城市植物叶片金属元素含量与大气污染的关系

采样分析了株洲清水塘工业区两上厂及圣贤区七种植物叶片中甲、钙、镁、锰、铁、铜、铅、锌和砷十种元素的含量，按照ＩＰ含污量指标，对测定区的大气质量做了分析评价，由原子吸收光谱仪测定植物叶片中锌、铅、镉和砷的含量，可以判定测定区的大气污染等级。     

镉胁迫下蓖麻对镉及矿质元素的富集特征

目前中国农田遭受镉污染的情况日益严重。蓖麻(Ricinus communis L.)是一种能源作物,同时对镉有较高的耐性和富集能力,因此利用蓖麻资源为合理利用镉污染农田提供了一种可行的途径。在温室条件下(5~32℃)采用盆栽试验,设定2个镉质量分数梯度(2.396和5.396 mg·kg-1),研究镉胁迫下30种蓖麻品种茎、叶和果实对镉和矿质元素(铝、钼、铜、钙、锌、硫、磷、镁、锰和铁)吸收和富集特征,以及矿质营养元素与镉富集的相关性。结果表明:镉在不同组织的分布情况为茎叶果实,铝、钼、硫、锰和铁在不同组织的分布为叶果实茎,钙和镁在不同组织的分布为叶茎果实,铜、锌和磷在不同组织的分布为果实叶茎。在低镉质量分数(2.396 mg·kg-1)处理条件下,茎、叶和果实中镉质量分数变化范围分别为0.600~1.670、0.310~1.970和0.130~0.909 mg·kg-1,平均值分别为1.030、0.831和0.362 mg·kg-1。在高镉质量分数(5.396mg·kg-1)处理条件下,茎、叶和果实中镉质量分数变化范围分别为1.012~4.032、0.698~3.514和0.227~1.525 mg·kg-1,平均值分别为1.964、1.583和0.694 mg·kg-1。蓖麻茎、叶和果实对镉和矿质元素(铝、钼、铜、钙、锌、硫、磷、镁、锰和铁)的富集受蓖麻品种和土壤中镉含量的显著影响。钙、硫、镁、铁的积累与镉的吸收呈显著正相关关系;锌、锰、铜、磷的积累与镉的吸收呈显著负相关关系,而铝、钼的积累与镉的吸收无显著相关关系。因此,合理调控污染土壤中矿质元素的含量可以提高蓖麻对镉污染土壤的修复效率。     

磷胁迫对水稻基因型根系形态及吸收铁锰铜锌的影响

采用营养液培养方法研究了缺磷胁迫下4种水稻基因型(90-90—1、金23A、90-68-1、CDR22)的根系形态变化情况及其吸收微量元素铁、锰、铜、锌的影响。结果表明，(1)磷胁迫下，每个基因型在磷胁迫下其根系形态发生了明显变化、如根长、根冠比均呈增加趋势，并且根表有红棕色铁氧化物膜包被。(2)磷胁迫下根系形态的变化影响了水稻对生长介质中铁、锰、铜、锌的吸收：正常水稻植株中铁、锰、锌的含量高于磷胁迫植株，其中磷营养状况对水稻吸收铁、锰影响最明显；而磷营养状况对水稻植株铜含量的影响与铁、锰、锌正好相反，且影响程度较小。     

