基于自给的新加坡水资源战略

水资源短缺正成为带有全球性的问题,随着城市化和经济的发展,水的供给和使用正成为比能源更为紧迫的问题。新加坡自身淡水资源匮乏,供水的不确定性威胁着这个国家的生存和发展,新加坡通过自身努力,走出了一条独特的供水用水之路。新加坡不仅解决了水源自给问题,而且正成为全球水务的枢纽。     

对火电厂节水问题的几点看法

前言火力发电厂是用水大户之一。其主要用水点是汽机的冷凝器,用水量与机组容量、供水方式、冷却倍率等因素有关。当采用直流供水系统时,加上各种辅助设备的冷却水、锅炉补充水、生活消防水和除灰用水     

水夹点技术研究进展

水夹点技术是一种优化企业用水系统、以提高水的重复利用率为目标的过程集成技术。综述了水夹点技术的研究进展,重点介绍了浓度组合曲线法、用水和水源组合曲线法、D—S组合曲线法、新图解目标法、中水道技术、基因算法工具箱等方法,展望了水夹点技术的研究发展趋势。     

多杂质水网络超结构模型及其同步设计法研究

研究了存在回用、再生回用和再生循环的多杂质水网络,修正了水网络同步设计的超结构模型.该模型可以合理表征有效物质回收、杂质问存在反应以及废物处理等多种技术.采用通用代数建模系统(GAMS)编程,求解了多杂质水网络混合整数非线性规划(MINLP)问题.同步设计的脱硫实例优化方案与文献值相比,年度总费用可降低8%以上.求解石油化工中常见的含碳稀氨水回收例题,优化设计结果可以满足各组分单独回收要求,避免杂质间反应,提高了水的重复利用率.     

火电厂水平衡优化研究

通过对火电厂水系统供水、需水特性的分析，建立了水系统优化的数学模型，对不同供水、需水条件下的火电厂水系统水平衡进行了优化。模型的优化结果对火电厂水系统的设计和运行管理有一定指导作用。     

膜法处理精对苯二甲酸精制废水

采用“沉淀—超滤—反渗透—电去离子”工艺处理精对苯二甲酸精制废水,产水作为生产工艺用水回用于生产系统,考察了各工艺单元的操作条件。实验结果表明,在沉淀时间为4 h、超滤膜截留分子量为1 000且采用错流过滤模式、反渗透运行压力为1.8~2.2 MPa且温度控制在25~30 ℃、电去离子单元出水电阻率为5 MΩ·cm的操作条件下,最终出水水质优于GB/T 50109—2014《工业用水软化除盐设计规范》中的二级除盐水指标,可回用为生产工艺用水。     

贵阳电厂废水净化工艺研究

1前言贵阳电厂位于贵阳市区西南，凤凰山之南，南明河之北，皂南井赤马殿处。电厂现有3×25MW＋2×50MW机组，总装机容量175MW。近期将进行技术改造，准备扩建1台200MW机组。燃煤主要是水城、六枝、林东等地煤，煤的含硫量较高，一般在1．9％～5．1％之间。电厂用水主要来自南明河上游约16公里的花溪水库及其支流小车河上游6公里的阿哈水库，水源比较紧张。因此，贵阳电厂供水方式除一期工程机组采用直流冷却水系统外，后来扩建机组都采用闭路循环冷却水系统。贵阳电厂废水主要有五股：化学车间的澄清器排污水；化学车间的过滤器和软化…     

火力发电厂水资源综合利用对策

通过分析我国煤炭资源、水资源、电力发展的基本情况和分布特点,阐述了富煤少水地区火电工业发展所面临的水资源困境与节约用水的战略意义;通过分析火力发电厂的用水现状及用水存在的主要问题,着重论述了火电行业在当前及今后一段时期内,加强水资源综合利用,提高用水效率,节约用水指标的对策,以期火电工业与自然、社会及国民经济其他行业和谐发展.     

