班数量分为小、中和大流量3种模拟管制情境。获取不同情境下被试的眼动特征数据,结合被试的不同技能水平,统计分析其在3种情境下的眼动特征数据。结果发现:随着流量的增大,注视、眼跳、瞳孔3类眼动数据发生显著变化,且注视、眼跳的部分指标在不同技能水平的被试间也存在显著差异。不同技能水平的管制员的信息搜索策略存在差异,且均随管制流量的变化发生改变。     

前车突然切入时驾驶人应激生理特性研究

为研究前车突然切入对驾驶人生理负荷的影响,利用MP150生理监测系统对22名被试进行虚拟驾驶试验。采集记录前车突然切入时被试的生理参数。研究驾驶人心率增长率和心率变异性(HRV)指标与车速、应激距离之间的关系。结果表明:自车速度为100 km/h时,随着前车切入距离从55.6 m减小到27.8 m,被试的平均心率增长率从16.21%增大到23.27%,HRV参数低频(LF)值也呈现下降趋势。前车切入距离一定,随着自车车速从60 km/h增加到120 km/h,被试的平均心率增长率存在显著性差异,平均从13.05%上升到21.85%。差异性检验结果表明,前车切入距离和自车速度发生变化时驾驶人的生理负荷变化趋势一致,但自车速度因素对驾驶人生理负荷的影响程度高于切入距离因素。     

眼动指标检测管制疲劳的性能研究

为了挖掘更多检测管制疲劳的眼动指标,利用模拟塔台管制软件和眼动仪搭建试验平台,采集被试的眼动数据和主观疲劳的程度值,通过其疲劳前后眼动指标差异的显著性、与疲劳的相关性、以及受试者的工作特征曲线(ROC)分析,探讨了各眼动指标检测管制疲劳的性能。结果表明:疲劳前后被试的扫视速度、注视点和平均注视时长差异显著,扫视幅度无显著差异;扫视幅度与疲劳无相关性,平均注视时长与疲劳呈弱相关,扫视速度和注视点数与疲劳均呈中等以上的显著相关;利用注视点、扫视速度二元分类识别疲劳的效果为接近较好水平,是有潜力的管制疲劳检测指标,可为管制员疲劳检测和预警提供试验支撑。     

深井受限空间内作业人员的眼动特征研究

为探索能反映深井受限空间对作业者影响程度的眼动指标,为井下行为安全管理提供依据,将20名眼动指标相近的成员随机分为A,B两组,分别在普通环境中和高温深井环境中开展实验,以文献摘要为刺激材料,运用Tobii X2-30眼动仪进行眼动测量,运用单因素多元方差分析及多重比较法分析眼动数据。发现注视点总数、总注视时间、眼跳次数和总眼跳时间指标的差异有显著性,B组值大于A组;注视点平均注视时间、平均眨眼时间、平均瞳孔直径和总眼跳时间占比等指标无显著差异;两组被试的注视轨迹变化显著,因此 对井下人员的生理信息采集应当注重5个关键的眼动指标。     

视觉疲劳对事件相关电位中关联性负变的影响

为研究视觉疲劳对车辆驾驶人注意保持能力的影响,用自编主观疲劳调查表和关联性负变(CNV)经典试验范式,对被试在观看高速公路视频前和观看视频30 min后进行重复测试,考察被试观看高速公路视频前后的行为差异和CNV中早期成分(iCNV)和晚期成分(tCNV)的平均波幅差异。结果发现:被试观看高速公路视频后,主观疲劳调查表调查显示被试出现视觉疲劳状态;在CNV试验结果中,反应时延长,产生视觉疲劳;CNV以中央顶区为主,视觉疲劳后iCNV和tCNV成分波幅降低。这些结果表明,执行认知加工任务时,视觉疲劳会导致被试注意朝向能力下降、期待行为减弱,最终出现反应迟缓;CNV成分主要产生于额叶,幅值降低可能与额叶执行功能受损有关,iCNV和tCNV成分可以作为视觉疲劳的检测指标。     

职工在外培训期间因参加集体活动受伤算不算工伤?

编辑同志 :我单位一名合同工受我单位委托 ,于１９９７年到新疆工学院化工系接受培训。该同志于１９９９年１０月６日在参加该校体育部组织的篮球比赛被对方队员撞倒 ,造成左腿胫腓骨骨折。现咨询该同志的医疗、住院及家人的陪护、路途费用由谁来承担？毕业后返回单位能否定为工伤？新疆泽普石化厂泽普石化厂 :贵厂委托新疆工学院化工系代培的职工 ,在委培期间仍应享受本厂职工的待遇 ,其在册职工的名份没有变 ,也就是说该职工在外接受培训应属于公出性质。其因参加校体育部组织的篮球赛而负伤应属于公出期间负伤。根据《企业职工工伤保险试…     