土壤水分胁迫对花生籽仁矿质元素含量的影响

选用我国北方地区近年来选育或推广应用的29个花生品种（系）,采用全生育期内人工控水盆栽试验,设置正常供水（控制整个生育期土壤含水量为田间持水量的75%~80%）和中度干旱胁迫（控制土壤含水量为田间持水量的45%~50%）2个水分处理。收获后分析籽仁中铁、锌、锰、铝、镉等微量元素和钙、镁、钾、磷、氮等主要矿物质元素含量。结果表明,花生籽仁中铅、铬含量极低,未能检测出;品种间各微量和其他矿质元素含量均存在明显差异,微量元素中,铝平均含量最高,锰含量最低,铁和锌含量居中。干旱使花生籽仁中除铝之外的铁、锌、镉、锰微量元素含量显著增加,尤其是铁,其含量是浇水条件下的2.9倍,其次是镉,为浇水条件下的2.4倍,锌也达1.6倍;但干旱使籽仁中钙、镁含量降低,氮、磷、钾3元素的变化不大,两处理间差异不明显;两处理中除锌元素外其余矿质元素含量间的相关系数间均呈显著或极显著相关关系,镁、锰和镉三元素间的相关系数最大,均在0.95以上,钙次之,磷最小。表明土壤干旱可提高花生籽仁中铁、锌、镉、锰微量元素含量,且微量矿质元素协同效应明显;土壤湿润降低花生籽仁中磷、钾元素与其他矿质元素间的相关关系。     

镉对籽粒苋耐性生理及营养元素吸收积累的影响

初步阐明了镉对籽粒苋耐性生理及营养元素吸收积累的影响,为进一步揭示籽粒苋的镉耐性与镉富集机理奠定了基础。通过对生物量的监测,对叶绿素、蛋白质、游离氨基酸、大量元素及微量元素等的含量的测定,阐明镉胁迫对籽粒苋生长生理、抗胁迫耐性、营养元素吸收分配的影响。研究结果显示,镉胁迫对籽粒苋的生长抑制作用不明显,植株生物量随着镉浓度的提高而轻微降低。随着镉处理浓度的提高,叶绿素含量下降幅度显著;蛋白质和游离氨基酸含量变化幅度不明显;钾含量无大幅变化;镉、磷、钙、镁、锌、铁、锰、铜含量变化幅度较显著。镉、钾、磷、锰的迁移系数随着镉处理浓度的提高无显著变化;钙的迁移系数呈上升趋势;镁、锌、铁、铜的迁移系数均呈下降趋势。这些结果表明：镉胁迫降低籽粒苋叶绿素含量,抑制植株光合作用,继而抑制了植株的生长,但其程度不明显;镉胁迫条件启动活性氧防御机制;引起植株体内部分养分代谢紊乱。结论：低浓度镉处理条件下,籽粒苋受镉离子影响,抗氧化能力下降。在高浓度镉处理条件下,籽粒苋调节了营养元素的吸收和分配,启动了一系列活性氧防御机制,提高了抗胁迫能力。     

有机肥料和无机肥料对土壤微量元素含量的影响

五年定位监测的田间试验结果表明，施用有机肥料对土壤铁、锰、铜、锌的消耗具有明显的补充作用，但对有效用的补充仍显不足．因此，土壤硼营养有可能成为作物产量的限制因子．长期单施正要素化肥的土壤有效态铁、锰、铜、锌、硼的含量均明显下降，下降量达3mg／kg以上，其中土壤有效态硼则有潜在缺乏的可能．     

贵州煤矿集中开采区地表水重金属污染特征

对贵州煤矿集中开采区地表水重金属污染情况进行评价,掌握重金属污染迁移特征,采用数理统计分析、Pearson相关性分析以及综合污染指数评价法对贵州省摆沙河流域煤矿区周边13个监测点共9项污染指标进行评价分析.结果表明,该区域地表水中总铁、锰、铝和汞的富集程度较高,浓度均值分别为68.48、2.75、9.91 mg·L~(-1)和0.0035 mg·L~(-1),均超出了地表水质量标准限定值,且汞超标率高达100%.总铁、锰、铬、铝、锌属于高度变异,部分地区污染严重,且区域性极强,污染情况随矿区位置不同而呈现显著差异.总铁、锰、铝、锌之间具有较显著的正相关关系,表明该4种污染物质来源一致或相似,总铁及铝均与pH呈强负相关性,说明pH影响重金属的浸出性能.13个地区中毛坡栗(G_8)污染程度较轻,新寨2(G_2)、陆家桥(G_(13))为重度污染,其他10个监测点均为严重污染,其中翁威主矿处(G_4)污染最为严重;总铁、锰、汞的影响权重值较高,新寨1(G_1)、翁威主矿处(G_4)、两岔河(G_6)、楼梯冲(G_7)、瓦厂河(G_9)总铁、锰污染程度较高,新寨2(G_2)、翁威2(G_5)、豆芽井(G_(10))、上坝(G_(11))、蛋托厂(G_(12))、陆家桥(G_(13))地区受汞污染影响严重.     

