微囊藻毒素对水稻根系生长和抗氧化系统的影响

以水稻幼苗为材料,研究了不同质量浓度(1、100、1 000、3 000μg·L-1)微囊藻毒素(MCs)在胁迫期和恢复期对水稻幼苗根系生长、吸收活力、抗氧化系统的影响以及MCs在水稻根部的积累.结果表明,胁迫处理7 d,MCs在水稻根部的积累量与MCs质量浓度呈正相关.1μg·L-1MCs处理促进了根系生长,根系活力上升,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性上升有效维持H2O2于正常水平;100μg·L-1MCs处理下,根系生长受抑,根系活力下降,CAT无显著变化;在高质量浓度(1 000μg·L-1、3 000μg·L-1)MCs处理下,不仅根系生长受抑、根系活力下降,且CAT活性受抑,H2O2大量积累,膜质过氧化加剧.相比胁迫期,恢复7 d后各处理组水稻根系MCs的积累量均低于胁迫期.100μg·L-1MCs处理组根系各生长指标、根系活力、丙二醛(MDA)、H2O2和CAT的变幅减小,优于胁迫期,显示出一定程度的恢复,而1 000μg·L-1和3 000μg·L-1MCs处理组,根系生长与根系活力均低于胁迫期,氧化胁迫进一步加剧,表明高质量浓度(1 000μg·L-1和3 000μg·L-1)MCs对水稻根系造成的伤害不可逆.     

UV-B辐射增强对芦苇叶绿素荧光参数的影响

叶绿素荧光是光合作用的探针,可反映光合机构内一系列重要的调节过程.本文在露天条件下研究了不同UV-B辐照强度(对照:168μW·cm~2,低强度:210μW·cm~2,高强度:252μW·cm~2)对芦苇色素含量及叶绿素荧光参数的影响,探讨了芦苇光合生理对UV-B辐射的响应机制.结果表明:与自然光照相比,UV-B辐射增强对芦苇叶片表观造成一定的损伤,且随辐射梯度增大,损伤加剧.与自然光照相比,低辐射初期可促进芦苇叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素及类胡萝卜素含量增大,但随辐射时间延长抑制作用显现;高辐射下,芦苇叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素及类胡萝卜素含量均显著降低.与自然光照相比,低辐射前期,叶绿素荧光参数无显著变化,随辐照时间延长,Fo、NPQ增高,Fm、Fv/Fm与Fv/Fo显著降低,ΦPSII值、q P降低.高辐射可显著增大Fo、NPQ,显著降低Fm、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、ΦPSII,降低q P.试验结束时,处理组NPQ均低于对照,且随辐射梯度增大,下降幅度加剧.UV-B辐射对PSII的破坏作用随辐射强度增大而增大.     

外源一氧化氮供体对镉胁迫下黑麦草幼苗活性氧代谢、光合作用和叶黄素循环的影响

为了探讨外源NO对镉胁迫下牧草生理响应的调节作用,采用溶液培养方法,以多年生黑麦草为试验材料,研究了外源NO供体硝普钠(SNP)对镉胁迫下黑麦草幼苗生长、活性氧代谢、光合作用和叶黄素循环的影响.结果表明,150 μmol·L-1SNP能明显缓解100mg·L-1Cd2+对黑麦草幼苗生长的抑制作用,提高幼苗的生长速度.与单纯镉胁迫相比,外源150 μmol·L-1SNP显著抑制镉胁迫下黑麦草幼苗根系和叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性的下降和过氧化物酶(POD)活性的升高,促进过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量的提高,降低抗坏血酸(ASA)、H2O2和丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧阴离子(O2-)产生速率.同时,外源SNP处理不仅降低了镉胁迫下黑麦草叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、叶绿素最大荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ原初光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)、光合电子传递量子效率(φPSⅡ)、光化学荧光猝灭系数(qp)、光合电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学速率(PCR)的下降及初始荧光(F0)的上升幅度,还提高了非光化学荧光猝灭系数(NPQ)和叶绿素含量及叶黄素循环库(V+A+Z)的大小,使叶黄素循环脱环氧化状态(A+Z)/(V+A+Z)升高.由此表明,外源NO可通过提高活性氧清除能力和增强依赖于叶黄素循环的非辐射能量耗散,保护由镉胁迫引起的黑麦草幼苗叶片光合机构的破坏,从而提高光合效率.     

