不同基质体系中白腐茵对喹啉和吲哚的降解

用单基质及混合基质体系,探讨了白腐菌Pleurotus ostreatus BP对氮杂环化合物的降解规律.结果表明,在弱酸性环境下,白腐菌能有效降解喹啉和吲哚.单摹质体系中,喹啉的降解率15 d内能达到89.48%,98.17%的吲哚6 d内被降解;混合基质体系中,基质(喹啉、吡啶、苯酚及氨氮)的加入能促进白腐菌对吲哚的降解,但(吲哚、吡啶、苯酚及氨氮)却抑制了白腐菌对喹啉的降解.不同基质体系中,白腐菌对喹啉和吲哚的降解分别遵循零级和一级反应动力学.相对单基质而言,混合基质的存在对白腐菌生物学特性产生明显影响,可缩短生长周期,提高生长速率和漆酶活性.漆酶在吲哚的降解中起着重要的作用,但不能完全决定喹啉的降解.     

稻草秆粉基质中白腐菌对三苯甲烷类染料的降解特性

研究了稻草秆粉基质中白腐菌对三苯甲烷类染料(孔雀绿、溴酚蓝和结晶紫)的降解特性.结果表明,白腐菌10 d内对三苯甲烷类染料脱色率均可达到93%以上.染料加入对木素过氧化物酶分泌有抑制作用.随着培养过程的进行,染料脱色率增加,脱色降解以漆酶为主.紫外扫描发现,染料吸收波长有偏移,标志着染料结构发生变化,其中溴酚蓝能被完全矿化.图2表2参10     

稻草秆粉基质中白腐茵对三苯甲烷类染料的降解特性

研究了稻草秆粉基质中自腐菌对三苯甲烷类染料（孔雀绿、溴酚蓝和结晶紫）的降解特性．结果表明，白腐菌10d内对三苯甲烷类染料脱色率均可达到93％以上．染料加入对木素过氧化物酶分泌有抑制作用．随着培养过程的进行，染料脱色率增加，脱色降解以漆酶为主．紫外扫描发现，染料吸收波长有偏移，标志着染料结构发生变化，其中溴酚蓝能被完全矿化．图2表2参10     

白腐菌Trametes hirsute对六氯苯的降解及其条件优化

在液体体系下,筛选了5株白腐菌,对六氯苯进行了降解研究,并优化了白腐菌Trametes hirsute TH对六氯苯的降解条件.结果表明,不同白腐菌均能降解六氯苯,其中白腐菌Trametes sp.TR对六氯苯降解率最高,达90.21%;而白腐菌T.hirsute TH对六氯苯降解率为87.08%,但生物量最高,达3.33 g/L.通过响应面法优化白腐菌T.hirsute TH降解六氯苯的条件,结果显示,转速、接种量和培养时间是影响六氯苯降解的主要因素.优化后的最佳条件为:转速125 r/min,菌丝接种量8%(V/V),培养时间2 d,温度28 ℃,pH为7.在优化条件下,2 d内白腐菌T.hirsute TH对浓度为10 mg/L的六氯苯降解率和降解量分别可达91.52%和2.288 mg L-1 d-1.图2表7参17     

白腐菌对芳香化合物的降解

本文研究了纯培养条件下白腐菌对一些芳香化合物的降解规律,并探讨了影响白腐菌降解芳香化合物的因素如取代基位置、数量以及对难降解芳香化合物的共代谢解过程。     

白腐菌对3种含氯二(噁)(口英)类物质的降解作用

探讨了白腐菌射脉侧菌Phlebia radiateI-5-6对3种含氯量不同的二类物质———二苯并呋喃(DF)、2,7-二氯二苯并二(2,7-diCDD)和八氯二苯并呋喃(OCDF)的降解情况,并研究了不同培养条件对二降解的影响.在液体混合培养基中,在培养期内P.radiataI-5-6对3种二类物质的降解量分别为:DF>2,7-diCDD>OCDF;在培养的初始阶段,白腐菌对珠江江水/CEH漂白废水的加入需要一个适应期,然后开始降解这些污染物质.实验表明,在江水/CEH漂白废水处于一定浓度时,污染底物有更大的降解量;选择适当的培养基,可影响白腐菌对二类污染物的降解量.图3表3参17     

自然水体介质中白腐菌对二英类物质的降解

研究了自然水体介质中白腐菌射脉侧菌(Phlebia radiata)I-5-6对二英类物质2,7-二氯二苯并英(2,7-diCDD)和八氯二苯并呋喃(OCDF)的降解规律.结果显示,在自然河水为介质的培养环境中,2,7-diCDD随着江水加入量的递增,降解率逐步下降,但这种影响随着培养时间的延长而逐步减弱.白腐菌处理OCDF底物的效果并不理想,经过12d处理后,降解率最高只达到36.00%,这很可能是由于OCDF已经高度氧化,再要对它进行氧化降解比较困难.     