不同生态区维西糯山药品质与生态因子相关性研究

为了探明生态因子对维西糯山药品质性状的影响,寻找影响维西糯山药生长发育的生态因子。该研究采用GPS定位及“点对点”采样方法采集了不同生态区维西糯山药块茎样品和土壤样品各60个,对维西糯山药品质进行分析与综合评价,分析了维西糯山药品质与土壤养分相关性,筛选出了影响维西糯山药品质的主要土壤因子,并对品质指标与气象因子之间的关系作了详细分析。结果表明,（1）维西糯山药在不同生态区种植时,其品质存在明显差异。（2）根据各主成分的贡献率可知,对维西糯山药品质指标影响最大的是粘液蛋白含量、皂苷含量、支链淀粉含量、水溶性浸出物、多糖与灰分含量;维西糯山药在不同生态区种植的综合评价结果为：扎子村>碧罗村>保和镇周边。（3）影响维西糯山药品质的主要土壤因子为：有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、全钾、有效铁、有效锰、有效硼、有效锌、有效铜、交换性钙。（4）Person相关性分析和冗余（RDA）分析结果表明：生长季最低温度和海拔是影响维西糯山药品质的显著气象因子。生长季最低温度与多糖和多酚之间为负相关关系外,与糯山药其他品质均为正相关关系;海拔与多酚、灰分、水溶性浸出物和粘液蛋白之间均为正相关关系,与多糖...     

景天三七主要活性成分与土壤、气象因子的相关性

以3个引种区12个试验点的景天三七(Sedumaizoon)的茎叶为研究对象,探究景天三七活性成分与生态因子间的相关性,通过冗余分析(RDA)研究了9个土壤因子和14个地理气候因子与景天三七主要活性成分的关系,确定影响景天庚糖、谷甾醇、总黄酮和生物碱的主要生态因子,为景天三七的引种栽培提供技术依据。结果表明,景天三七各活性成分均存在明显的地域性差异,大荔引种区景天庚糖和谷甾醇的含量显著高于鄠邑和洛南引种区,洛南引种区的总黄酮含量又显著高于其他引种区。景天庚糖含量与谷甾醇之间呈极显著正相关(r=0.751),与生物碱和总黄酮呈负相关。土壤中铜(F=16.81,P=0.002)、钙(F=7.49,P=0.006)、铁(F=4.03,P=0.030)的含量及日温差(F=53.44,P=0.002)、平均气温(F=31.04,P=0.002)是造成景天三七活性成分差异的主要生态因子。景天庚糖和谷甾醇累积效应与土壤中钙含量、平均气温呈显著正相关,与速效钾、镁、锰、锌及温度因子呈正相关,与降水量呈负相关;生物碱含量对生态因子的响应与谷甾醇和景天庚糖总体相反;景天三七中总黄酮含量与日温差呈显著正相关,与土壤中锰、锌、有效磷、镁、钙、降雨量呈正相关,与温度因子呈负相关。产地的地理位置和生态因子是影响景天三七活性成分分化和形成的重要因素,关中东部大荔引种区土壤中钙含量高、气温较高,降水较少,有利于景天三七的活性成分的形成与累积,尤其以景天庚糖和谷甾醇含量增加最为明显,是景天三七适宜引种区。     

化橘红产地土壤中量微量元素分布及其与化橘红药用有效成份的相关关系

研究了化橘红 (Citrus grandis var. tomentosa Hort.)产地土壤中量、微量元素的分布特征及其与化橘红药用有效成份黄酮类有机化合物的相关关系.结果表明,化橘红产地多数采样点的土壤有效铜、锌、锰、硼、钼含量处于中-低-很低水平;化橘红幼果中的黄酮类、柚皮苷含量与其叶片中的锰含量呈极显著的正相关关系,与土壤有效铜、有效硫含量呈显著或极显著的正相关关系.前者说明化橘红叶片中的锰对其幼果中黄酮类、柚皮苷的形成可能存在生理作用,后者则反映了土壤中有效铜、有效硫对化橘红吸收土壤锰的协同作用.因此,化橘红产地应适当施用铜、锰等微量元素肥料.     