外源水杨酸对高氯酸盐胁迫下水花生叶绿素荧光特性的影响

为了探讨外源水杨酸(SA)对高氯酸盐胁迫下水生植物生理响应的调节作用,本文以水花生为试材,在水培及可控条件下,研究不同浓度(0.05、0.1、0.2、0.4mmol·L-1)的SA对高氯酸盐胁迫下水花生荧光特性的影响.结果表明,在整个试验期间,各浓度的SA处理能不同程度地抑制高氯酸盐胁迫引起的暗适应下叶绿素最小荧光产额(F0)和天线色素热耗散(D)的升高,缓解PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/F0)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ有效光化学效率(F′v/F′m)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、PSⅡ电子传递速率(ETR)和PSⅡ光化学反应能量耗散(P)的下降趋势,而对过剩光能耗散(E)的影响不明显.综合各荧光参数的变化,其中以0.2mmol·L-1的SA处理缓解效果最佳,处理28d后各荧光参数的变化(除E值外)均与不加SA的胁迫组呈显著差异(p0.05),外部形态的观察结果与荧光参数的变化结果也基本一致.以上结果说明适当浓度的SA能有效维持胁迫下叶肉细胞较高的光化学效率和电子传递速率,缓解由于过剩激发能的增加而引起的光抑制,减轻光合机构受伤害的程度,从而提高水花生抗高氯酸盐胁迫的能力.PSⅡ非辐射能量耗散的增强并非是高氯酸盐胁迫下SA保护光合机构的主要机制,有关机理尚待进一步研究.     

批次培养条件下三角褐指藻对不同磷胁迫压力及恢复的响应

采用批次培养,设置5个PO₄-P浓度（0 μmol/L,0.566 μmol/L,2.26 μmol/L,9.05 μmol/L,36.2 μmol/L）进行实验,并从第9 d开始进行2 d恢复实验,研究三角褐指藻在不同磷胁迫压力及恢复下的响应。测定参数包括PS Ⅱ的最大光能转化效率（Fv/Fm）、PS Ⅱ的实际光能转化效率Y（Ⅱ）、光合电子传递效率（ETR）及藻密度。结果发现:磷胁迫对藻密度、Fv/Fm、Y（Ⅱ）和ETR有显著影响。恢复实验中,Fv/Fm、Y（Ⅱ）、ETR等恢复速率与起始所受磷胁迫程度以及再添加的磷浓度呈正相关。与藻密度相比,Fv/Fm、Y（Ⅱ）、ETR等荧光参数可以在12 h内产生更显著的变化。本实验表明,在严重的磷胁迫条件下,磷的输入可以造成藻类的补偿生长;在小时尺度上叶绿素荧光参数随磷胁迫程度可以迅速做出响应。     