安全管理相关组织属性的比较研究

安全管理被越来越多的行业关注,在推广安全管理方法时,不同行业之间可以互相学习。然而,由于各行业之间存在的差异,安全管理方法也会存在一定的界限。在规划、评估安全管理系统或其中的要素时,标准和程序、安全培训、事故报告及调查和安全文化被认为是主要因素。通过对安全管理基本组织属性的讨论,帮助企业的决策者能够对上述因素进行分析,从而调整安全管理以适应自己的情况,也有助于监管部门根据不同行业的特点实施监管,促进安全管理在不同行业之间的学习。     

基于人因工程的汽车仪表盘信息编码分析与优化

为研究汽车仪表盘人机交互设计对驾驶者辨识效率及正确率的影响,开展模拟试验。为此,调查分析当前常见汽车仪表盘的布局与设计情况,提取4类常用布局、2类常用配色组合而成的35张试验刺激材料,并运用Adobe Illustrator软件对其进行简化设计,试验中,请30名被试认读刺激材料,采用Tobii X2-30眼动仪采集被试完成任务操作时的任务时长、任务搜索时长、正确率等指标,运用SPSS V21. 0对指标数据进行差异性分析。最终,从表盘位置、配色设计、误读率和认读速度等4个方面对汽车仪表盘的设计提出建议。结果表明:时速表设置于中间位置会对转速表、水温表的认读产生显著性影响,因而A类布局设计更有利于仪表的整体认读,此外,复杂配色会影响驾驶者的认读效率。     

Examining the effectiveness of anti-vibration gloves with a neural network

Whether anti-vibration gloves are effective in protecting against vibrations depends not only on the materials they are made of, but also on the parameters of the source of vibration. Depending on those parameters, the effectiveness of the same means of protection may be radically different. This article presents a methodology of using a neural network to test anti-vibration gloves. A network can map gloves in various conditions, i.e., for vibrations of various amplitudes and spectra, and for various forces exerted by the worker on a tool. Real, measured vibration signals produced by different tools were used in training a neural network. The results presented in this article prove that real properties of gloves are accurately represented by their models developed as a result of training a neural network.     

应急场景下矿工脑电成分特征的实验研究

为探究矿工在应急场景下的脑电成分变化规律,研究通过脑电实验的方法对矿工在观看应急与正常作业场景下文字与图片素材的脑电数据进行分析.结果表明:矿工在实验素材的靶刺激下,ERP成分明显,且图片刺激效果强于文字,在200～400 ms时,P200,P300成分峰值最大;矿工大脑α节律不断下降,β节律不断上升,且β节律波幅面积...     

烟火材料的自燃与对策

从物质自燃现象的一般属性出发，通过对自燃加速曲线的分析，引伸出了烟火材料自燃特有的内涵。按照放热反应的不同形式对可自燃的烟火材料进行了分类。提出了发生自燃事故的统计规律以及防止事故的一些技术和管理措施。     

Training courses for specialists in working conditions: Some survey results

Initial results are presented of a survey in 14 countries into the training of six professional groups in the area of working conditions. The groups are occupational physicians, occupational hygienists, safety advisors/engineers, ergonomists, occupational health nurses and health and safety/labour/ (social) insurance inspectors.The paper concentrates on the diversity of the professional groups involved in working conditions, the level, length and certification of their training, and, for a limited number of the countries surveyed, the overlap in training content between groups.Conclusions are drawn in respect of the potential for sharing of training content and materials.     

Assessment of confined space entry and rescue training for aircraft rescue and fire fighting (ARFF) members in the United States

IntroductionFire and emergency service workers, including Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting members, may be called on to perform confined space entry and rescue operations. The purpose of the present study was to develop a comprehensive and valid understanding of the present state of confined space entry and rescue training effectiveness and resultant compliance or use of best practices among trained Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting personnel.MethodThe study used a convergent, parallel mixed-methods approach. Qualitative data (n = 20) were collected via semi-structured interviews at four locations. Data were coded, analyzed and super-ordinate and sub-ordinate themes were derived. Quantitative data (n = 158) from Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting members were analyzed.ResultsInterviewees believed there is a lack of standardization in training, but believed training should not be completed in the same format every time. Several participants (50%) desired more realistic training. Other concerns were associated with staffing, personal readiness, and resource adequacy. With regard to survey outcomes, most respondents reported that their organizations completed confined space training (69.8%), but only 55.3% indicated this training was conducted as a full-scale exercise and nearly 40% indicated that rescue practice was not performed despite standards mandating annual rescue practice. Following training, 55.4% indicated training evaluation information was not presented.ConclusionsParticipants mostly agreed their training effectively addressed OSHA requirements, such as how to test the atmosphere, the need for and use of personal protective equipment, how to identify pertinent permit information and methods to retrieve victims in limited space. Some gaps exist between current training practices and established training requirements and standards.Practical applicationsAircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting organizations need to bolster aspects of their training, particularly with regard to standardizing training efforts, practicing rescues, providing evaluation feedback and written materials and providing adequate resources.     