Scalp hair metal analysis in the assessment of the occupational exposure of arc welders

Eleven metals (Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and Pb) were estimated in hair samples of metal arc welders and a control group with the same socioeconomic background. Nitric acid–perchloric acid wet digestion procedure was adopted for the estimation of endogenous metal contents by ICP-AE technique. The study exhibited the following increasing order of the metal concentrations: Cd??1, dry weight, respectively. On average, the levels of Mn, Ni, Pb and Fe were found to be 1.5–2.4 times higher in the hair of welders compared with controls. Besides age and exposure which were strongly correlated, Cu–Mg, Mn–Mg, Ca–Co and Cd–Zn also showed significantly positive correlations. The identification of metal sources, done by cluster and principal component analyses, revealed four factors: age and exposure; Cu, Mg, Mn and Fe; Ca and Co; Cd, Zn, Ni and Pb. High levels of Fe were found to have a depleting impact on Co levels. The arc welders were feared to accumulate heavy metals in their bodies due to long-term endogenous exposure.     

Cluster analysis of inorganic elements in particulate matter in the air environment of an equatorial urban coastal location

Concentrations of nine inorganic elements (Na, Zn, Ca, Fe, Ni, Mn, Cu, Cd and Al) in particulate matter (PM₁₀) in the air of an equatorial urban coastal location during 2009 were studied during summer and winter monsoon seasons using high-volume sampling techniques. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to analyse the samples. The concentrations of most inorganic elements were higher during summer than winter, except for Cu and Zn. The main inorganic elements in PM₁₀ are Na, Zn and Ca. High concentrations of Na and Ca are due to marine aerosols. Analysis of enrichment factors showed that inorganic elements are from non-crustal sources. Cluster analysis identified five clusters in the summer and six in the winter: (1) PM₁₀–Ni, (2) Zn–Na, (3) Fe–Cu–Ca–Cd, (4) Mn and (5) Al for summer; and (1) PM₁₀, (2) Zn, (3) Fe–Ni, (4) Cu–Ca–Na–Cd, (5) Mn and (6) Al for winter. Combining both correlation and cluster analysis, it was found that Fe–Cu–Cd was from industry/vehicle emissions, Zn was from resuspended soil, Mn was from metallurgical processes, Ni was from a nearby power plant and Al was from crustal sources. Inorganic element concentrations could be a good indicator of local sources of PM₁₀.     

Effect of acid rain on the fractionation of heavy metals and major elements in contaminated soils

Acid rain is a serious environmental problem worldwide. In the present study, we investigated the effect of acid rain (1:1 equivalent basis H₂SO₄:HNO₃) at pH values of 2.0, 4.0 and 7.0 on the fractionation of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) and major elements (K, Na, Ca, and Mg) in contaminated calcareous soils over a 2084 h period. Heavy metals and major elements in soil samples were fractionated before and after 2084 h kinetic release using a sequential extraction procedure. Before kinetic studies the predominant fractions of K, Na, Ca, Mg, Cd and Ni were mainly associated with carbonate fraction (CARB), whereas Fe, Mn and Zn were associated with the Fe–Mn oxide fraction (Fe–Mn oxide). The highest percentage of Pb and Cu were found in the exchangeable (EXC) and organic matter (OM) fractions, respectively. After kinetic study using different simulated acid rain solutions, the major fractions of heavy metals (expect of Cu) and Na was the same as before release. Upon the application of different acid rain solutions, K and Mg were found dominantly in Fe–Mn oxide fraction, whereas Ca was in the EXC fraction. The results provide valuable information regarding metal mobility and indicated that speciation of metals (Cu and Zn) and major elements in contaminated calcareous soils can be affected by acid rain.     