人工湿地分散式污水处理系统的设计和运行

采用由预处理单元、水平潜流人工湿地单元、消毒单元和污泥干化单元组成的分散式污水处理系统对采油区生活点污水进行了处理和资源化利用。核心工艺单元水平潜流人工湿地单元的优化设计参数为:人工湿地宽20 m、长80 m,采用多段串联布置形式。分散式污水处理系统实际处理水量为92~136 m3/d,在5年的实际运行过程中,COD,BOD5,NH3-N,SS的平均去除率分别为75.9%,77.3%,96.0%,96.1%。处理后出水经消毒后的水质优于GB/T18920—2002《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》标准中绿化用水的水质,可作为绿化灌溉用水回用;干化后的栅渣和污泥可作为绿化肥料使用,能实现污水的资源化利用和处理系统的零排放。     

黑河湿地供水能力分析及保护对策研究——以甘州区西大湖湿地为例

近年来,由于湿地取用灌溉水量的增加,目前,黑河湿地正面临着面积萎缩、功能退化、用水矛盾突出的问题。2018年7—8月,项目采用分层随机抽样的方法,以黑河流域甘州区西大湖湿地周边的住户为调查对象,有针对性地围绕四类问题进行了实地调查。对有效的286份问卷,采用spss24.0进行统计分析。结果表明:人们对湿地功能的主观认识水平不高;对湿地的保护意识及保护措施不强;对正在进行的通过开挖毛渠过度取用湿地水的行为意识不到是对湿地的破坏;对湿地可持续发展也没有相关的理解及行为支持。项目进而对研究区域湿地供水能力进行了分析,得出结论:该区域湿地作为周边2 226.8 hm~2农田的灌溉水源,存在严重的水资源供需矛盾。针对研究结果,项目提出了该区域湿地乃至黑河流域湿地开发利用和保护的对策及建议,以供管理人员参考。     

Renewable hydrocarbons through biomass hydropyrolysis process: challenges and opportunities

Considering the current issues of carbon control and the desire to become less dependent on imported oil, the utilization of renewable hydrocarbons for the reduction of CO₂ emission and production of liquid synthetic fuels/chemicals has been proposed by researchers worldwide. Efforts to make chemicals/fuels from renewable resources have escalated over the past few years. Biomass-based renewable hydrocarbons are considered to be one of the sources with the highest potential to contribute to the energy needs of modern society for both developed and developing economies worldwide. Fast pyrolysis is becoming an important thermal route to convert biomass to liquid fuels; however, the raw bio-oils obtained have a number of negative properties such as high acidity, high water content, and variable viscosity over time. To overcome this problem and produce bio-oil of good quality, process of ‘hyropyrolysis’ has been developed. The scope for using pyrolysis under hydrogen pressure and also by process of hydropyrolysis followed by in situ hydroconversion of vapors to give oils with much lower oxygen contents has been reviewed.     

Developing Water Stable Gliadin Films Without Using Crosslinking Agents

For the first time, gliadin films with excellent strength and water stability have been developed without using any crosslinking agents. So far, it has not been possible to obtain water stable gliadin films even after crosslinking. In this research, a novel method of using aqueous urea and ethanol has been developed to obtain highly water stable gliadin films without using crosslinking chemicals. The effects of concentrations of gliadin, urea and ethanol on the strength of the films and the stability of the films in water at high temperatures and various pH conditions has been studied. Gliadin films developed in this research have strength of about 30 MPa similar to the strength of previously reported gliadin films crosslinked with aldehydes and cysteine. Gliadin films obtained in this research were stable in pH 7.2 water at 50 °C for 20 days. The gliadin films did not dissolve in 70% ethanol which readily dissolves gliadin powder.     