白腐菌去除氯化酚动力学研究

使用Volterra模型描述2,4-二氯酚体系中白腐菌生长动力学,建立氯代酚去除部分偶联型动力学方程,描述了生物降解体系中降解菌与目标化合物的反应历程,利用动力学方法初步探讨批次反应时生物吸附在氯休酚去除过程中的作用。     

自然水体介质中白腐菌对二噁英类物质的降解

研究了自然水体介质中白腐菌射脉侧菌（Phlebia radiata）Ⅰ-5-6对二噁英类物质2，7-二氯二苯并噁英（2，7-diCDD）和八氯二苯并呋喃（OCDF）的降解规律．结果显示，在自然河水为介质的培养环境中，2，7-diCDD随着江水加入量的递增，降解率逐步下降，但这种影响随着培养时间的延长而逐步减弱．白腐菌处理OCDF底物的效果并不理想，经过12d处理后，降解率最高只达到36．00％，这很可能是由于OCDF已经高度氧化，再要对它进行氧化降解比较困难．     

非离子表面活性剂强化白腐菌及其粗酶液对有机氯农药的降解

有机氯农药曾在世界范围内被广泛用于农业害虫的防治,为利用表面活性剂增效修复技术去除环境中的有机氯农药污染,研究了3种非离子表面活性剂(Tween 80、Tween 20和Triton X-100)对4种典型有机氯农药(4,4’-DDT、狄氏剂、艾氏剂和七氯)在水相中的增溶作用,对白腐菌Phlebia acanthocystis TMIC34875生长的影响以及对该菌株、胞外及胞内酶降解有机氯农药的强化效果.增溶试验结果表明,3种非离子表面活性剂可明显增加各有机氯农药的水溶解度,其增溶能力大小顺序为Tween 80>Tween 20>Triton X-100.Tween 80在低浓度(0.05、0.1和0.2 gL-1)下会促进白腐菌在PDB培养基中的生长,使其生物量增加;而高浓度(0.5和1.0 gL-1)的Tween 80则对菌株的生长产生一定的抑制作用.在0.05-0.5 g L-1浓度范围内,Tween 80可强化菌株对有机氯农药的降解效果,且降解率随着Tween 80浓度的增加而增加.降解强化效果在Tween 80浓度为0.5 gL-1时达到最佳,4,4’-DDT、狄氏剂、艾氏剂和七氯的降解率相比对照分别提高了6.70%、6.37%、10.94%和7.21%.Tween 80同样可促进胞内酶和胞外酶对4种有机氯农药的降解,尤其是对胞外酶降解的强化作用,在1.0 gL-1的Tween 80溶液中,有机氯农药的降解率提高了10%左右.可见,在农药污染环境的生物修复技术中,应用Tween 80等非离子表面活性剂来提高修复效率是可行的.     

Biodegradation kinetics of cymoxanil in aquatic system

A potential method to detoxify pesticides in aquatic system is using bioremediation. In this study, four microorganisms (Pseudomonas sp (EB11), Streptomyces sp. (EB12), Aspergillus niger (EB13) and Trichoderma viride (EB14) were isolated from cucumber leaves previously treated with cymoxanil using enrichment technique. These strains were evaluated for their potential to detoxify cymoxanil in aquatic system at the concentration level of 5×10^?4M. The effect of pH and temperature on the growth ability of the tested strains was also investigated by measuring the intracellular protein and mycelia dry weight for bacterial and fungal strains, respectively. Moreover, the remaining toxicity of cymoxanil after 28 days of incubation with tested strains was evaluated to confirm the complete removal of any toxic materials (cymoxanil and its metabolites). The results showed that the optimum pH for the growth of cymoxanil degrading strains (bacteria and fungi) was 7. A temperature of 30°C appears to be the optimum for the growth of either fungal or bacterial strains. Pseudomonas sp. (EB11) was the most effective strain in cymoxanil degradation followed Streptomyces sp (EB12), Trichoderma viride (EB14) and Aspergillus niger (EB13), with half-lives of 4.33, 9.5, 17.3 and 24.7 days, respectively. The degradation of cymoxanil by bacterial strains was much faster than fungal one. There is no remaining toxicity of cymoxanil detected in aqueous media previously treated with Pseudomonas sp. (EB11) for 28 days. The results suggest that bioremediation by Pseudomonas sp. (EB11) are promising for the detoxification of cymoxanil in aqueous media.     