Mineral status of soils and forage in the Mole National Park,Ghana and implications for wildlife nutrition

Geochemical mapping of soils and selected plant species has been carried out in the Mole National Park, Ghana. The distribution of the essential nutrients: cobalt, copper and manganese is largely controlled by bedrock geology, while the geochemical dispersion of Ca, I, Fe, Mg, Mo, P, K, Se, Na and Zn has been modified by soil and hydromorphic processes. From selective extraction experiments, Fe, Mn and Co are found to be largely fixed in the soil mineral fraction. Larger proportions of Cu, I, Mo, Se and Zn are EDTA extractable and have a high chelation potential.Cobalt, Cu and Mn were preferentially concentrated in grass species while molybdenum and selenium are concentrated in browse plants. Copper uptake is antagonistic to Fe, Mo and Zn accumulation in all plant and grass samples. Similarly, Se and Mn appear antagonistic and Fe uptake is antagonistic to Co, Cu, Mn, Mo and Zn.The low concentration of P points to a potential dietary deficiency of this element throughout the park. Cobalt deficiency may also occur due to a love extractability of these elements in the soils and low concentration in plants. However, the lack of data on the elemental requirements of wildlife allows only tentative conclusions to be drawn.     

Physicochemical characteristics and distribution of some metals in the ecosystem of Lake Nasser,Egypt

To know the interrelationship between some metals in different ecosystem components (water, sediment, aquatic plant and fish), many samples from these components were collected from four bights at the Nasser Lake, Egypt, and analyzed for Fe, Mn, Zn, Ca, Mg, Pb, Cd, Ni, Co, Cu and Cr using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Different distribution factors (bioaccumulation factor – BF, discrimination factor – DF and enrichment factor – EF) were applied on the results of analysis. Data showed that the relatively high concentration of measured metals in water samples are derived from fish farms, and discharge of tourism and trade ships. Applying single leaching sequential technique on sediment samples, using different extracting solutions, revealed a strong ability of trace metals to adsorb on or co-precipitate with amorphous Fe/Mn oxides. High concentrations of Fe, Mn, Co and Ni were measured in the intestine while high Cd and Cr concentrations were recorded in the stomach in both Tilapia (nilotica and galilea). Tilapia galilea accumulated high Pb, Cu and Zn concentrations in their stomach, while in nilotica high concentrations of Pb, Cu and Zn were measured in the intestine, liver and muscles, respectively. Myriophyllum spicatum (an aquatic plant) in the lake recorded high concentrations of Fe, Mn and Zn. Bioaccumulation factors of studied elements in the different bights components indicate that the elevated concentration of measured elements in the aquatic plant and Tilapia (nilotica and galilea) are derived from water, reflecting the increase of human activities in Nasser Lake in recent years. However, the present study concluded that all the elements studied were still below the natural back-ground levels, except Zn and Cu.     

A comparative evaluation of wet digestion and dry ashing methods for the determination of some major and minor nutrients in composted manure

The analytical results of 53 manure samples determined by wet digestion and dry ashing procedures were compared in order to evaluate their relative suitability for recovering different nutrient elements in manure and manure compost. Wet digestion recovered greater amounts of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) in more samples than dry ashing. Nutrient contents in the samples were highly variable, with coefficients of variation (CV) ranging from 38% for magnesium (Mg) to 161% for copper (Cu) analyzed by the wet digestion procedure, and from 47% to 138% for Mg and Cu analyzed by the dry ashing procedure. The mean values of P, K, Ca, Mn, and Zn averaged for the 53 samples were significantly higher using wet digestion than dry ashing procedure, but both procedures recovered comparable amounts of iorn (Fe), Mg, and Cu. Correlations analysis between both procedures for each element showed reasonable to fair agreements for Ca (R ²?=?0.93), K (R ²?=?0.93), P (R ²?=?0.90), Mg (R ²?=?0.84), Fe (R ²?=?0.87), Mn (R ²?=?0.73), and Cu (R ²?=?0.66), but poor agreement for Zn (R ²?=?0.44). The low agreement between procedures for Zn suggests that wet digestion, which gave a higher recovery, should be a preferred procedure for analyzing Zn in manures.     