甲壳素和壳聚糖在水处理中的应用

介绍了天然有机高分子化合物——甲壳素和壳聚糖的制备、化学结构和特性，阐述了其在水处理中的应用及发展前景。甲壳素和壳聚糖的来源广泛，其性能优良、无毒、无公害、可生物降解，可用作吸附剂、絮凝剂、分离膜材料、离子交换剂和杀菌剂，是一类非常有开发利用前景的新型水处理材料。     

超临界水氧化法水处理技术进展

介绍了超临界水的特性和超临界水氧化法水处理技术的原理与工艺流程;着重论述了催化剂在超临界水氧化法中的应用,以及在超临界状态下材料的腐蚀研究现状;展望了这一新型水处理技术的发展前景。     

Advances In Out Door Lysimeter Techniques

Different methods exist for measuring soil water and solute fluxes in and below the root zone and have been critically reviewed. Besides indirect methods (e.g. water balance, tensiometer, time domain reflectometry – TDR, frequency domain reflectometry – FDR, environmental tracer) direct methods (e.g. drainage-type lysimeter, water fluxmeter) have a long tradition and have been successfully used in seepage research. A large weighable out door lysimeter is the best method for obtaining reliable data about seepage water quantity and quality, but it involves significant investment and additional expenses for maintenance. To tackle this problem new methods for the vertical collection of large volume soil monoliths (up to 6 m³) as well as for the horizontal collection (up to 6 m³) have been developed. For the placement of the lysimeter a container lysimeter unit was constructed, which is cheaper than a conventional steel or concrete cellar. Furthermore, the technical design of the newly developed lysimeter types as a weighable gravitation lysimeter, a weighable groundwater lysimeter and a lateral flow lysimeter are presented.     

石油焦化冷焦废水封闭分离与利用技术

提出了一种多级降温冷凝-梯级污染物分离-组分机械纯化的集成石油焦化冷焦废水封闭分离与利用技术。将其应用于1Mt／a冷焦废水处理系统,运行结果表明,废水循环再生率、污油循环使用率、石油焦粉回收使用率、挥发性有机物回收利用率均达100％。与国内外同类技术相比,该技术具有冷焦废水处理效果好、投资小、经济和社会效益显著等优点,具有很好的推广应用前景。     

水中硫化物测定方法的研究

改进了用于水中硫化物测定的酸化－吹取－吸收预处理方法,对样样预处理条件及校准曲线的制作 进行了详细试验。该方法具有吹取完全,吸收安全、操作简单、准确度高的优点,适用于水和废水中微量硫化物的测定。     

Environmental assessment of supercritical water oxidation and other sewage sludge handling options.

Sustainable development relies on the eco-efficient use of all flows in society; more value created out of each resource unit. Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) can be used for treatment of wet organic waste. The technology has been under development for over 20 years but has not yet been fully commercialized. SCWO allows for complete oxidation of all organics in sewage sludge and almost complete recovery of the inherent energy, essentially without harmful emissions. In this paper, a life-cycle assessment (LCA) of sewage sludge SCWO (Aqua-Critox) is presented and the results are compared with LCA results for other sludge handling options: agricultural use, co-incineration with municipal solid waste, incineration with subsequent phosphorus extraction (Bio-Con) and sludge fractionation with phosphorus recovery (Cambi-KREPRO). For SCWO, beneficial utilization of the heat of reaction is of crucial importance for the outcome. The electricity consumed by pumping and the nitrous oxide produced are other important parameters. The best sludge handling option from an environmental point of view depends on what aspect is considered more important in the impact assessment. Regarding global warming, the energy recovery methods perform better than agricultural use.     

非常规气采出水回注环境风险的研究进展

采用水力压裂法开采非常规气时,成分复杂、高盐度的采出水需经简单处理后回注地层。此过程可能引发的环境风险逐渐受到各界关注。针对采出水回注的井位层位、回注水水质等环境风险,综述了室内高温高压静态反应釜实验、动态驱替实验、数值模拟、分析评价等方面的研究进展,在此基础上提出了该领域研究存在的问题和发展方向,为我国采出水回注环境影响研究提供借鉴。     

自来水厂常规净水工艺除有机污染物效果的监测

采用ＧＣ－ＭＳ／ＣＯＭＰ技术对宁波梅林水厂姚江水源水及各净水工序出水中的有机污染物进行了监测,结果表明,姚江水中主要有机污染物为苯系物、多环芳烃、染料及中间体等,水厂现有的常规净水工艺对上述有机污染物的去除率较低。