臭氧胁迫对冬小麦叶绿素荧光及气体交换的影响

为给O3等大气污染物胁迫下我国粮食生产和安全评估提供依据,利用开顶式气室(OTC)开展了3种O3熏蒸水平的大田试验(空气,CK;100 nL.L-1,T1;150 nL.L-1,T2),采用D iving-PAM叶绿素荧光仪和LC pro+光合仪测定了冬小麦(扬麦13)不同生育期的叶绿素荧光及气体交换参数.结果表明,T1的Fv/Fm均高于0.8,Pm、qP、(1-qP)/NPQ及Y(NO)与CK相似,NPQ及Y(NPQ)分别较CK上升13.5%~29.0%和13.3%~22.7%,实际光化学效率在自然光下(快速光曲线,RLC)和暗适应后(诱导曲线达稳态时,IC)分别下降4.6%~7.6%和11.3%~19.3%,Pn与Gs分别下降8.0%~9.8%和11.0%~23.1%,Ls在抽穗期和扬花期高于CK,在灌浆期和成熟期低于CK;T2的Fv/Fm均略低于0.8,Y(NO)、(1-qP)/NPQ及ci分别较CK增加37.9%~75.6%、157.1%~325.8%和3.4%~18.1%,实际光化学效率在RLC和IC条件下分别下降10.2%~13.6%和21.4%~29.1%,Pn、Ls、qP、Pm、NPQ及Y(NPQ)分别下降28.1%~39.9%、5.2%~21.3%、15.8%~30.4%、27.6%~45.6%、33.3%~52.9%和5.7%~17.9%.O3胁迫显著降低了冬小麦的光合能力,其胁迫效应和作用机制在生长季内呈动态变化;T1的Fv/Fm下降是对NPQ增加的响应,Pn与实际光化学效率降低是保护性调节的结果,其抗氧化系统及热耗散机制足以保护PSⅡ反应中心免遭光伤害;T2的CO2同化与QA重新氧化受限,热耗散机制受损,其光合能力下降是光合系统受到O3与过剩光能双重伤害的结果;O3损伤冬小麦PSⅡ的临界值在100~150 nL.L-1之间,接近100 nL.L-1,Fv/Fm难以指示O3对冬小麦的胁迫.尽管冬小麦对高浓度O3具有一定适应能力,地表O3浓度升高仍然是我国粮食生产中面临的一个重要的问题.     

藻华聚集的生态效应:对凤眼莲叶绿素和光合作用的影响

以凤眼莲为研究对象,模拟凤眼莲叶绿素和光合作用变化对不同蓝藻水华聚集影响的应答响应.通过深入研究藻华聚集后对水生植物的生理影响,以揭示藻华规模性暴发引起水生植物消亡的深层机制和更好地发挥植物的水体生态修复功能.结果表明,藻华聚集后2 h内溶氧会耗尽,水体中氧化还原电位值(ORP)降至-200 m V,添加60 g·L-1和120 g·L-1新鲜藻细胞的处理1、2中溶解性总氮(DTN)含量分别高达44.49 mg·L-1、111.32 mg·L-1,溶解性总磷(DTP)含量分别高达2.57mg·L-1、9.10 mg·L-1,植物根区NH+4-N含量增加至32.99 mg·L-1、51.22 mg·L-1,形成厌氧、强还原、高营养盐环境而对凤眼莲产生胁迫作用,植物叶片叶绿素浓度呈现先增加、后降低的变化趋势,处理2的叶片光合能力、气孔导度(以CO2计)则呈现快速下降,至实验结束时下降为3.95μmol·(m2·s)-1、0.088μmol·(m2·s)-1,同期对照组叶片光合能力、气孔导度分别为22μmol·(m2·s)-1、0.78μmol·(m2·s)-1,表明凤眼莲对环境胁迫有较强的光合应答响应;实验中发现处理1中老根系脱落、大量白色嫩根长出,处理2中老根系大量死亡、脱落,无白色新根长出,同时叶片发黄、枯焦开始死亡,表明在超过了凤眼莲的抗逆境能力后,就开始出现根系死亡、光合能力受到抑制,植物开始死亡,表明在藻华聚集后形成的水体生态环境恶化对凤眼莲产生重度胁迫,使植物生理功能受到抑制是导致植物死亡的主要原因之一.     

杂食性鱼类排泄物中藻类光能活性研究

借助叶绿素荧光技术,通过对杂食性鱼类鲫鱼(Crucian Carp)和金鲫鱼(Gold Crucian Carp)摄食微囊藻(Microcysis aeruginosa)后排泄物的培养,从鱼类排泄物藻类叶绿素荧光活性的角度探讨了杂食性鱼类在控藻上的应用.结果表明,鱼类摄食对微囊藻生长及叶绿素荧光参数均有显著影响(P<0.05).鲫鱼组的叶绿素荧光参数ΦPSII从第3d开始,Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm、ETR和qP从第5d开始随培养时间的延长而增加,而NPQ始终呈下降趋势.金鲫鱼组的叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm、ΦPSII、ETR、qP)在培养期间一直呈降低趋势.鲫鱼组的Chl a浓度与细胞密度在培养期间先下降再上升,最后恢复至对照组水平,且Chl a浓度同部分叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm、ΦPSII)呈现极显著正相关(P<0.01);金鲫鱼组的Chl a浓度与细胞密度于实验期间均下降,实验期间一直低于对照组,且两参数均与叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm、ΦPSII、ETR、qP)呈极显著正相关(P<0.01).可见,微囊藻经鲫鱼摄食后,其叶绿素光合及生长活性经过短暂的下降后会逐渐恢复,而金鲫鱼可有效降低微囊藻活性,但金鲫鱼作为一种观赏鱼类,不适宜在大面积水体放养.     