Leadership skills for strengthening jobsite safety climate

Introduction: Construction foremen may lack the leadership skills needed to create a strong jobsite safety climate. Many construction companies address this by sending their lead workers to the OSHA 30-h course; however the course does not include a leadership training module. This article describes the development and pilot testing of such a module and evaluation surveys designed to address this training gap. Methods: A 17-member curriculum development team, numerous subject matter experts, and an instructional design company helped us develop a comprehensive set of teaching resources and a set of survey instruments for evaluating the materials' effectiveness on improving safety leadership and safety climate. All materials and surveys were pilot tested with representative members of the target population. Results: Pilot surveys showed high reliability and data collected on the resulting Foundations for Safety Leadership (FSL) module indicated that the majority of foremen thought the training was helpful or valuable, particularly the discussion questions. The majority said they intended to use the skills on the jobsite. With the exception of the role-play activities, the trainers rated highly all other components, especially the videos and discussion questions. Modifications were made to the training materials and surveys based on pilot test findings. The most important result of the development and pilot testing efforts is that the OSHA Training Institute (OTI) included the FSL as an elective in the OSHA 30-h course. Conclusions: The FSL module fills a needed skills gap by providing safety leadership training to all foremen who might otherwise not have access to it through their company or union. The continued success of the FSL training will be ensured by dissemination via the OSHA 30-h course, an established nationwide safety training program. Practical applications: The FSL training module has already been widely accepted by the construction industry as a useful approach for providing construction foremen/See new abstract lead workers with the knowledge and skills they need to become more effective jobsite safety leaders.     

钢铁企业员工培训制度建设分析

钢铁企业在市场经济环境下需要不断完善员工的培训制度,当前企业的培训市场已经处于开放的状态,培训制度对培训质量会产生重要的影响,钢铁企业的培训质量对员工素质提的升具有很大的作用,同时也关系到企业培训部门自身的生存与发展。钢铁企业培训制度建设要在不同的历史条件和生产力状况下采取不同的方案,以提升培训质量,保证培训制度建设从新的科学技术出发,完善培训方案,提升培训整体水平,促使钢铁企业整体效益不断提升。     

Beyond demographic identities and motivation to learn: The effect of organizational identification on diversity training outcomes

There is a pressing need for better explanations of diversity training effectiveness so that organizations can administer training programs that facilitate positive intergroup interactions. In this paper, we consider the unique predictive effect of organizational identification on diversity training outcomes beyond the effects of the traditional predictors of demographic-based identities and motivation to learn across two samples of employees involved in diversity-related training at their employing organizations. Organizational identification predicted unique variance in voluntary participation in diversity training, diversity training-related knowledge application, motivation to transfer diversity training, and diversity training-related organizational citizenship behavior intentions. Research and practitioner implications are discussed based on our findings.     

Linking emotional intelligence to safety performance: The roles of situational awareness and safety training

Introduction: Safety outcomes in the workplace require individual employees to perform (behave) safely in everyday duties. While the literature suggests that emotional management capabilities or traits can be positively related to individual performance in certain conditions, it is not clear how they can influence safety-related performance in high-risk work contexts. Drawing upon trait activation theory, this paper aims to examine when emotional intelligence (EI) benefits employees’ safety performance. We propose that when employees receive inadequate safety training, EI is more likely to trigger their situational awareness and consequently promote their safety performance. Method: We collected time-lagged data from 133 full-time airplane pilots working in commercial aviation industry. Hierarchical moderated regression analysis was conducted to test the moderating effect of safety training inadequacy on the EI–situational awareness relationship. The moderated mediation model, which involves conditional indirect effects of EI on safety performance via situational awareness across different levels of safety training inadequacy, was tested using the PROCESS-based bootstrap confidence interval. Results: Safety training inadequacy negatively moderated the relationship between EI and situational awareness, such that EI was significantly related to situational awareness only when safety training inadequacy was more salient. The more inadequate safety training was, the greater the indirect effect of EI on safety performance via situational awareness was. Conclusions: Inadequate safety training, as a negative situational cue, can activate individuals’ EI to drive their safety-related cognitions (e.g., situational awareness) and behaviors. Effective safety training may be able to complement employees’ low EI in shaping their situational awareness and safety behaviors. Practical Applications: Aviation managers should monitor the adequacy and effectiveness of safety training; this could make pilots’ situational awareness and safety performance depend less on personal attributes (e.g., EI), which organizations are less able to control. When training capacity is temporarily limited, priority might be given to those with low EI.     

基于BP神经网络的煤层自燃预测

在全面分析影响煤层自燃因素的基础上,建立了煤层自燃预测的人工神经网络模型.应用该模型对某煤田的多个煤层样本进行了训练和预测,网络经过10次训练后,误差达到设定的最小值,6次预测测试中最大误差仅为0.027 8,最小的为0.000 1.研究表明,该模型精度较高,可用于预测煤层自燃的实际应用.