泥浆体系中吡啶的生物降解研究

杂环化合物已造成了土壤、地下水等体系的严重污染,危害人类健康与生态环境。生物修复是解决该类污染问题的有效方法。由实验室培养的活性污泥中分离一株高效降解吡啶的菌株W12,经鉴定为脱氮副球菌(Paracoccusdenitrificans),以W12菌对受吡啶污染的泥浆体系进行生物修复。实验条件下,土壤对吡啶的吸附量很小,符合Freundlich吸附等温式。当吡啶初始质量分数为1.65mg·g-1时,投加W12菌能够迅速促进吡啶的生物降解,在灭菌土和自然土中完全降解吡啶的时间分别为12h和18h,说明W12菌在自然土中的降解效果受到土著微生物的竞争影响;此外,对泥浆体系中吡啶降解的影响因素进行了研究,发现投菌量是影响吡啶降解速率的关键因素,外加氮源以及土水比均对吡啶降解过程影响不大。     

Biodegradation of anthracene and phenanthrene by bacteria isolated from oil-contaminated soil of Bangladesh

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants entering into the environment through natural and anthropogenic activities. Owing to their toxicity to various life forms including humans, detoxification of PAHs is crucial to reduce their effects on cells. In this study, we have isolated two bacteria capable of degrading two common PAHs, anthracene and phenanthrene, from contaminated soil samples by using selective enrichment culture supplemented with test PAHs as the sole source of carbon and energy. The isolated bacteria were identified and affiliated as Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain KD and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain RC based on their 16s rRNA gene sequences. The degradation of anthracene and phenanthrene was estimated indirectly by measuring the decolourisation extent of a redox indicator, 2, 6-dichlorophenolindophenol, incorporated into PAH-supplemented mineral salt media. In the case of anthracene, ≥90% decolourisation was recorded at 20 and 48 days for P. aeruginosa and S. Maltophilia, respectively. On the other hand, ≥94% decolourisation was recorded at 56 and 52 days for P. aeruginosa and S. maltophilia, respectively during the utilisation of phenanthrene.     

人工湿地中试系统基质中藻类组成的研究

从2003年3月到2004年2月，在水力负荷为600mm／d的条件下研究了人工湿地中试系统（medium scale plot，MSP）基质中藻类的组成．结果表明，栅藻、小球藻、盘星藻、空星藻、纤维藻、舟行藻、小环藻、平裂藻和颤藻属的一些种类在下行池基质各层不同季节均有出现，下行池表层藻类较丰；上行池基质中不同季节的藻类组成中念珠藻和鱼腥藻均为固氮种类，菱板藻、舟行藻和卵形藻属的一些种类在上行池表层出现较多，上行池藻类组成较下行池少．本实验探讨了在人工湿地基质中存在的藻类组成，为湿地除藻机理和评估系统的稳定性提供参考．图1表2参10     

Biodegradation of Hexachlorocyclohexane by two species of Bacillus isolated from contaminated soil

Biodegradation of α, β, γ and δ hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers was studied in broth medium and soil microcosm by Bacillus circulans and Bacillus brevis isolated from contaminated soil. Degradation of α and γ isomers by both the bacterial isolates was higher than thermodynamically stable β and δ isomers. However, B. circulans was found more effective than B. brevis for β and δ isomers. Maximum rate of degradation was recorded at 150 mg/L followed by 100 and 50 mg/L. Soil microcosm study revealed maximum degradation of HCH isomers in the treatment containing natural soil, pesticide and bacterial inocula than the treatment having sterilised soil, pesticide and bacterial isolates. Chloride release was positively co-related with HCH degradation in broth medium as well as in soil microcosm, suggesting that B. circulans and B. brevis hold promising potential by having efficient enzyme(s) required for dechlorination of HCH from contaminated sites.     

环境内分泌干扰物——邻苯二甲酸酯的生物降解研究进展

邻苯二甲酸酯是一类重要的合成有机物.主要用作增塑剂来提高塑料树脂的机械性能尤其是柔韧性.近年来,由于在全球范同内的广泛使用,在环境中的普遍存在,以及其内分泌干扰毒性,邻苯二甲酸酯受到了人们越来越多的关注.微生物降解被认为是邻苯二甲酸酯完全矿化的主要途径.邻苯二甲酸酯的降解机制与途径已经在细菌中得到广泛的研究,但是在真菌领域的报道还很少见.本文主要概述了邻苯二甲酸酯的环境污染现状,介绍了其对人和动物的健康危害,并且综述了邻苯二甲酸酯微生物降解的研究进展,包括降解菌的种类、降解的代谢途径及相应的分子机制,以及真菌对邻苯二甲酸酯的降解研究等.