双酚A对大豆、玉米和水稻叶绿素荧光反应的影响

双酚A(BPA)普遍应用在工业制成品中,因需求量递增而产生的环境安全问题引发各方关注.与BPA对植物生长影响的研究工作相比,BPA影响植物生长的机理的研究甚少.光合作用是植物生产的重要生理过程,可通过叶绿素荧光测定技术探测和分析.基于此,本文利用叶绿素荧光测定技术,研究了BPA对大豆、玉米和水稻幼苗叶绿素荧光反应的影响.结果表明,3.0 mg·L-1BPA可降低大豆和玉米初始荧光F0,增加原初光能转化效率F v/F m、实际光能转化效率ΦPSⅡ、电子传递速率ETR、光化学猝灭系数qP和非光化学猝灭系数qN,对水稻各荧光参数无影响,即3.0 mg·L-1BPA可改善大豆和玉米光合PSⅡ系统,增强光能吸收,提高光合电子传递和光能转化效率;6.0 mg·L-1BPA可增加大豆和水稻的ΦPSⅡ、ETR和qP,降低F0,除增加qN外不影响玉米的其它荧光参数,表明6.0 mg·L-1BPA能改善大豆和水稻光合PSⅡ系统,提高光能转化和电子传递效率;除10 mg·L-1BPA对水稻各荧光参数无显著影响及17.2 mg·L-1BPA增加玉米和水稻的qN外,10 mg·L-1和17.2mg·L-1BPA可增加3种作物F0,抑制其它各荧光参数,即高剂量BPA引起作物光抑制,PSⅡ中心受损,光能转化和电子传递效率降低.此外,对比3种作物荧光参数变幅可知,BPA对大豆各荧光参数的影响玉米水稻.总之,BPA对3种作物叶绿素荧光反应的影响在方式和效果上存在差异.     

不同酸雨梯度下3种酸雨处理对茶树幼苗叶绿素荧光和光合特性的影响

选择茶(Camellia sinensis)幼苗为试验材料,在盆栽条件下采用受控模拟酸雨喷淋的试验方法,设置3个酸雨梯度p H 2.5、p H 4.0和p H5.6,每个梯度下分别设计地上处理、全淋处理和土壤处理,测定其叶绿素荧光和光合特性.结果表明:在p H 2.5酸雨胁迫下,全淋处理显著减少了茶幼苗相对叶绿素含量(SPAD)合成、降低PSⅡ原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、潜在活性(Fv/F0)、实际光化学量子产量(Yield)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)以及净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Cond)、蒸腾速率(Tr)等光合参数,提高了胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)、光补偿点(LCP)和暗呼吸速率(Rd),地上处理作用下茶幼苗受到抑制作用其次,土壤处理对茶幼苗的抑制作用最小;在p H 4.0酸雨胁迫下,除光饱和点(LSP)、光补偿点和暗呼吸速率其余各处理值均高于对照组(CK),并且土壤酸雨地上酸雨全淋酸雨处理CK,而p H 5.6酸雨胁迫下,各参数变化为土壤酸雨地上酸雨CK全淋酸雨处理.可见,在p H 2.5酸雨胁迫下,全淋酸雨处理对幼苗的抑制作用最强;p H 4.0和p H 5.6酸雨胁迫下,土壤酸雨处理对于幼苗的促进作用最强;处理方式和酸雨强度的交互作用下Fv/Fm、Amax、AQY、LSP、LCP和Rd都具有显著差异,而SPAD、Fv/F0、Yield、qP差异不显著.得出结论为:酸雨对植物的作用机理随酸雨浓度而定,重度酸雨胁迫下,直接和间接作用都有;而中、轻度酸雨胁迫下,主要是通过土壤酸化后对植物起间接作用.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.