Comparative evaluation of trace elements in the scalp hair of arthritis patients and healthy donors

This study was aimed to evaluate the comparative distribution, correlation and apportionment of selected elements (Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Pb and Zn) in the scalp hair of arthritis patients and healthy subjects. The hair samples collected from the patients (rheumatoid and osteoarthritis) and healthy donors were digested in nitric acid and perchloric acid mixture, followed by the quantification of trace elements using atomic absorption spectrometry. In the case of healthy donors, highest mean concentration was shown by Ca (3240?µg?g^?1), followed by Mg (340?µg?g^?1), Zn (192?µg?g^?1), Fe (184?µg?g^?1) and Pb (27?µg?g^?1), whereas, the estimated average metal levels in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis patients were 3160, 290, 197, 61 and 23?µg?g^?1, and 3090, 300, 182, 50 and 21?µg?g^?1, respectively. Most of the elements revealed diverse and random distribution in the scalp hair of the donor groups. The correlation study pointed out significant disparities in the mutual relationships among the trace elements in the patients and controls. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis of the element data manifested diverse apportionment of the selected elements in the scalp hair of the patients compared with the healthy counterparts.     

Neutron activation and atomic absorption analysis of Ulva Lactuca and Gracilaria Verrucosa from Thermaikos Gulf,Greece

NAA and AAS have been applied to determine the content of As, Br, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, La, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sc, Sm and Zn in Ulva lactuca and Gracilaria verrucosa from Thermaikos Gulf, Greece. The analytical data has been subjected to cluster and stepwise discriminant analysis. Thus the influence of some industrial sources on the pollution of water in the Gulf is detected and correlation between Zn‐Co‐Cr‐La; Br‐K; Cu‐Ni; Cd‐Sb‐Mn in the investigated algae is established.     

呼吸道感染患儿血清微量元素的测定及其与抗体水平的关系

应用流动注射氢化物发生原子吸收光谱法（HGAAS）测定了呼吸道感染（RTI）患儿血清中Se和Pb,火焰原子吸收光谱法（AAS）测定Fe、Cu、Zn、Ca、Mg及Mn,光度法测定了P,以标准牛血清作质控,在最佳实验条件下,9种元素的精密度,检出限以及回收率均令人满意,根据患儿IgG,IgA,IgM补体C3及C4的测定结果,对测定方法及呼吸道感染与血清微量元素和抗体水平的关系进行了探讨,发现RTI患儿血清Se、Fe、Zn、Mn、Ca明显低于同龄正常儿童,且Ig、C3均与CK存在显著性差异。认为对RIT患儿有必要监测其血清微量元素水平。     

Trace element atmospheric pollution in South Albania studied by the moss technique and inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry

Monitoring hazardous air pollutants is needed for understanding their spatial and temporal distribution and ultimately to minimize their harmful effects. For the first time, the moss biomonitoring technique has been applied to air pollution monitoring in South Albania. Moss samples were collected during the period of September–October 2010, and were analyzed for total concentration of the elements Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Sr, V, and Zn by inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry. Geographical distribution maps of the elements over the sampled territory were constructed using geographic information systems technology. Multivariate statistical analysis was applied to distinguish elements mainly of anthropogenic origin from those predominantly originating from natural sources. Four factors were identified: Factor 1 reflects wind-blown mineral particles or local emissions from industry (Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, V, Zn); Factor 2 is related to long-range atmospheric transport of elements or local emissions from industry (Cd, Pb); Factor 3 (Na, Mg) and Factor 4 (K) reflect the natural origin of elements as crustal, marine, and vegetation components.